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House of Commons Trends

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House of Commons Trends BRIEFING PAPER CBP 9042, 2 November 2020 House of Commons By Chris Watson trends Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Sitting days and lengths 3. Sitting lengths by business type 4. Legislation 5. Divisions 6. Parliamentary questions 7. Parliamentary written questions by department 8. Emergency debates 9. Statements 10. Petitions 11. Early Day Motions 12. Select committees 13. Suspensions and withdrawals 14. MP demographics 15. Commons characteristics 16. Public viewing of Parliament 17. MPs and staffing www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary 2 House of Commons trends Contents Summary 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Sitting days and lengths 6 2.1 Commons Chamber 6 2.2 Sitting days per year 7 2.3 Number of sitting hours 7 2.4 Westminster Hall 9 3. Sitting lengths by business type 11 Business types 11 4. Legislation 13 4.1 Primary legislation 13 Public bills 13 Private bills 15 Private bills passed 16 Time spent on government bills 18 4.2 Secondary legislation 19 5. Divisions 22 Divisions in recent years 24 6. Parliamentary questions 25 6.1 Oral questions 26 6.2 Prime Minister’s questions 26 6.3 Urgent questions 28 6.4 Written questions 30 7. Parliamentary written questions by department 31 7.1 Historically busy departments 32 8. Emergency debates 34 9. Statements 36 9.1 Oral statements 36 9.2 Written statements 36 10. Petitions 38 10.1 Paper Petitions 38 10.2 E-petitions 39 11. Early Day Motions 44 12. Select committees 46 12.1 Proportion of MPs on select committees 46 12.2 Women on select committees 47 12.3 Select committee reports 48 13. Suspensions and withdrawals 50 14. MP demographics 52 14.1 Gender 52 14.2 Age 54 14.3 Ethnicity 56 14.4 Education 57 3 Commons Library Briefing, 2 November 2020 MPs who attended fee paying schools 57 MPs who attended university 58 14.5 Names 59 Forenames 60 Surnames 62 15. Commons characteristics 63 15.1 Seats 63 15.2 Seats by party 64 15.3 Candidates 65 15.4 Women candidates 66 Women candidates becoming MPs 67 Women candidates and MPs by party 68 15.5 Turnover of MPs 69 15.6 Elevation to the House of Lords 70 16. Public viewing of Parliament 71 2019 was popular with viewers 71 17. MPs and staffing 74 17.1 MPs’ Salaries 74 17.2 MP and MPs’ staff pay and expenses 76 17.3 MPs’ staff 77 17.4 House of Commons Staff 78 Numbers 78 Costs 80 Cover page image copyright: PoW-portrait2 by © UK Parliament/Jessica Taylor. 4 House of Commons trends Summary This briefing looks at statistics on the working and procedures of the House of Commons. It looks at the composition of the Commons, the Parliamentary mechanisms, time spent on different types of business and staffing among other things. • Six of the last nine sessions have seen a decrease in the percentage of time spent on Government bills compared to the previous sessions. • With the exception of the 2009-10 Session, which had an unusually high ‘royal assent rate’ (0.43 bills passed per Commons sitting day), the average number of public bills passed per Commons sitting day has stayed fairly constant. Since the 1997-98 session, the rate has been 0.23 public bills passed per Commons sitting day. • In terms of the number of SIs laid before the House of Commons, the 2017-19 Session had the most SIs laid since 1997-98, with 2,323. The next highest came in 2005-06 (1,885). • The general trend over the last few sessions has been a decrease in the average number of divisions per sitting day. The 2017-19 session was the longest session since the English Civil War and had an average of 1.3 divisions per sitting day (446 in total over 349 days). For comparison, the next longest session (2010-12) had 544 divisions in 295 sitting days (1.8 on average). • The 2017-19 (80.2%) and 2019-19 (83.7%) sessions had the largest average participation of MPs taking part in divisions since 2001-02. The lowest rate came in the 2008-09 session (63.0%). • There has been a gradual increase in the average number of oral questions per sitting day since 2003-04. The peak came in the 2017-19 session, with an average of 91 oral questions per sitting day. • Tony Blair had the highest attendance rate of any Prime Minister at PMQs since 1979. He attended 95.0% of the potential PMQs across his time in office, only missing 17 out of the 343 occasions. David Cameron was the next highest, with an attendance rate of 92.9% followed by Margaret Thatcher (92.3%) and Theresa May (92.1%). • There have been 18,718 Commons written statements since 2002-03. The average per sitting day is 7.5 written statements. • Nine of the ten most read debates on Hansard in 2019 were debates on subjects about which e-petitions had been submitted. • There are currently 430 men and 220 women MPs in the House of Commons. Making up 33.8% of the House, the 2019 General Election saw the highest proportion of women ever returned. • The most popular forename for women MPs since 1979 is Margaret, whilst the most popular forename for men is John. The most common MP surnames have been Jones and Smith. 