Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
ANNUAL REPORT 2000 - 2001 ANNUAL REPORT 2000-2001
PAKISTAN ATONIC ENERGY COMMISSION In pursuance of provisions of Section 15(b) of PAEC Ordinance 1965, the Annual
Report for the year 2000-2001 has been compiled, which offers concise description of tasks achieved, and status of ongoing efforts pertaining to PAEC programme.
On the occasion of presentation of this report, the Commission is pleased to avail it• self of this opportunity for putting on record its profound appreciation for the dedicated ser• vices rendered by all the engineers, scientists, technicians and administrative and financial personnel toward PAEC work assignments. t (Shahid Ahmed Syedi Secretary Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission Islamabad CONTENTS
Highlights 1
Nuclear Power 6
Physical Sciences & Engineering 13
Bio-Sciences 20
Nuclear Minerals 34
Human Resource Development 37
Projects 39
International Relations 41
Finance 44
Publications 46 NUCLEAR POWER
Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP)
During the period from July 200C to June 2001 KANUPP generated 311.60 GWh, which raised the cumu• lative generation since Net Power Date (NPD), to 10.008 14 GWh. The total on-line time of turbo generator was 4,081.32 hours, raising the cu• mulative running time upto 30lh June 2001 to 142.777.85 hours The gross capacity and availability factors were 25.96% & 46 59% respectively Life• time average figures for these are 28.65% and 55.74% respectively
Sludge lancing of all the six Steam Generators (SGs) was carried out at rramed 59 25% whereas average Pakistan for the Year 2000. This ef• KANUPP satisfactorily as per sched• plant availability factor was 64 9% A fort involved not only the data on nu• ule in collaboration with M/S Re• total of thirteen (13) planned and clear power in Pakistan but also a search Institute of Nuclear Power unplanned outages have been han• broad picture of the energy/electncity Operation (RINPO), China dled by CNPP since plant accep• sector of the country. tance. Mr. Milorad Dusic, IAEA Technical Institute for Officer for TC project "Improve CNPP maintenance personnel exe• Nuclear Power (INUP) Safety Features of KANUPP cuted a large number of major and (ISFoK)" visited KANUPP from 09 - minor maintenance jobs during INUP vigorously pursued its activities 12 April, 2001 to finalize requirement these outages to gain full indigenous capabilities in of expert missions for 20C1 to 2002. the fields of core design, Incore fuel CHASNUPP management has been management, accident analysis, fuel Chashma Nuclear Power Plant effectively implementing its policies, design and development and safety (CHASNUPP) goals and objectives for safe and analysis for pressurized water and reliable operation of the Plant en• research reactors. Chashma Nuclear Power Plant suring the safety and health of pub• achieved full power operation for the lic and plant personnel besides pro• Technical cooperation and support first time on Aug 21, 2000 and tecting the environment. was also extended to other PAEC started its commercial operation on establishments in the above fields Sep. 15, 2000. Provisional accep• Applied Systems and in the areas of software develop• tance of the Plant was acquired on Analysis Group (ASAG) ment for loose parts monitoring and Sep. 25 2000 The plant was for• vibration measurement analysis mally inaugurated on March 29, The Group remained involved in the 2001. analysis of economic, financial and environmental issues in the energy/ PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND From July 2000-June 2001, electncity sector development with CHASNUPP generated a total of particular emphasis on the nuclear ENGINEERING 1685.61 GWh of electric energy power option. which raised the cumulative genera• Reactor Operation tion to 1706 802 GWh The total on The Group continued its analysis of the electricity generation costs of pn- line time of turbine-generator was vate and public sector organizations Pakistan Research Reactor-1 5678 hours. in Pakistan to assist PAEC in tariff (PARR-1) was operated for 523 negotiations with other organizations hours including 356 hours of opera• The cumulative on line time since ASAG contnbuted in updating the tion at full power and 3455 MWh of gnd connection was 5940 hours. Country Nuclear Power Profile of energy was produced Average plant capacity factor re- Nine hundred and four capsules con• taining vanous samples were irradi• ated. Research Reactor-2(PARR-2) was operated for 102 hours and 862 samples were irradiated.
Reactor Experiments Vibration analysis of primary and secondary cooling systems of PARR- 1 was performed and primary system was found satisfactory
Plasma Physics
Formation of quiet auroral arcs has been studied showing that in the presence of parallel current magne- tospheric Alfven waves can decouple Level measurement being carried out with neutron into an electrostatic and electromag• Backscatter Gauge at PINSTECH netic mode linearly at ionospheric level. A model set of non-linear after the successful demonstration of (810mCi) Na-24 (205mCi), P-32 equations has been proposed to first prototype Laser Land Leveler (87mCi) V1IBG (60mCi) La-140, Sr- study the short scale auroral density model 001. All electronic cards and 90 Ba-133, Cs-137 for medical and cavities. most of its mechanical components industrial applications was continued were designed and fabricated indige• throughout the year Nine in-vivo di• A set of non linear equations for nously. agnostic kits, DTPA, MDP, MIBI electron-positron-ion plasma with Heptagluconate, Phytate DMSA sheared flow has been derived A new and accurate software was DISIDA MAG-3, Pyrophosphate developed for the analysis of the hy- worth Rs 5.69 millions were pro• High Temperature perfine spectroscopic data of vanous duced and supplied to Nuclear Medi• Superconductivity elements taken with Dye Ring Laser cal Centers All the batches were pumped by Argon-ion laser subjected to quality control tests Fifty Electronic transport mechanism of eight consignments of Tc-99m gen• erators (PAKGEN) (150mCi) each Fe doped colossal magneto resis• To protect the optics of CO: laser were sent to Nuclear Medical Cen• tance matenal La065Co35Mn1xFex03 from overheating water-cooled tres from July to September 2000 for has been investigated. In order to flanges were designed and fabri• clinical evaluation All the generators study the effects of dopant on cated Availability and manufacturing showed good performance RuSr2GdCu2Oo in which ferromag- feasibility of vanous leveler compo• netism and superconductivity coex• nents was thoroughly explored from ist, matenals with doping of Sn, Pb the local market for mass production Applied Health Physics and Ge have been synthesised by of the system solid-state reaction. Radiation protection services were Mass Spectrometry provided at PARR-1 PARR-II, 1-131 Fast Neutron Physics Production plant and at other radio- IAEA project "Isotopic and hydro- active/radiochemical laboratories at the Institute Seven hundred and The facility for Prompt Gamma Neu• chemical study of the effect of tan• nery effluents on groundwater quality sixty four consignments of radioac• tron Activation Analysis has been es• tive matenal/radiation sources were tablished at through tube of PARR-1 in Kasur area" and PSF pro• ject-Determination of lateral and ver• authorized for safe transportation Bi neutron filter was installed inside to within and out side PINSTECH the in pile collimator and shielding of tical penetration of canal water in Re- lead and wax was modified Anti chna Doab using environmental iso• Radioactive Waste compton/pair spectrometer was in• topes" were completed. Management stalled and testing of the electronics was carried out. Radioisotope 1018m0 low-level liquid waste having & beta/gamma activity of about 1653 Laser Studies Radiopharmaceutical Cold Kits MBq was disposed off after neces• & Production sary treatment. Medium-level waste Application collected was stored in interim stor• Production and supply of radioiso• 3 Second operational model 002 of la• age facility 16 278m low-level solid topes 1-131 (92Ci) Tc-99m (10Ci) waste having short-lived beta/ ser land leveler has been completed Cr-51 (2Ci), Rb-86 (1Ci). Br-82 2 gamma emitting radionuclides was SOIL BIOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY properly packed and disposed off in the engineered trench. A joint PAEC/PARC research project A new laboratory for the rearing of on salt tolerance in commercial varie• parasitoids, Trichogramma chilonis Post disposal monitoring of radioac• ties of sunflower and wheat was initi• at Fauji Sugar Mills, Khoski, was es• tive waste disposal area was carried ated. tablished. Two technicians were out by taking samples from bore• trained in parasitoid rearing at the holes. Studies on nutrient status of salt af• bio-control laboratory of NIA, Tando fected soils showed adequacy of K. jam. With the establishment of this AGRICULTURE However, in pot experiments wheat laboratory at Badin, the bio-control responded positively to K application. & programme has been expanded in Total P requirement of wheat could be three districts of Sindh. Construction BIOLOGY applied in a single dose. of another laboratory at Matiari Sugar Mills, district Hyderabad is also in pro• Wheat SOIL SCIENCE gress. Provincial Seed Council recom• mended the variety, Marvi-2000 de• Three field experiments were con• veloped by NIA, for release in the ducted under IAEA Research Con• FOOD TECHNOLOGY Province of Sindh. tract on "Improving crop productivity in rain-fed areas" at NIFA as well as Effect of irradiation (1-5 kGy) on poultry, meat and fish was studied Marvi-2000 is endowed with high at the farmer fields. The result re• vealed that the tillage ,in general , using the 'Comet Assay' Technique. grain yield, early maturity, disease Higher radiation dose resulted in in• resistance and good baking quality. improved the yield of wheat and creased number of cells with large Its earliness makes it suitable for all chickpea. DNA migration. cropping systems. Marvi has yield potential of more than 7 t/ha in the Water use efficiency was improved cotton belt of Sindh. by tillage practices at NIFA research Most of the free fatty acids (FFA) station. in beef, poultry and fish were not affected by irradiation treatment Rice A one-year field experiment in Tando- (1-5 kGy). However, increased jam's environment was conducted to amounts of myristic, palmitic, The mutant variety of rice "Sarshar". investigate the dissipation and degra• stearic and oleic acids were evolved through mutagenesis from dation of 14C-DDT in soil. found in irradiated beef. IR-8, was approved in February 2001 for general cultivation in Sindh. Binding of "'4C-DD to the soil in• Tree ripening studies on sour creased gradually with the passage of oranges at NIFA showed that weight This variety is not only high yielding time. The extractable residues de• and juice content per fruit increased but also characterized as fine• creased in the same period. from 88.33 to 213.17 gm and 12.5 to grained with resistance to insect pest 80 ml. respectively. and diseases. The overall half-life of DDT was 142 days and the main degradation prod• Total soluble solids increased from 9 About 3353 kg pre-basic seed of mu• ucts were identified as DDE and to 12% while Narangine content tant varieties Shadab Shua-92, 95 DDD. decreased from 4.41% to 3.96% and Sarshar was supplied to pro• gressive farmers of Sindh and Ba- lochistan and also to Sindh Seed Corporation for furthe' multiplication and post-release verification trials.
