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Socio-Cultural Changes in Rural West Bengal

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Socio-Cultural Changes in Rural West Bengal SOCIO-CULTURAL CHANGES IN RURAL WEST BENGAL by ARILD ENGELSEN RUUD SUBMITTED FOR THE PhD DEGREE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Department of Anthropology and Development Studies Institute April 1995 UMI Number: U615B98 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615B98 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The emergence of broad rural support in West Bengal for the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPM) is here studied through the history (1960 to present) of two villages in Burdwan district. The focus is on the relationship between the dynamics of village politics and political and ideological changes of the larger polity. Village politics constitutes an important realm of informal rules for political action and public participation where popular perceptions of wider political events and cultural changes are created. The communist mobilization of the late 1960s followed from an informal alliance formed between sections of the educated (and politicized) middle-class peasantry and certain groups (castes) of poor. The middle-class peasantry drew inspiration from Bengal’s high-status and literary but radicalized tradition. However, the establishment and dynamics of the alliance, at the local level, can only be understood within the normative framework of the village. The poor appeared previously as marginal to public exercise of village affairs, but were nonetheless able to manipulate resources available to them (numbers, assertion, norms) and thus achieve some leverage vis-a-vis village leaders dependent on man-support or "moral economy" sentiments for legitimacy. The interests of these groups of poor, particularly of the social or cultural kind since the material resources available were very limited, became crucial in the bonds village leaders sought to create to retain their support. Following on this practice, also the CPM’s local party leadership, in the 1980s and 1990s, consistently confirmed social aspirations and status considerations. This leads to the conclusions that not only do communist movements too depend on considerations of social status, honours, and symbolic displays of respect but that the scope for change and the manner in which the communist movement can function at the local level derive from popular perceptions, formed and enacted in villages. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface and acknowledgments .................................................................................... 8 Maps .............................................................................................................................. 14 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 15 Socio-cultural changes through village politics ........................................ 15 The setting ..................................................................................................... 19 A short sketch of state political history .................................................... 25 The "call" for mobilization, and the middle-class leadership .................. 30 Village politics in the literature ................................................................... 34 Feudal magnanimity and legitimacy ........................................................... 39 Contested ideology ...................................................................................... 42 The Subaltern Studies: from "autonomy" to "rajadharma" ...................... 44 Polyvalent sign systems: the multi-voiced .................................................. 49 2. "Power" — as in "influence" ............................................................................... 54 Introduction: "We were all in it together" .................................................. 54 The informal arena of village politics ......................................................... 57 Factionalism and rivalry ............................................................................... 61 Sources of "power" ...................................................................................... 65 Landlords and money-lenders ..................................................................... 72 Landowner—labourer relations ................................................................... 74 Interested patron-client relationships ......................................................... 76 Growth and limits of local-level governmental bodies ............................ 78 A village leader’s fall .................................................................................... 85 The limited significance of party and panchayat ..................................... 89 C onclusion ..................................................................................................... 93 3 3. Gossip and confidence: the making of village leaders ..................................... 101 Introduction ................................................................................................... 101 The making and unmaking of individual reputations . ........................ 109 Towards Bhadubhai’s bichar ........................................................................ 112 Gossip and the village agenda ..................................................................... 123 Fingerspitzgefiihl and "symbolic capital" .................................................. 126 Supplications ................................................................................................ 133 A survey of time spent .................................................................................. 136 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 141 eniers 4. Marxism and poetry: Bengal’s "modem tradition"-eatres-the villages 143 Introduction ................................................................................................... 143 From the discussion house to the alley, and other changes .................... 147 Waselmaster’s notebook ............................................................................... 153 The bhadralok and Bengali exceptionalism ............................................... 157 The radical strand ......................................................................................... 159 Family ties and education ............................................................................. 161 Reading material in the villages ................................................................ 164 Bengali exceptionalism in the literature .................................................... 167 Of poetry and roads: the "modem tradition" in villages ......................... 174 Enacting the "modem tradition": bichar .................................................... 178 Enacting political literature: ja tra ................................................................ 181 The bhadralok as a role model: the new village lead er ........................... 186 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 193 4 5. Caste, stereotypes, and mobilization 197 Introduction ................................................................................................... 197 Caste and class, ca. 1960 ............................................................................. 201 "We made ourselves low": an untouchable identity ....................................203 Muchis in village public affairs ...................................................................... 208 "We are bagdis!": the bagdi stereotype ....................................................... 212 Bagdis and dacoity ................................................. 217 Bagdis as lathials ...............................................................................................224 Proto-politics and political mobilization ....................................................... 227 Land occupations in Udaynala ..................................................................... 233 C onclusion ..................................................................................................... 237 6. Wealth, power, and status: CPM-affiliation as a cultural reform process . 241 Introduction ................................................................................... 241 Economic changes ......................................................................................... 245 Redistribution of wealth: majuri, khas and IR D P .........................................248 Political representation .................................................................................. 253 The politics of dispute settlement .............................................................. 261 Cultural reform processes and models ....................................................... 269 Bagdi and muchi social changes ................................................................
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