5 Commons Library Briefing, 2 November 2020 1. Introduction The data for this research briefing has been collated from a number of primary sources. When errors in the primary data have been spotted, they have been corrected in the datasets for this publication. Consequently, there may be some disparities between the data available through this publication and the primary data sources. The data is available in the accompanying spreadsheet. Due to the available information, not all sections analyse the same time periods. Parliamentary data is collected in differing periods: for instance, by session, by calendar year, or by financial year. One of the main sources of data is the Sessional Returns. This publication provides statistical information about the House and its Committees. The Sessional Returns were first published in consolidated form in the 1986–87 session. With three different Parliamentary sessions including ‘2019’, it is important to provide clarity about the differences. The 2017-19 Session began after the 2017 General Election and finished in October 2019. This was followed by the short 2019 Session which ran from October 2019 until November 2019, when the House was dissolved for the 2019 General Election. Then there is the 2019-21 session which began after the 2019 General Election. As the 2019-21 session is not complete at the time of writing, the majority of the analyses and charts in this publication do not include data from it. In the charts we have used 2019-19 to represent the short 2019 Parliamentary session. It has also been necessary to use the colour purple in a number of charts to represent the SNP as opposed to yellow, as this is easier for the reader to see. I would like to thank all those who have helped make this publication possible including colleagues from the House of Commons Library and elsewhere in the House Service. 6 House of Commons trends 2. Sitting days and lengths A parliamentary session 2.1 Commons Chamber The number of sitting days varies depending on the length of a A session of Parliament is a parliamentary session. “period which The pattern in the chart below shows that, over the past 40 years, the begins with the last session of a parliament is likely to have fewer days than average. State Opening of The first session is likely to be long in comparison to the others. Parliament and the Queen’s Speech The 2017-19 session with 349 sitting days (the longest session since the outlining the English Civil War), and the 2019 session with 15 sitting days (one of the Government’s plans shortest sessions in history), are extreme examples of this trend. for legislation during the Both the 2015 and 2017 Parliaments were anomalies as they were remainder of the comparatively short. If you discount these and look at the last session of session. It ends with the 2010 Parliament, it had the highest number of sitting days (133) prorogation, or compared to a last session in any previous Parliament in the data with a dissolution if available. However, the move to May state openings of Parliament it is the last session would have impacted that. of a Parliament.“ The average proportion of sitting days taking place in the final session Rogers and Walters, of parliaments between 1986 and 2005 was 12%. In comparison, 18% How Parliament of the sitting days in the 2010 Parliament came in the final session. Works (6th Ed), A list of previous recess, state opening and dissolution/prorogation 2006, P.138 dates since 1979-80 is available on the Parliament website. Commons sitting days Chamber sitting days by parliamentary session 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 80-81 84-85 88-89 92-93 96-97 00-01 04-05 08-09 13-14 17-19 Source: Sessional Returns and House of Commons Library calculations Sitting Days by Parliament • 1983 - 666 • 1997 - 643 • 2010 - 735 • 1987 - 803 • 2001 - 585 • 2015 - 300 • 1992 - 785 • 2005 - 724 • 2017 - 364 7 Commons Library Briefing, 2 November 2020 2.2 Sitting days per year It is also possible to analyse the sessional data by looking at the number of sitting days per calendar year.
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