Cotton
Sohni, a new mutant variety of cot• ton, was approved by "Technical Sub Committee for Approval of New Va• rieties and Techniques" and its pro• posal has been submitted to Provin• cial Seed Council (PSC) of Sindh for its final approval and release for gen• eral cultivation in Sindh.
Sohni endowed with early maturity. high yield and high GOT %, takes Sarshar: a new high yielding non-aromatic rice 130 to 140 days to mature. variety developed by NIA during the six-months on tree ripening period. The ascorbic acid content decreased from 41.66 to 34.3 mg per 100 ml.
BIOTECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING
Plant Molecular virology group suc• cessfully completed characterization of cotton leaf curl virus project. A novel DNA satellite called DNA Beta was found to be associated with the disease and was essentially required for the development of disease symp• toms.
Full-length infectious clones of dis: tinct begomoviruses associated with the disease were obtained and inocu• Recently inaugurated Punjab Institute of Nuclear lations of any of distinct begomovirus Medicine PINUM, Faisalabad associated with the disease and DNA Reverse Transcriptase (RT) - The first nuclear medical centre was beta develop disease symptoms. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) established at Karachi in 1960 and Characterization of various genes en• and hybridization with genotype- through a chain of nuclear medical coded by begomoviruses and DNA specific oligonucleodites to investi• centres, 12 more had been estab• beta are under investigation. gate the prevalence of HCV geno• lished, throughout Pakistan , which types in chronic liver disease patients are providing the latest and the state- During 2000-2001, legume Bio- was carried out of-the-art facilities for the diagnosis Power for 500 acres , rice Bio-Pov/er and treatment of various diseases for 10,500 acres and wheat Bio- A total of 230 ^thalassemia alleles including cancer .These centres have Power for 6000 acres in their respec• consisting of 130 transfusion depend• been established in all four provinces tive growing areas have been pro• ent thalassemic children and 170 het- of the country. On an average, about vided to the farmers. In legumes 60- erozygotc/carriers from 115 unrelated three hundred thousand patients 80% increase in crop yield and 70- families, were analyzed using Poly• benefit annually from the services of• 90% saving of nitrogen have been merase Chain Reaction (PCR), Am• fered by these centres. achieved. Similarly, 15-20% increase plification Refractory Mutation Sys- in crop yield and 30-70% saving of N tem-PCR (ARMS-PCR) and restric• This year, about 300,000 patients fertilizer have been achieved in tion endonuclease analysis for detec• were provided the nuclear medicine , wheat and rice. tion of mutations. radioimmunoassay facilities and diag• nostic services by well-trained pro• fessionals at these centres. Glucoamylases and Carboxymethyl Oil biodegradation in soil was studied cellulases (CMCases) from Arachnio- by using 4 locally isolated bacterial tus citrinus have been purified to ho• strains individually and in mixture. The Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medi• mogeneity on Pharmacia Fast Pro• Three of these were isolated from oil cine (PINUM), Faisalabad was for• tein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC®) contaminated soil from Kot Addu mally inaugurated on Oct 5'" ,2000 by Power Plant and EBN-8 was a mu• Governor Punjab Lt-Gen (Retd) Mu• system. These enzymes have been ,h extremely thermo stabilized and acti• tant of previously isolated bacterial hammad Safdar. It is the 12 medical vated in aqueous environment by strain. centre established by PAEC in the carboxyl group modification using country. PINUM has been estab• aniline as a nucleophile. Soil microcosms were established to lished at the cost of Rs. 285 million study the oil (30g/kg soil) in soil and with Rs. 10 million as operational cost for each year. It is located in one As a step towards up scaling of coal to see the contribution of supplemen• tation of nitrogen and phosphorus. of the most populated areas of the bio-desulfurization process, an air-lift country and would cater to the needs reactor with 50 L working volume. of more than 4 million people. was fabricated. MEDICAL SCIENCES
PAEC's initiative in the field of medi• NUCLEAR MINERALS About 31% reduction in total sulfur cine started from its very inception content of coal was achieved in this and has received the full attention Regional search was conducted in bioreactor employing a pure culture ever since. of a locally isolated Acidithiobacillus the Bannu Basin, Malakand, Potwar ferrooxidans strain. and the Kirthar Range. 4 Detailed exploratory work was car• Workshops on "Office Automation ess & Mechanical Equipment for Me• ried out at Shanawah in Bannu Basin "and " Basic Computer Training" dium & Heavy industries & Engineer• and at Malakand and Murghazar in were conducted for PAEC employ• ing Sectors. SES supplied jobs Lower Swat Detailed geological ees & teachers of Margala College worth Rs 39 84 million to HMC, studies were carried out at sites in for Women, Islamabad during the Khisore Range and Manchar Forma• year 2000-2001 DESCON SEFEC. OGDC. Fauji Ce• tion. The convocation of batch-VI of Kan- real, KTPS. CPC CHASNUPP Preliminary exploratory drilling at upp Institute Of Nuclear Power Engi• RWR KIRN ECI. etc and jobs of Shanawah near Karak has indicated neering (KINPOE) was held on Janu• contract value Rs 72.0 million are in a sizeable uranium ore deposit. ary 29. 2001. Mr Muhammad Rafiq hand for Voith Germany Pak Saudi Tarar President of Islamic Republic Fertilizer. OGDC. National Refinery The continuity of uranium ore has of Pakistan was the Chief Guest on CHASNUPP CPC KANUPP. PARR- been proved over a strike length of 4 this occasion I, etc. kms. The very first borehole drilled in the Manchhar Rock Formation at In the field of bio-sciences the Na• INTERNATIONAL Wahi Pandi near Dadu in Sindh tional Institute of Biotechnology and RELATIONS Province has indicated ore grade Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) is con• mineralization at about 100 meters ducting M. Phil in biotechnology and Chairman. PAEC led Pakistan dele• depth 10 students have been awarded M. gation to the Forty-fourth Annual Phil degree this year. General Conference of IAEA held at Uranium showings have been found Vienna (Austria) from 18-20 Septem• at reasorable number of sites near Similarly, in the field of Bio- ber, 2000 and meetings of the IAEA Sehwan Sharif in the Manchhar For• Sciences . Nuclear Institute for Agri• Board of Governors from 19-22 mation in the Kirther Range Sindh culture and Biology (NIAB) is regu• March 2001 and 11-15 June, 2001 Visible oxidized uranium mineraliza• larly conducting short term courses He also visited European Organiza• tion has been found in Sindh for the on Application of Nuclear lechnol- tion for Nuclear Research (CERN), first time which along with other fa• ogy in Agriculture while the Nuclear Geneva. Switzerland from 10-11 vorable indicators, makes it a prime Institute for Food & Agriculture September 2000 and Abdus Salam target for uranium exploration in that (NIFA) is also running two courses of International Centre for Theoretical area 2 weeks duration on "Use of Nuclear Physics (ICTP), Trieste Italy from Techniques in Food & Agncultjre 12-14 September. 2000 and Food Technology" every year HUMAN RESOURCE All PAEC Nuclear Medical Centres DEVELOPMENT He paid technical visit to Oconee are conducting FCPS in Nuclear Nuclear Station, South Carolina Medicine & Radiotherapy and M Sc. During July 2000 to June 2001 .28 USA and participated in the WANO in Nuclear Medicine as well Board of Governors meeting in At• PAEC scientists /engineers pro• sl ceeded abroad for training under lanta held on 1 November, 2000 IAEA and other international organi• SCIENTIFIC and Chief Executive Officers (CEO) Conference held at Atlanta, from 2-3 zations 12 proceeded for higher & studied through grant of university November 2000 Pakistan was re• assistantships and 24 benefited from ENGINEERING elected unopposed to the Board of scientific visits sponsored by IAEA SERVICES Governors of the International and other International Organiza• Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for a The SES Directorate is providing de• term of two years. tions . signing and manufacturing of precise & complex mechanical equipment/ Computer Training Centre CTC con• components inspection & testing Pakistan has also previously served ducted its 16th post Graduate Train• services and training in NDT and on the IAEA Board for thirteen terms ,h ing Program (PGTP-16) and 7 post Welding Technology and with this extensive experience Graduate Computer Orientation has consistently advocated the inter• ests of the developing countnes Course iPGCOC-7) in computer It has attained ISO-9001 certification systems software and hardware for Design & Manufacturing of Proc•
5 NUCLEAR POWER
KARACHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (KANUPP)
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
During the period from July 2000 to June 2001 KANUPP generated 311 60 GWh which raised the cumu• lative generation since Net Power Date (NPD) to 10,008.14 GWh. The total on-line time of turbo generator was 4,081 32 hours, which raised the cumulative running time upto 30th A close view of fuelling head of KANUPP June, 2001 to 142,777.85 hours. to tritium uptake while the remaining tion and foreign object retrieval on 76% was the contribution from external secondary side, Sludge lancing and The gross capacity and availability dose. The average dose for radiaton Evaluation for Steam Generator life factors during the period were workers was 6 83 mSv per person-year extension. 25 96% & 46.59% respectively Life• for the reporting penod. time average figures for these are Before the site work by RINPO, hand 28 65% and 55 74% respectively. Total gaseous radioactivity released hole design and installation proce• from the plant during the reporting dures were discussed and reviewed Sludge lancing of all the S'x Steam period was less than 1% of the by the IAEA expert (M/s B&W Can• Generators (SGs) was carried out at maximum permissible release limit ada) who visited KANUPP in Sept KANUPP satisfactorily as per sched• The liquid radioactivity in the effluent 2000 The expert was generally in ule in collaboration with M/S Re• released to sea during this period agreement with the work to be car• search Institute of Nuclear Power was also less than 1 % of the derived ried out by RINPO. Operation (RINPO), China. emission release limit for liquid The Steam Generator cleaning at During the long shutdown DESIGN KANUPP comprised of soft sludge (05 09 2000 to 24 01.2001) piping of & removal from above the tube sheet boiler blow down system in reactor DEVELOPMENT and removal of corrosion products st building were replaced Around 5000 from 1 Tube Support Plate (TSP) to running feet of BBW pipes compris• Manufacture of Critical Spare control the tube denting problem. ing of more than 850 we'ding joints Parts were replaced and new pipe insula• RINPO used the rigid type-lancing tion were installed Snout Jaws # 11 manufactured by tool through No Tube Lane (NTL) for SES is being tested at plant. Manu• cleaning the tube sheet and 1*' TSP. The light water leakage in reactor build• facture of snout Jaws # 12 is in pro• Most of the soft sludge above the ing through boiler blow down lines was gress. tube sheet has been removed. Final one of the mam contributor to the un• report on water lancing on the six planned outages. The replacement Steam Generator Sludge Lancing steam generators by RINPO, China of the lines will minimize the un• has been received. planned outages of the plant Project Water lancing of secondary (shell) RINPO has proposed future line of HEALTH PHYSICS side cleaning in the six steam gen• actions comprising development of & erators at KANUPP was completed Control leakage of condenser tubes. RADIATION SAFETY as per schedule in collaboration with control of water chemistry of SGs M/s Research Institute of Nuclear secondary side and chemical clean• Power Operation (RINPO), China. ing followed by water lancing to con• The total radiation dose received by trol denting problem at 1s1 TSP and all personnel in KANUPP radiation The work included Hand hoie design rigid lancing to remove sludge above zones was 5.22 Man-Sv Out of this tube sheet. 24% was received as internal aose due and fabrication. In-situ drilling and hand hole installaton, Visual inspec•
6 Fuel Channel Integrity Safety Analysis Report (KFSAR) Up• whose clearance it shall be released Assessment (FCIA) date Phase-ll completed in Canada to IAEA and PAEC However, it was by M/s AECL. OPG and KANUPP the general impression of the expert Proposal from AECL, Canada was team that overall condition of the fueling received at KANUPP for the second machine is satisfactory Local manu- Fuel Channel Integnty Assessment The 9,h IAEA Steering Committee factunng of spare parts was in pro• (FCIA) scheduled for early 2002 The Meeting (SCM) for SOK/ISF project gress FCIA activity compnses of Pressure was held from 22-24 May, 2001 in Tube (PT) piece burst testing for Vienna The SCM concluded that as Local efforts continued to develop fracture toughness, PT scrape sam• per suggestion of the 8lh SCM KAN• Neutron Power Instrumentation Sys• ples analysis for deutenum pick-up UPP initiated local efforts to develop tem for KANUPP (NISK) The final and crack velocity evaluation and Neutron Power Instrumentation sys• version of Log N Amplifier Lin N Am• non-destructive examination of se• tem for replacement of the existing plifier and Rate Log N amplifier will lected PTs for general health & con• system which has become difficult to be fabricated with precision compo• dition monitonng. maintain due to obsolescence. nents Procurement of electronic components has been done Desalination Plant The SCM suggested that the rew system be reviewed as part of the Change Approval for the installation KANUPP desalination unit, which is overall advice in commissioning of of cables for connecting the locally in operation since February 2000, l&C backfitted equipment during developed modules of Neutron has been performing satisfactorily switchover Power Instrumentation system for ra Work on drilling of 3 bcre hole has testing on Protection channel re• been completed. As per recommendation of the 8!h mained under review. The PVC pipeline to bring water from SCM KANUPP is developing symp• the bore hole site to desalination tom based EOPs to replace the Two N-16 monitoring channels to re• plant has already been laid With the event based A national woikshop on place the KNPC N-1G channels. commiss.oning of this well the unit anchoring issues was organized at have been delivered to KANUPP will be operating at 100% capacity. KNPC in Novemoer 2000. As a fol• These two channels have been in• KANUPP has recently been granted low-up a separate mission to ad• stalled on protective enamels A and approval by PAEC HQ to undertake dress anchoring Main Control Room B for testing at different reactor consultancy for Engineering Supervi• Panels will be initiated for 2001. power levels. sion of 100 000 gallons per day Re• verse Osmosis desalination plant Follow-up action on the suggestions/ As per recommendation of 9lh IAEA being installed at Gwadar Fish Har• recommendations of 9lh SCM was Steering Committee Meeting new bour Project Site. being taken up by KNPC Safety Case #8 on KANUPP Feeder Pipe Integrity" was prepared and PROJECT (SOK)/IMPROVE The contract agreement document submitted to IAEA for Canadian as• SAFETY FEATURES OF KANUPP between PAEC and COG for provid• sistance (ISF) ing services for SOK/ISF project was signed by both parties and the Selected tubes (330 nos.) in west Mr. Milorad Dusic, IAEA Technical agreement is effective from 01-07- water box of condenser were exam• Officer for TC project "Improve 2000 for a period of two years ined by eddy current method Tubes Safety Features of KANUPP bearing defects exceeding plugging (ISFoKV visited KANUPP from 09 - Analysis for the modified AGS with cntena were plugged 12 April 2001 to finalize requirement different configuration of CO: head• of expert missions for 2001 to 2002 ers and design parameters was com• Follow-up of recommendation of The end of mission draft report was pleted and report prepared IAEA ex• IAEA AMAT mission remained con• received As per recommendation pert Mr. J Kenchington, visited tinue. Work relating to ageing as• new safety cases and job descrip• KNPC in May 2001 and reviewed the sessment of containment concrete tions of requested expert missions work done by KNPC team A work and associated plants building was were prepared and submitted to plan has been prepared for the imple• in progress Follow-up of recommen• IAEA. mentation of AGS modification Pur• dation of IAEA missions on Motor• chase of CO; leak detector, Dew point ized Operating Valves (MOVs) and M/s Dr John C. Luxat Manager monitor and CO; monitor for AGS re• In-Core l&C Cables were in hand Safety Technology, OPG Bal K. named in progress Kakana General Manager CANDU The new Safety Case "To reduce de• and Technical Services and Site Expert Mission was undertaken by contamination of PHT system" was Head. AECL Tom Shiels, Contract Mr. Alan C. Welch of OPG Canada discussed in 9th IAEA Steering Com• Manager AECL Mr. Kenneth Mori, from 19-30 March, 2001 for mittee Meeting and the Steering Project Manager (SOK). COG visited "Engineering Review of Fueling Ma• Committee decided to de-link this KANUPP from 20 - 24 September, chines". The expert has submitted issue from follow-up inspection of 2000 to present KANUPP Final his mission report to DFAIT upon Reactor Fuel Channels in early 2002 7 On the advice of the Steering Com• Some clarification are further re• COMPUTER mittee KANUPP has withdrawn this quired for which CHASNUPP is be• DEVELOPMENT case and submitted new safety ing pursued. Change approval are case # 8 "KANUPP Feeder Pipe being prepared for subsequent im• For CC&I Backfitting Project, yellow^ Integrity". Appropriate measures plementation. The main issue re• ing of wiring was done of two rectifi• shall be taken by KANUPP to re• garding anchoring of control room ers, main distribution board, two 24V duce decontamination of PHT sys• panels with large number of bolts DC sub-distribution panels and pre• tem. was resolved and the anchoring fabricated cables related to "C12" arrangement was modified using marshalling cubicle and also of sev• The final report of KANUPP FSAR about 60 bolts instead of 310 bolts. enty-two group cables in the control Update phase-ll was received at room. KANUPP in July, 2000. The report CONTROL was sent to PNRA and was under & Spur cables were terminated for con• review. INSTRUMENTATION trol room devices. Internal wiring was APPLICATION done for modules in marshalling cu• The final & formal IPERS (now IP- LABORATORY (CIAL) bicles ARC-M1/M2 and BRC-M1/M2. SART) mission was held in March, Power supply cable was laid from 2001. The report of IAEA IPSART The static calibration devices re• UPS to the power distribution panels. mission has now been issued. mained operational and services Bus bar duct, from UPS/Battery Their recommendations are being were provided for plant specific re• rooms to distribution panels, in the implemented. The first task of quirements. Various plant measure• electronics rooms was installed. PSA Application is expected to ment and test equipment were cali• complete by end of 2001. brated at Fluke system. Reference The elementary drawings of 24V DC gauges for process instrumentation power supply related to C&l cubi• Internal review of the study carried (test/calibration) were calibrated cles were reviewed and revised. out for modification of AD sumps to against Primary Standards available Complete CA documents tor PHT avoid blockage of their screens in at CIAL. system, TS and BFW system were case of i_OCA completed. Prepara• prepared along with internal and ex• tion of draft Environmental Qualifica• Further more, the channel tempera• ternal wiring diagrams of CI-13 mar• tion Program Manual was in pro• ture measurement RTDs were tested shaling cubicle of C&l system. gress. at temperature baths. C&l devices of After completion of control logic for CHASNUPP were tested/calibrated. Distribution of 24V DC and 220V AC interconnection of 3ra Diesel Genera• power supplies to energize the new tor Special Technical Report (STR) Flow, Level, Pressure & Tempera• CC&I system was carried out. was issued and finalized for approval ture Test Rigs remained available. of PNRA for subsequent preparation Efforts are being made to increasing Moreover, installation and testing of of Change Approval. The instrument/ temperature rating of PT-Rig from LN1. LN3 fiber optic, annunciation control panel to be installed in control 500 to 560°F so that Plant AH sys• system and PI network in the elec• room has been purchased. tem coils can be tested. tronic rooms was also done.
Change Approval for installation of All the activities related to C&l con• Group cable termination document remote sensing/monitoring instru• ventional and C&l safety parts of the and jumper sheets were designed ments in reactor building, has been project were being carried out at and prepared for cables to be laid approved by site safety committee. CIAL. During the reporting period, down for testing during the long shut• The 10 psig test will be conducted Change Approvals for PHT and down. Acquisition of plant parame• after purchase and installation of boiler and steam/water system were ters by CC&M PLCs, for display on these instruments in reactor building. prepared and issued for review along MMI console and recording on the testing of Application programs at new PDR system was accomplished. The additional data collection work support cabinet. Commissioning/pre-commissioning from different sources/organizations, test procedures and reports were as per recommendation of IAEA ex• Process equipment of selective loops generated for all CC&M jobs. CAs pert review mission, was completed were installed in parallel with existing were prepared for 14 C&l loops fo; partly and sensitivity analysis carried devices and automation system was performance observation during the out. energized to observe the behaviour long shutdown. Parallel installation The designed seismic fixes were re• of C&l devices and control system. was done for various transmitters. vised by CHASNUPP and local con• sultant in line with the guideline pro• The commissioning plan for the CC& To increase computer literacy among vided by the four IAEA experts dur• I backfitting project was prepared the plant personnel, various courses ing their participation in national and issued for review. Process Infor• including Microsoft power point, workshop at KNPC from 20 - 24 No• mation (PI) System for KANUPP was Windows/98 fundamentals, Internet vember, 2000. developed to get it implemented and Microsoft Excel were con• along with CC&I Backfitting Project. ducted. 8 A newly designed IMP (Inventory Management Package) system has been installed and commissioned in the plant store. Computerization of all stock items (approximately 60,000 stock control cards) is in pro• gress
QUALITY ASSURANCE
In compliance with the requirement laid down in QA manual, a number of announced and unannounced audits related to operation policy and princi• ples, equipment identification & trac- tabilrty change control, house keep• ing facility/up-keeping, calibration of measunng & testing of equipment. etc were performed. A Panoramic view of fully operational CHASNUPP Comprehensive audits of vanous divi• sions/sections were performed and at the been made available, the models are CHASHMA NUCLEAR end of audit a comprehensive audit re• being changed accordingly. port was issued Sixty-three (63) audit POWER PLANT finding reports, highlighting deficiencies A self-assessment program was de• were issued to vanous divisions/ veloped and discussed with IAEA (CHASNUPP) sections of the plant. expert in Apnl 2001 Chashma Nuclear Power Plant SAFETY ANALYSIS The EPMP is being developed in & three phases A draft plan for IJW achieved full power operation for the COMPLIANCE UNIT (SA&C) has been prepared and reviewed by first time on Aug 21, 2000 and plant experts. Two RCAs have been started its commercial operation on The SA&C unit was created on completed and the reports are under Sep 15, 2000 Provisional accep• 12 10.2000 The responsibilities as• review tance of the Plant was acquired on signed to it include PSA & its appli• Sep. 25, 2000 The plant was for• mally inaugurated on March 29. cations, co-ordination ot activities SA&C unit of KNPC is collaborating 2001 pertaining to "Periodic Safety Review with IAEA on the PI project About 70 (PSR)", development and implemen• indicators are being developed tation of a self assessment program, PLANT OPERATION establishment and implementation of TECHNICAL SUPPORT & an Equipment Performance Degra• MAINTENANCE dation Plan (EPMP) for critical sys• The reactor produced 3977 5 Billion tems. From July 2000-June 2001, British Thermal Units during the pe- CHASNUPP generated a total of Also included are Root Cause nod .July 2000 to June 2001. Analysis (RCA), event analysis in• 1685.61 GWh of electric energy which raised the cumulative genera• cluding low level events, mainte• During the process 580 fuel bun• nance of the 'Technical Information tion to 1706.802 GWh The total on dles were discharged from the line time of turbine-generator was Management System (TIMS)" data core. The fuel consumption rate base and development and imple• 5678 hours The cumulative on line during the penod was 5.16 bun- time since grid connection was mentation of Performance Indicators dles/FPD. (Pis) to monitor operational safety 5940 hours Average plant capacity and analysis of safety issues. factor was 59 25% and average The reactor has now completed plant availability factor was 64 9%. 3685.9 Full Power Days of operation The PSA was completed and a draft since commissioning All the three up• More than 500 maintenance jobs report was issued. An IPSART re• grading plants operated smoothly have been earned out by CNPP view by IAEA was carried out in with an availability factor of 73%. Maintenance Department since Pro• March 2001 The study was judged visional Acceptance dunng planned to be of high quality. A total of 14-reactor grade batches and unplanned outages and 67 cut batches were processed. However since then KFSAR update Total reactor grade production was The major jobs include re- results and new information on some 9463.0 Kg commissioning of Turbine Re-heater postulated accident sequences have Temperature Controller (RTC) 9 Moreover, the Main Generator Recti• fier Cabinet # 5 Breaker not opening problem was resolved. Main Steam Ejector* 1 was replaced while Con• densate Booster Pump A&B was re• paired. Thirteen failed tubes of High Pressure Feed Water Heater #5 were plugged after performing ECT.
Major Plant Modifications
Since Provisional Acceptance a number of modification have been implemented/under various stages of implementation by Engineering De• partments These include Design modification in public address sys• tem, Card Access Control System, Signing ceremony for Provisional Acceptance of Modification in SBR piping, TX gland CHASNUPP by PAEC seal steam system, vent line drain system & Condensate system, The QA division reviewed 40 admin• output Reactor Thermal rating was change of vent valve location istrative & Technical Procedures of 935 MWe yielding a gross heat rate CNPP departments ; divisions to ver• of 10524 KJ / KWh which was about ify that the essential requirements of 7% better than the warranted heat Quality Assurance IAEA Safety guides / PNRA regula• rate. tion have been included. A compieliensive plan was estab• Quality Assurance Department of lished and monitored to systemati• CNPP is performing owner's QA sur• IMPLEMENTATION OF cally review the commissioning test veillance dunng the operaton phase MAIN CONTRACT procedures their modifications and of CNPP in accordance with the re• final test reports and results to as• quirements of the overall QA pro• Commissioning Activities sure that the tests performed demon• strate the design intent gramme during operation. at Site
QA division carried out its surveil• The deficiencies/ shortcomings in the With the successful completion of hot lance activities during the last phase commissioning test procedures and of the commissioning tests provi• functional tests, initial criticality, low final test reports detected during re• sional acceptance and plant opera• power tests and connection to gnd in view were got resolved from Main tion and maintenance. The QA re• June 2000, the last phase of com• Contractor quirements have gradual,y shifted missioning was completed with the from overall QA programme during conduct of power tests. During the review process at CNPP, construction to overall QA pro• a total of 75 commissioning test pro• gramme during operation The ob• This was followed by the plant per• cedures related to initial criticality servations are documented as sur• formance measurement and reliabil• and low power and power tests and veillance reports. ity demonstration tests in fulfillment 250 final test reports were reviewed. of the contractual requirements. Power plant performance test to During the period under report, 40 demonstrate the net output and plant Provisional Acceptance of CNPP Non-Conformance Notices (NCNs) heat rates, Load cycling between were issued to CZEC / Engineering 100% FP and 50% FP for three suc• Department by QA division during A detailed methodology was devel• cessive days &contmuous operation oped by Engineering Department for commissioning and operation of for 3 days at minimum sustainable CNPP. systematic plant acceptance, identi• load were carried out. fication of responsibilities and devel• The commissioning and plant per• opment of guidelines for system QA division conducted six audits of formance tests were successfully walk-downs to visually confirm the various departments / divisions of completed and plart started its com• configuration of systems according CNPP These division / department mercial operation v/.e f. September to latest engineering drawings. include Operation, Engineering, 15,2000. Health Physics Chemistry section Training division and security sec• Three procedures were developed tion. Audit reports were sent to these The performance tests yielded the and implemented to coordinate divisions / departments for imple• plant net output to be 304.2 MWe streamline and ensure timely com• mentation of suggested corrective after up-rating the measured output pletion of PA activities. actions to 21 °C intake water temperature with power factor 0 86, plant gross 10 the energy spares, the spares having worth of US $ 70.000/- have also been received at Site. One year spares / Consumables and special tools as per main contract value are received The left over ma• terial comprising of Hardware • plumbing items, fittings spares equipment etc. having a worth of Rs 11 million are received at Plant Warehouse
APPLIED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS GROUP (ASAG)
The Group has been involved in the analysis of economic financial and A view of fully operational Turbine and Generator at environmental issues in the energy; CHASNUPP electricity sector development with These were interface of CNPP & dance with article 18.4 of the Main particular emphasis on the nuclear CZEC for provisional acceptance of Contract was signed. power option. CNPP CNPP internal procedure for identification and rectification of PA Twenty-four (24) equipment War• The Group continued its analysis of deficiencies & procedure for take• ranty notifications were issued to the electricity generation costs of pn- over of CNPP systems / subunits CZEC 04 notifications were ac• vate and public sector organizations in Pakistan, which will help in tariff from CZEC / QNPC to CNPP The cepted by CZEC and corrective negotiations with other organizations acceptance work was divided into action taken The rest were re• four main areas, including docu• jected The Group contributed in updating mentation verification engineering the Country Nuclear Power Profile of works completion venfication plant IMPLEMENTATION OF Pakistan for the Year 2000 This ef• performance qualification and plant AUXILIARY CONTRACTS fort involved not only the data on nu• special materials hand-over verifica• clear power in Pakistan but also a tion. Nuclear Fuel and Fuel broad picture of the energy/electricity sector of the country More than 1500 deficiencies were Management detected during the above mention The IAEA awarded a research con• venficaton phases These deficien• The first reload consisting of forty tract to ASAG to review its recently cies were further categorized as mi• (40) fresh Fuel Assemblies (FA; and developed model for estimation of nor and major deficiencies and after fifty-two (52) Thimble Plug Assem• external costs of electricity genera• discussion among CNPP and CZEC blies (TPA) arnved at site These tion (BGLAD). personnel 500 deficiencies were Fuel Assemblies and Thimble Plug This work involves review of the agreed for resolution/rectification by Assemblies were inspected by CNPP methodological issues as well as CZEC experts in collaboration with other testing of the computer software de• establishments of PAEC and ac• veloped for the model After venfication in the four areas cepted all the FAs and TPAs at Site identified for Provisional Acceptance The Group completed the country and commitment for resolution of SNERDI provided Cycle-1 Operation study "Impact of environmental regu• agreed deficiencies, by CZEC com• Data prediction and analysis report lations on electric system expansion pletion verification certificates were Data bank for computer code IN- in Pakistan in the medium to long signed for the four a'eas Provi• COPW was also provided by term" under the Coordinated Re• search Programme of the IAEA The sional Acceptance Certificate was SNERDI as per Fuel Contract Re• final report was submitted to the then signed by higher management sults of flux map processing were Agency on 25th Sep 2000 provided by SNERDI In 1999 a country study was initiated CNPP personnel took charge of all Contract for spare parts under tne IAEA Coordinated Re• the plant and responsibility for in• search Programme on GHG mitiga• dependent operation. The spares of value US $ 2.8 million tion options Final report of the study are received from Chinese as batch- entitled "The role of nuclear power in An interface procedure between 0 In batch-1. the spares having mitigating Greenhouse Gases Emis• CNPP and CZEC for disposition of worth of US S 2 6 million have been sions in the medium to long term in equipment Warranty in accor- received at Site Under procedure for Pakistan is being prepared II Research study on "Comparative as• analysis for pressurized water and as well as transient for CNPP by us• sessment of investment on infrastruc• research reactors Technical coop• ing RELAP and other Chinese origin ture for Development of Nuclear Power eration and support was extended to computer codes. and Other Energy Chains for Electricity other PAEC establishments in the Generation under the IAEA Coordi• above fields and in the areas of soft• The Revision-0 and Revision-1 of nated Research Programme on ware development for loose parts procedures for Core Physics Tests at "Impact of Infrastructural Requirements monitoring and vibration measure• KANUPP were prepared.Work on on the Competitiveness of Nuclear ment analysis Power Ramp transient Analysis of Power" was continued Progress re• CHASNUPP has been in progress. ports have been sent to the Agency. The data bank for INCOPW code for flux mapping of CHASNUPP was The effects of power increase rate on Research efforts were also continued generated and the second part of the fuel rod performance have been di• in the area of sustainable develop• report was issued. INUP also made vided into two phases The first ment of electricity sector in Pakistan vibration measurements on phase has been completed and sec• A paper on evaluation of nuclear CHASNUPP Reactor coolant pumps ond phase is in progress power as a CDM (Clean Develop• Work on the establishment of Re• ment Mechanism) option for Pakistan pository for CHASNUPP documents was prepared and presented at the INUP has developed expert software continued. Scientists/Engineers par• for loose parts monitonng for PWR technical sessions organized by the ticipated in the power raising tests of IAEA at UN Conference of Parties-6 plants Establishment of a central vi• CHASNUPP and the tests were car• bration analysis lab at INUP continued held at the Hague, ried out at 75% and 100% of full Tn power The Netherlands and the 44 Gen• eral Conference of the IAEA. The Group continued its efforts in the Data was collected which would area of development of computer complete the data bank required for software for the energy models. The operational core analysis in INCOPW IAEA awarded a contract to ASAG computer code The measurements for development of Online Help for its of DNBR for CHASNUPP were taken newly developed financial analysis at plant and its comparison was model FINPLAN. made with the computed value Op• erational core parameter prediction and analysis has been done INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEAR POWER (INUP) An analysis was performed for evalu• INUP vigorously pursued its activities ating the difference between the to gain indigenous capabilities in the measured and calculated cntical bo• fields of core design, Incore fuel ron concentration The Methodology management, accident analysis, fuel has been developed to perform ther• design and development and safety mal hydraulic analysis, steady state
12 PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING
NUCLEAR SCIENCE tion in the area of loose part moni• and thermally equilibrated with the & toring supplied by IAEA under the surface before forming final products. Non-thermal processes have been TECHNOLOGY IAEA technical cooperation project Vibration analysis of pnmary and introduced in the computational mod• secondary cooling systems of PARR- eling of surface catalyzed reactions Reactor Operation 1 was performed Fast Neutron Physics Pakistan Research Reactor-1 Misalignment was detected in one of (PARR-1) was operated for 523 the secondary pumps which was rec• The facility for Prompt Gamma Neu• hours including 356 hours of opera• tified. However, a database has been tron Activation Analysis has been es• tion at full power and 3455 MWh of developed for the computerized tablished at through tube of PARR-1. energy was produced Nine hundred management of record and reports of Bi neutron filter was installed inside and four capsules containing various PARR-1 using ACCESS 2000 Op• the in pile collimator and shielding of samples were irradiated Core load• eration and quality record of the pri• lead and wax was modified. Anti ing No 95 and 97 were assembled mary cooling system of PARR-1 is compton/pair spectrometer was in• being maintained since its initial criti• stalled and testing of the electronics Six fuel elements were replaced after cality with LEU fuel. The package is was carried out. The characteristic achieving their design burn-up. also being used for fuel burn-up cal• absolute efficiency of high purity Ge Three standard fuel elements of in• culations and preparation of matenal detector has been investigated in the termediate burn up and three fresh balance reports for submission to energy range 120-1500 keV standard fuel elements were loaded IAEA. in the core Pakistan Research Reac- tor-2 (PARR-2) was operated for 102 Nuclear Cross-section hours and 862 samples were irradi• Reactor Physics and Safety Studies ated. Feasibility studies have been initiated The cross-section measurements of Reactor Experiments for the operation of PARR-1 with a some threshold reactions on Ti and mixed core using HEU and LEU fuel. Hg have Deen carried out. These in• Four Korean experts visited for the Neutronic and sa'ety calculations are clude reactions like *Ti (n,2n) 45Ti, installation of DAS-LPMS equip• being carried out. 46Ti (n,p) 46Sc, 4'Ti(n,p) 47Sc, 48Ti(n.p) ment, to be used for expenmenta- 48Sc, 4STi (n,p) 49Sc. 5>Ti(n,a)47 Ca, 196 195 198 RESEARCH Hg (n,2n) Hg and Hg (n.a) 195Pt The average values were & found to be 4.57 mb, 1287 mb, DEVELOPMENT 20.11 mb, 0.32 mb, 27.05 mb, 4.49 mb, 0.01 mb and 0 004 mb respec• Plasma Physics tively. Formation of quiet auroral arcs has been studied showing that in the High Temperature presence of parallel current magne- Superconductivity tosphenc Alfven waves can decouple into an electrostatic and electromag• Electronic transport mechanism of netic mode linearly at ionospheric Fe doped collosal magneto resis• level. tance matenal LaoesCoJsMni.xFe.O;, has been investigated by ac conduc• tivity measurements In order to A model set of non-linear equations study the effects of dopant on has been proposed to study the short RuSr-GdCu208 in which ferromag- scale auroral density cavities. A set netism and superconductivity coex• of non linear equations for electron- ist, materials with doping of Sn, Pb positron-ion plasma with sheared and Ge have been synthesised by flow has been derived solid-state reaction.
Computational Physics Mossbauer Spectroscopy The vast majority of surface cata• lyzed reactions proceed via Lang- Study of crystallization of melt-spun muir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism alloy Fe--:Mooo8Bi3Si3 has been car• Reactor glow at in which both reactants are adsorbed ried out. PARR-1, PINSTECH
13 The identification of differen' phases Crystallization behaviour of Fe-Mo- u) J38U + ~2,U have been determined like a-Fe Fe B Fe2B and Fe-Si has Si-B amorphous a loy was invest- experimentally been done Investigation of high tem• gated after heat treatment at differed perature corrosion of super-alloys temperatures (400-700DC). The study of the reaction 158 A GeV namely Incoloy 800H Incoloy 825 2Q7Pb + 7 Cu has been earned out Inconel 690 Sanicro 28 UBHA-25L Corrosion behavior of a reactor ma- using CR-39 track detectors and SS 304L in air and steam at tenal-Hastelloy C-276 was studied 1200°C for 400 hrs has been com• after ageing at 850"C. Computeriza• For the Search for Light Magnetic pleted tion of locally made goniometer for Monopoles (SLIM) experiment, a X-ray diffractometerwas completed laboratory has been established and Low Energy Physics preparations are being made to in• Neutron and X-Ray stall 114 m of detectors in a suitable Various source options like Duoplas- Diffraction high altitude (-500 m) station matron and Cusp Field Hollow Cath• ode Cluster source were tested to For the up gradation of the old neu• Lasers Studies produce C beam The work on the tron spectrometer flat mosaic CJ sputtering of the carbon walls of hol• monochromator has been replaced Two-step spectroscopy of tin was low cathode and disk formation of by horizontal bent perfect silicon carried out with a high temperature the regenerative carbon soot under crystal resulting in an intensity en• atomic beam source and NdYAG heavy inert gases and phenomenon hancement at the sample position by laser to study the even-parity of emission of the clusters has been a factor of three. To reduce the un- Rydberg states of tin The intermedi• completed warted fast neutrons a Bi filter was ate level was 5p6s (3/2 1/2)-, the installed Investigations on structure second dye laser was scanned Electron Microscopy refinement of materials like above the first ionization threshold 2 Lacs5Cao35Mni,
Non-Destructive Testing
The design of neutron radiography facility was modified to enhance ther• mal neutron flux level at the image plane and to reduce contribution of gamma radiation helping to deterio• rate the image quality of neutron ra• diographs The capability of en• hanced system for detection of de• Atomic absorption Spectrophotometre facility at CAFP PINSTECH 15 MATERIAL SCIENCE medical products like infusion sets analysis of samples for National Ag• etc has been developed Work on riculture Research Centre (NARC). Rare Earth Studies the conversion of agro waste irto Islamabad useful products such as animal feed The reproducibility studies on by radiation is being carried out. An ion-pair HPLC method has been crushed and de-slimed carbonatites developed for trace level simultane• of Loe-Shilman (NWFP) using water A study of various physico-chemical ous determination of nitnte and ni• fluidized columns were completed. properties of chelating polymers was trate using normal phase column and The results confirmed 2 5 times conducted for the uptake of UO2" , UV detector. Preconcentration of en• physical up gradation. Optimization Cu 2*. Dy3* and Pb-". Research on vironmental carcinogens such as pol- of process parameters for extraction inorganic ion exchangers like zirco• yaromatic hydrocarbons is being op• of rare earths is continuing. nium phosphate and silicon anti- timised employing various types of monate composite was carried out polymeric resins such as XAD-2 and Chemical Material Studies for the study of removal of 63Ni, ^Sr, XAD-7 and 1j Cs from nuclear waste solu• Research and Development work on tions. recovery of Tellunum-metal from ra• Comparative evaluation of normal phase (partisil silica) and reverse dioactive waste solution was com• ANALYTICAL pleted The parameters for recovery phase (octadecyl silica) column for TECHNIQUES of Te-metal and its conversion to the separation and quantification of uranium, iron and copper in various Te02 were established. About 3 kg. Environmental Studies of Te-metal was recovered and more matrices has been completed. than 100 g of spectrochemical grade Twenty-four sets of particulate matter Te02 powder was produced at opti• in air samples from the rural areas of More than 200 blood samples of nor• mised conditions. Islamabad were collected using mal subjects and hypertensive pa• GENT stacked filter air sampler unit tients were analyzed for Cu, Mg, Zn. Studies on surface modification of over a period of about six months Pb and Cd using atomic absorption stainless steel Fe and Fe-Cr alloys Concentrations of particulate matter spectrophotometry (AAS). are in progress. Effect of thin layer were found to have a maximum deposition and heat treatment has va ue of 0.6 mg/l for 0.4mm filter and To assess the intake of lead through been studied 0 19 mg/l for 8 0 mm filter. food spices and food colours, ten brands of these samples were ana• Corrosion Studies The determination of radon concen• lysed for their lead contents by AAS. tration in drinking water, taken from Determination of lithium was carried The structures of various alloys re• wells and dam water from the twin- out in fifty samples of whole blood of ceived from different organizations cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi normal subjects in relation of the were revealed and alloys composi- were carried out The maximum ra• psychoneurotic diseases tion/designation-number and their don concentration was found to be fabrication history were determined 18 5±5.0 kBq m'3 in a well water of Radio & Nuclear Investigations for the cause of corro• Islamabad. Chemistry sion in Sui Northern Gas Pipelines at Dhulian are in progress. The trace elements evaluation in hu• The radiochemical separation meth• man milk and infant head hair was odology has been developed for the Alloy Development undertaken to correlate their defi• characterization and determination of & ciency symptoms in infants to the trace elements in environmental, bio• Characterization dietary intake Thirty specimens from logical and high purity matenals. It mothers and their infants were col• has been applied for the trace impu• A dual phase steel was produced. lected from a wide cross section of rities determination in high purity Tensile testing of the samples re• our society and were analyzed magnesium, titanium and tungsten; vealed that strength of the steel in• essential and toxic trace elements creased with intercritical tempera• For the toxicity adequacy evaluation determination in dietary items and tures with little effect on the ductility. the contents of heavy metals such as body fluids Several batches of U3Si2 were prepared by arc melting. Analysis Cd. Pb, Cu and Zn in kidney cortex indicated the presence of substantial of human and domestic animals are being estimated. This interactive be• Various cations, and anions on the amount of U02 Studies are under havior of Pb and Cd ions in and with sorption of cerium have also been way to eliminate the U02 and other earned out Separation of radionu• unnecessary phases from the melt. the environmental samples has been done using radiotracer and voltam- clide of Se and Hg using polyure- metnc techniques. thane foam was achieved. Polymer Processing & Ethylene has been determined in Sorption of Hg(ll), Ag(l). Cr(lll) onto Radiation Studies bulk acetylene using thermal conduc• coconut husk surface has been stud• Radiation resistant polypropylene for tivity detector (TCD). This developed ied and the conditions for quantita• the production of syringes and other procedure has been used for the tive adsorption were optimized. 16 To improve the separation of rare earth elements from various matnces synergic extraction of Tm Eu and Ce with picrolonic acid and neutral ligands in chloroform were carried out.
Decontamination studies of Pb and Cd from industrial effluents have been earned out using naturally oc• curring mineral mixtures as an ad• sorbent by optimizing vanous phys- icochemical parameters
Removal of mercury by sol-gel doped with 1-naphthylthiocarbonide has been studied and optimised to Creep testing lab NMD , PINSTECH remove mercury from the industrial Central Analytical Facilities Forty five environmental samples col• waste lected from CHASNUPP site were Analytical services were provided to analyzed for the generation of base Ideal conditions for the extraction of vanous divisions of PINSTECH and line data pnorto criticality. mercury(ll) from HCI with 1- other establishments of PAEC. Ser• naphthylthiocarbomide in MIBK has vices were also provided to outside Services of mobile radiation labora• been established. The data obtained organizations on commercial basis tory were rendered in emergency from this work will be helpful in the by analyzing 1036 samples preparedness and off-site radiologi• design ol piocess foi the lemoval of cal environmental monitoring and Hg from industrial effluents and de• HEALTH PHYSICS hazard assessment programme contamination of Hg from contami• Applied Health Physics nated soil. Ambient gamma dose level around Radiation protection services were PINSTECH was measured and SERVICES provided at PARR-1. PARR-2, 1-131 found to be 0.169 ± 0 01m Gy. Eight• AND Production plant and at other radio- een marble samples were analyzed PRODUCTS active'radiochemical laboratones at for gamma emitting radionuclides the Institute and associated radiation hazards to Radioisotope and general public. Radiopharmaceutical Seven hundred and sixty four con• Cold Kits Production signments of radioactive matenal/ Radiation Dosimetry radiation sources were authorized for Production and supply of radioiso• safe transportation to within and out topes 1-131 (92Ci), Tc-99m (10Ci), side PINSTECH. An up to date in• Film badge dosimetry thermolumi- Cr-51 (2Ci), Rb-86 (1Ci), Br-82 ventory of radiation being used at nescence dosimetry and bioassay (810mCi), Na-24 (205mCi), P-32 PINSTECH was prepared and physi• were provided on monthly basis to (87mCi), MIBG (60mCi), La-140, Sr- cally verified about 3100 radiation workers in 90, Ba-133, Cs-137 for medical and about 310 establishments About industrial applications was continued Radiation protection services were 26000 dosimeters were processed. throughout the year also provided for transportation of 700 TLD-cards (G-2) were processed source (192lr) from Islamabad to for assessment of area and environ• mental radiation dose levels Nine in-vivo diagnostic kits. DTPA, CHASNUPP site. MDP, MIBI Heptagluconate, Phy- Environmental Monitoring International inter-comparison of en• tate, DMSA, DISIDA, MAG-3. Pyro• vironmental dosimeters by G-2 ther- phosphate worth Rs. 5 69 millions Radiological assessment of 312 air moluminescence dosimeters with the were produced and supplied to Nu• collaboration of Environmental Moni• clear Medical Centers All the particulate samples received from country wide radiological environ• toring Laboratory (EML). USA and batches were subjected to quality "Third Phase IAEA/RCA Inter- control tests. mental monitoring network was made comparison for Individual Monitoring" was continued Fifty eight consignments of Tc-99m Radiometric analysis for the defec• generators (PAKGEN) (l50mCi) tion and measurement of fission frag• Secondary Standard each were sent to Nuclear Medical ments and activation products was Dosimetry Centres from July to September, performed in 1874 environmental 2000 for clinical evaluation samples including charcoal filter, etc. During the period under review 85 protection level survey meters re- 17 ceived from various establishments in the country were calibrated
Services were provided to various establishments of PAEC including classified projects. Inventory of ra• diation sealed sources were up• graded up to June 30, 2001. The SSDL Laboratory participated in IAEA Protection level TLD Postal Dose Inter-comparison Programme and IAEA Therapy level TLD Postal Dose Inter-comparison Programme. The inter-comparison results are in good agreement with IAEA Do• simetry _aboratory measurements.
Radioactive Waste A view of mobile radiation monitoring lab (MRML) Management Maintenance Services
1018m3 low-level liquid waste having Repair and Maintenance work of Two SUN Computer systems contin• beta/gamma activity of about 1653 more than One hundred and twelve ued to work satisfactorily Computer MBq was disposed off after neces• instruments was carried out which services against 8334 0 CPU hours sary treatment. Medium-level waste included Induction Furnace, Uninter• were provided collected was stored in interim stor• ruptible Power Supply 60 KVA, UV age facility 16.278m3 low-level solid Spectrophotometer, Liquid Scintilla• PDP-11/73 computer of POF Wah waste having short-lived beta/ tion Counter, Nitrogen Analyzer, X- interfaced with artillery ammunition gamma emitting radionuclides was Ray Diffractometer, Freeze Dryer proximity fuse board testing equip• properly packed and disposed off in with microprocessor based Control ment was repaired successfully Im• the engineered trench System etc. mediate solution of the problem i e. generation/installation of software COMPUTERS Post disposal monitoring of radioac• backup on a compatible drive was tive waste disposal area was carried Technical Developments also provided. out by taking samples from bore• holes No migration of the disposed Distnbuted computing, its application Scientific Information off radioactivity has been found indi• viz "Messaging System" has been cating safe disposal. Twenty spent developed and tested in multi- Regular monthly current awareness sealed radiation sources were collected platform environment using Java API services including Selective Dissemi• from M/s Jiacco Pak Pvt Ltd Lahore, M/ Socket and applying Multithreading nation Information (SDI) from the s Inspectest Pvt. Ltd Lahore and M/s technique. newly added information in the m- Capital Hospital. G-6/2-1, Islamabad for house databases of International Nu• disposal. Features like File exchange, Clients clear Information System (INIS), Ta• Info, Message D splay, and Memory ble of Contents (TOCs) of journals Electronics Instrumentation Resources Recollection have been and technical reports and retrospec• r completed tive searches were provided to man• Control od position indication sys• agers scientists and engineers of tem at PARR-1 was re-designed and An application server under Windows PINSTECH. all PAEC establish• fabricated Another Delta-T Module 2000 environment was installed to ments, R and D organizations and for Reactor Power Measurement was standardize the application soft universities within the country re-designed and fabricated for wares and to provide central comput• against 425 profiles registered PARR-1. ing facility to PINSTECH users. As the national center for Interna• Electronic instrument modules were Software for elemental analysis of tional Nuclear Information System designed and developed for KCP-II, Scanning Electron Microscope has (INIS) in Pakistan, SID has submitted KANUPP and PARR-1 All of these been developed. 320 inputs about the research work modules were developed using local in the field of Nuclear S & T. resources. Data is captured on PC through Five different power supplies were PCA-8000 card in binary file After Similarly 162 documents have been designed and developed 16 disc converting this data into ASCII for• dispatched to assist IAEA as volun• type capacitors, twenty four trans• mat elemental analysis for various tarily contribution by Pakistan as formers and forty three printed circuit samples is performed. backlog of core scientific journals in boards were made for various uses. 18 INIS database. Compilation of inter• RESEARCH PROJECTS and 2 of Pakistan Council of Research national publications of PINSTECH in Water Resources (PCRWR) re• scientists and researchers from 1967 About 33 projects of International mained in progress. Besides, collabo• onward has been published. Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 7 of ration with national and international Pakistan Science Foundation (PSF) organizations continued.
19 BIO-SCIENCES gpsr,^ AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY
PAEC has been playing a significant role in improving agricultural produc• tivity of the country through its three agriculture research institutions namely; Nuclear Institute of Agricul• ture (NIA), Nuclear Institute for Agri• culture and Biology (NIAB), Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA) and one Biotechnology insti• tute, National Institute for Biotechnol• ogy and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), situated ideally in distinct agronomic zones. TAKBEER". About 25 tonnes quality by exhibiting the yield potential of seed of TAKBEER & TATARA was 2498 kg/ha against the highest yield Due to their outstanding contribution produced at NIFA and Kundian Seed potential of CM-473. to in various scientific d.sciplines, Farms. Out of this seed, 20 tonnes has these centres enjoy a respectable already been supplied to Joint Seed Ven• The NIAB-98 attained 4lh position in place at national and international ture Programme. Newly developed im• DCR Trials by manifesting the yield level. These centres have so far proved rain-fed line "BWL-949549" potential of 2456 k g/ha. Promising evolved. 40 improved varieties of proved its worth for higher yield and advanced mutant lines NIAB-111/1, crops, which have increased the crop drought tolerance. NIAB-111/2, NIAB-111/3 and NIAB- production of the country manifold. Approximately 3500 tones pure seed 228 possessing high yield potential of the two NIFA wheat varieties and superior fiber quality traits have MUTATION BREEDING Bakhtawar-92 and Fakhr-e-Sarhad been planted at 50 locations in differ• was produced and supplied to the ent cotton growing zones to evaluate Wheat provincial seed multiplication agen• their performance & wider adaptabil• cies. Moreover, 0.25 tones BNS and ity. Provincial Seed Council recom• 24 tones basic seed of Fakhr-e- Sohni, a new mutant variety of cotton mended the variety Marvi-2000, de• Sarhad has also been produced at evolved by NIA, was approved by veloped by NIA, for release in the NIFA and Kundian Farms which are Technical Sub Committee for Ap• Province of Sindh. Marvi-2000 is en• being provided to provincial seed proval of New Varieties and Tech• dowed with high grain yield, early multiplication agencies for further niques and the proposal has been maturity, disease resistance and seed multiplication. Out of 40 ad• submitted to Provincial Seed Council vanced wheat lines evaluated in five good baking quality. It has yield po• (PSC) of Sindh for its final approval advanced wheat yield trials at NIFA, tential of more than 7 t/ha in the cot• and release for general cultivation in IDA-79082 gave highest grain yield ton belt of Sindh. It has performed followed by IBW-97269 and IBW- Sindh. Sohni endowed with early well under the reduced irrigation con• 97107. maturity, high yield and high GOT %, ditions. takes 130 to 140 days to mature. It requires less number of irrigation and NIA produced 32,113 kg pre-basic Cotton less plant protection measures as seed of Sarsabz, Kiran -95 and compared to existing commercial va• Soghat-90 varieties. Of this, 20,000 Pre-basic seed of NIAB-78 and of rieties. kg seed was supplied to Sindh Seed newly developed mutants i.e. NIAB- Corporation and 10,180 kg to private 98 and NIAB-99 was distributed 50 kg pre-basic seed of Chandi-95 seed corporations and progressive among the progressive growers and was supplied to Sindh Seed Corpo• growers in the province. Two high seed producing agencies. The pre- ration, 201 kg to Private Seed yielding candidate varieties were basic seed of NIAB-98 and NIAB-99 Agency and 114 kg to the progres• promoted in the National Trials. was also supplied for inclusion in sive farmers. Chandi-95, grown on NTCVT and DCR Trials. These mu• an area of 1.5 acre, was inspected Rain-fed wheat research at NIFA has tants were evaluated in zonal. DCR and certified by Federal Seed Certi• and NCVT trials. The mutant NIAB- recently contributed another high nd fication and Registration Department yielding drought tolerant variety 99 ranked 2 in yield in DCR Trials
20 while three clones AEC71-2011, AEC86-64S and CP72-2086 were selected from advanced trials to as• sess their yield potential under differ• ent agro-climatic conditions The breeding material generated through seed fuzz, induced mutation and tis• sue culture were at different stages of evaluation and selection
ENTOMOLOGY
At NIA, the use of nuclear techniques for efficient and economical produc• tion of egg parasitoid, T chilonis to manage the sugarcane borers showed that irradiation of host eggs significantly increased the parasitic potential of the parasitoids and it also Typical damage to chickpea pods by H.armigera decreased the age effect for parasiti• mango trees, captured maximum zation It was observed that radiation field and parasitization rate in• number of fruit fly. Bactrocera dose of 25 Gy to the host eggs is the creased significantly when the favour• zonata. followed by the traps placed most suitable dose to induce F. ste• able temperature conditions prevailed in the canopy and outer margin of rility in the angoumois gram moth. the tree. It was concluded that for A new laboratory for the rearing of It was concluded that for effective con• effective management of fruit flies parasitoids Tnchogramma chilonis at trol of cotton bollworms, reliance on bio• through male annihilation technique, Fauji Sugar Mills, Khoski distnct logical control alone is nsky and it should the traps should be installed in an Badin was established. Two techni• be used in conjunction with other tac• orchard in the wind direction, as the cians were trained in parasitoid rear• tics particularly during the hot fruit flies, fly against the wind direc• ing at the bio-control laboratory of months. tion. NIA, Tandojam Host and parasitoid cultures were provided with neces• Studies conducted to evaluate the sary guidance at regular intervals Development of female attracting efficacy and cost economics of dif• and rearing of the paras.toids has system of Bactrocera zonata will be ferent eco-fnendly techniques for been successfully established at the a major breakthrough for the man• the control of cotton bollworms indi• Mills laboratory. agement programme of fruit flies cated that integration of phero- Thirty two different combinations of mones, PB/SB-ROPE and egg para• diammonium phosphate, protein hy- sitoids, Tnchogramma chilonis and With the establishment of this labora• drolyzate, casein and acetic acid Trichogrammatoidea bactrae, proved tory at Badin, the biocontrol pro• were tried to attract the females of effective to manage the bollworms gramme has been expanded in three this species. Preliminary results indi• The infestation of cotton bollworms districts of Sindh Construcnon of an• cated that a mixture of diammonium was significantly low in combined other laboratory at Matian Sugar phosphate and protein hydrolyzate treatment of pheromones and para• Mills, distnct Hyderabad is also in attracted the maximum number of sitoids as compared to the individual progress. females as compared to other treatments chemicals tested An area of more than 150,000 acres The adaptive ness of laboratory Studies indicated that Red RBGL of sugarcane was treated with para• reared parasitoids to varying tem• and Red okra lines of cotton were sitoids in Nawabshah and Noshehro- perature was studied in the cottcn moderately resistant to the attack of feroze distncts with the coordination field Results indicated that the para- jassids and thnps Whereas, Red of Al-Noor Sugar Mills, Moro and sitization rate of Tnchogramma chilo• okra and AEH-8 were observed less Habib Sugar Mills, Nawabshah. The susceptible to the attack of pink and nis and Trichogrammatoidea bactrae infestation of sugarcane borers on spotted bollworms. was low in hot months It gradual'y inter-node basis ranged from 0 00 to increased during August and Sep• 9.67 percent. Whereas, the mean The population dynamics of yellow tember and reached its peak in the infestation of the borers in untreated and pink stem borers indicated sig• month of November. Thereafter area was 21 16 percent with a range nificant and positive correlation with parasitization in the field started de• of 12.39 to 31.03 percent. the infestation in rice crop The clining with the decrease in the tem• population of yellow stem borer was perature during the month of Decem• significantly higher than pink stem Male annihilation technique plays an ber. Studies indicated that tempera• important role in the successful borer with a peak in the third week ture had significant effect on the es• of September. Whereas the peak management of fruit flies Traps tablishment of parasites in cotton placed near the trunk of guava and population of pink stem was re-
22 corded in the last week of August quent oviposition preference by DAP DCP and FPM and integrated Studies revealed that one month i Tnchogramma was evaluated The method was 109. 109, 83, up to e., from the last week of August to results revealed that a dose of 20 106% respectively the third week of September is very krad resulted in 62 4% more prefer• critical for the management of rice ence for 10 day old eggs than the Micro-nutnent studies on nee showed stem borers Screening of canola control Comparison of parasitism that more Zn was required by Bas- varieties indicated that Dunkled and efficiency of Tnchogramma under mati~385 than Basmati 370 and ap• Hyola-42 harbored significantly less continuous light and dark conditions plication of six kg Zn/ha resulted in aphid attack and more yield as com• showed that dark stimulus proved maximum yield whereas Basmati-Pak pared to the other varieties/lines less effective than light. required slightly more B than Basmati tested Hence, these two varieties 385 which is managed from the same are recommended as insect resis• Milk exudate of K {Calotropis pro- dose due to its better efficiency. In tant varieties which can be used as cera) was used fresh as well as after case of wheat Inqlab and Pasban a component of Integrated Pest preservation against Heterotermes required similar amount of Zn and Management Programme for suc• indicola. The result showed that pure Cu cessful canola cultivation form of exudate was fast-acting toxi• cant. whereas its dilutions had char• Studies remained in progress at NIA In field screening trials on pod borer, acteristics similar to that of any prom• to assess the suitability of fertigation M2 populations of chickpea vaneties ising slow-acting toxicant. It may be technique for enhancing the utilization i.e. NIFA-95. Hassan-2K Pb-91 and a cheaper effective and non- efficiency of fertilizer phosphorus Noor-91 were raised dunng rabi sea• hazardous slow-acting toxicant when compared with standard broad• son 2000-2001 without applying any cast application method. The findings insecticide Pod borer infestation Laboratory experiments were carried revealed that the yield response of data including eggs, larval population out to examine 5 species of fungi for wheat to 100 kg of applied P vaned and percent pod damage were re• their suitability for biological control considerably depending upon the corded at ten randomly selected of Heteiolenites indicola Groups of mode of fertilizer application. plants during flowering and pod for• termites were allowed to crawl for 5 mation stages minutes over fungi cultures and Compared to control. P applied by then transferred to petri dishes hav• broadcast + soil mixing at sowing pro• The advanced lines of the chickpea ing moist blotting paper as their duced 44 3% additional harvests varieties K-850 and NEC-138-2 were choice food Greater mortalities were against 34% higher gram yield re• also screened for pod borer under obtained in all the fungi than that of corded from broadcast P at sowing field conditions The data on pest control. However Aspergillus sp ex• Significantly highest gram yield to the density, pod damage response and hibited the best control of the termite tune of 1242 kg/ha recorded with a some agronomic traits were recorded single dose of fertigation P was on 10 randomly selected plants. The SOIL SCIENCE higher than corresponding broadcast lines showing resistance will be P application. Split applications of fer• evaluated again next year for the tigation or broadcast P were not effec• same traits For improving the effi• For enhancing N-fertilrzer use effi• tive on account of their low yield re• ciency of pheromone baited field ciency in rice ecosystem urea and sponse traps for mass moth trapping, a field ammonium sulphate alone and in dif• expenment was laid out Traps were ferent ratios were tested in a pot ex• Field studies were continued to as• installed at four heights above periment at NIAB. It was observed sess the performance of munate of ground level. Observations recorded that maximum gram yield of Basmati- showed that a highest total catch of 370 was obtained by using a mixture potash versus sulphate of potash in 1051 moths was recorded at 1.6 m of the above fertilizers in the ratio of wheat-cotton-wheat cropping system height 1:1: 5 respectively. on long-term basis The data showed that seed cotton and wheat yields Fertigation gave 32% higher dry mat• were significantly affected by N and P Out of eight concentrations of miti- ter yield of maize and also led to applications cides tested. Nissoron @ Ig/L of wa• 19% higher Phosphorus uptake by ter was found safe to control mites in plants than broadcast, at equivalent Cumulative application of MOP since Sitotroga culture. Expenments on doses of Phosphorus application. In• 1993 to date caused significant eleva• preconditioning of Sitotroga rearing tegrated plant nutnent management tion in chloride dynamics within one- medium indicated that pre-soaking of (IPNM) approach was followed to im• meter soil profile Mean profile distn- wheat grains for three hours signifi• prove Phosphorus use efficiency and bution levels for chlonde were 5 1 cantly increased the culture effi• yield of wheat by applying 40 mg P/ meq/l with MOP and 2 27 meg/I in the ciency of Sitotroga A computer soft kg as single superphospate (SSP). control treatment Moreover, despite ware Trackmove' was developed for dianunonium phosphate (DAP), di- continuous leaching profile distribution monitoring insect behavior. calcium phosphate (DCP) and filter of water soluble chlorides were ele• press mud (FPM) either alone or in vated by 4096 with the cumulative ap• The effect of gamma radiation on combination Considering SSP as plication of munate of potash. Soil ex• storage of Sitotroga eggs and subse• 100, the relative grain yield from changeable K was also affected sig-
23 nificantly with the cumulative applica• tion of munate or sulphate of potash.
Studies also remained in progress with phosphobacteria for economiz• ing P usage by solubilizmg native soil phosphorus Compared to control, 34 6% additional harvests in wheat were recorded with phosphobacteria against 28 4° recorded with 50 kg/ha of applied phosphorus.
Three field experiments were con• ducted under IAEA Research Con• tract "Improving crop productivity in ram-fed areas'' at NIFA as well as at the farmer fields. The result revealed Salt tolerance soil studies carried out at Pacca Anna that the tillage, in general, improved Initial stages the yield of wheat and chickpea.
gram yield of chickpea as compared same field for 3-4 years induced suc• In a long term experiment on nitro• to ether treatments cessful natural nodulation in lentil gen management for wheat it was crop This practice can be exploited observed that in soybean - wheat as a good agronomic practice in lentil cropping system the grain and bio• Expenment on integrated nutnent cultivation. logical yield of subsequent wheat management of wheat showed that crop was relatively better as com• application of mineral nitrogen at the pared to maize-wheat system. rate of 120 kg/ha as urea and or• PLANT PATHOLOGY ganic fertilizer at the same rate as Sesbama aculeata (3.0 % N) and At NIAB, chickpea plants treated with The results of the chickpea and Azotobacterization alone and in van• different concentration of salicylic acid wheat intercropping experiments ous combinations significantly im• and Bion showed reduction in blight conducted at the NWFP, Agricultural proved the yield, yield components incidence Highest concentration of University research farm revealed and N uptake by wheat. Bion provided 80% protection while the that three rows of chickpea inter• lowest only 27% and in case of salicylic cropped with one row of wheat gave In a pot culture experiment ,14 chick• acid protection was 60% at higher and maximum economic benefit as com• pea genotypes were evaluated for 43% at lower concentration pared to the other treatments. natural nodulation and BNF capabil• ity. The study revealed that maxi• Forty entries of rice germplasm were Experiments earned out on the nutri• mum nodulation and N2 fixation was screened under field condition against tional requirements of chickpea vari• observed in genotype CMN-96-29 blast, bakanae and bacterial leaf ety (Hassan-2K) and wheat showed followed by CMN-427-8 and mini• blight (BLB) Against blast. 6 entries that phosphorus @ 60 kg/ha com• mum in CMN-532-8 Repeated culti• were resistant and 15 were moder• bined with 10 kg/ha gave maximum vation and inoculation of lentil on the ately resistant, against bakanae 2 were highly resistant and 4 were re• sistant and against BLB no line was resistant.
Stability and effectiveness of rust re• sistant sources previously selected from rain-fed material planted at NIFA were evaluated in five repli• cated performance trials.
Three entries i.e. BWL-9940, BWL- 2001-6 and BWL-2001-27 were rated as rust immune. Rust data of candi• date wheat varieties in three National Uniform Wheat Yield Tnals were re• .. - • corded revealed that 13 genotypes were found immune while 14 were Full growth at the same location registered resistant to yellow rust. 24 835 lines received from international nurseries were tested for selecting new sources of rust resistance under artificial epidemic conditions. Almost all the entnes were found resistant while 52 % of the genotypes exhib• ited distinctive leaf tip necrosis.
ANIMAL HEALTH & REPRODUCTION
Feeding of UMMB blocks to buffalo yielded 3425 litres of milk per lactation with an increase of 350 litres over control. Net monetary gain was Rs. 3000/lactation Milk progesterone The Bio control lab at NIA. Tandojam level indicated that UMMB fed ani• mals started ovanan activity after 12 - screened for salt tolerance in the The ascorbic acid content 30 weeks of parturition and in control field and under hydroponic condi- decreased from 41 66 to 34.3 mg per after 21 - 33 weeks. This indicates tions. 100 ml. that in addition to milk yield NIAB feed Mango kernels were studied for blocks also improved heat induction in FOOD SCIENCES physio-chemical and microbiological animals. Effect of irradiation (1-5 kGy) on characteristics. Mango kernel has poultry, meat and fish was studied 2.8% ash. 10 mg,100g ascorbic acid, using the 'Comet Assay' Technique 1.5 mg/g phytic acid, 5 3% protein, NIAB-HS- vaccine is oil adjuvant and Higher radiation dose resulted in in• 7.18% FFA. 11. 98 Meq'kg peroxide provides protection for more than one r creased number of cells with la ge value and 35 7 gm/100gm iodine year where as conventionally avail• DNA migration. Most of the free fatty value (IV) able vaccine provides immunity only acids (FFA) in beef poultry and fish for 12 - 14 weeks About 1800 vials were not affected by irradiation treat• are being prepared and sold and it is Effect of several concentrations of ment (1-5 kGy). However, increased sorbic acid and sodium benzoate on doing business of Rs. 2 million per amounts of myristic, palmitic, stearic year. preservation of mayonnaise was and oleic acids were found in irradi• studied at room temperature for 90 ated beef days. Addition of 1% sorbic acid re• To study the reproductive efficacy of sulted in the lowest total bacterial female dwarf goat, progesterone hor• Studies on label dosimeters for de• count per gram (TBC/g) of sample mone profile was used to monitor tection of high dose irradiation after 90 days in storage at ambient various pnases of reproduction Most showed that the response of 10 mm conditions. This study concluded that of the animals conceived within 25 - thick (PMMA) label dosimeter was total bacterial count of control sam• 65 days of postpartum period Higher out of range for all the treatments ples was beyond the acceptable limit levels of progesterone were main• while that of preservative-treated tained dunng gestation penod with Effect of irradiation and autoclavmg samples was still in acceptable limits wide variations. A decline was found time was studied on canola meal after 90 days in storage in all the animals at 6 - 10 days of pre during storage for six months. Radia• partum period The length of gestation tion of meal resulted in progressive Preliminary experiments on tempera• was found 145 ± 3 days with a kidding increase in protein solubility and ture profile in the cabinet solar drier interval of 163 - 280 days All the ani• available carbohydrates. Protein indicated a 10°C temperature differ• mals conceived at first or second es- solubility of un-irradiated meal was ence between the rear black wall trous cycle, showing the high prolifi• 20.3% which increased to 30 3% and front wall, due to effective heat cacy of this breed. with irradiation (10 kGy) showing absorption and emission of the black 49 3% rise color It was also found that covering the green mesh of sample trays with PLANT PHYSIOLOGY T'ee ripening studies on sour black muslin cloth raised the tempera• oranges showed that weight and ture inside the drier by 10-15°C. At NIA, use of naphthalene acetic juice content per fruit increased from acid (NAA) showed enhancement up 88 33 to 213.17 gm and 12.5 to 80 Solar dehydration of apricots treated to 150% in chilli pods and tomato ml, respectively. Total soluble solids with 3% potassium metabisulphite fruits while cobalt, silver, salicylic increased from 9 to 12% while solution and dipped in 15 30, 40 and acid (SA) and NAA almost doubled Narangine content decreased from 60% sugar solutions for various time the yield of all the three varieties of 4.41% to 3 96% during the six- intervals revealed a very clear color mangoes A large number of wheat months on tree ripening period. difference between the sulphited and and rice genotypes have been 25 unsulphited dry apricots. There were no differences in the pH and ascorbic content of the differently treated dried samples.
FOOD TECHNOLOGY
Studies were carried out for evaluating the effect of incorporation of citms peel along with sacs as minor feed ingredient on growth performance of broiler chicks Feed composition, weight gain, mortality and feed efficiency ratio of the test groups were studied and compared with standard groups Maximum feed consumption was observed for the group fed on 5% peel feed. Enhancing of shelf life of dry fruits through irradiation at The same group had the highest NIFA weight (1005 81 g) per chick followed Results revealed that RPO samples roots of luffa, leaves of luffa, stem of by the standard group (993 5g) and showed greater stability in all the okra and leaves of okra respectively the 10% peel group (886 44g) per tested conditions except the colour. chick. Vitamin A & b-carotene losses were BIOTECHNOLOGY also minimum in RPO. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) & increased with increase in peel Same set of samples were exposed GENETIC concentration from 2.63 for 5% to to fluorescent light and under open ENGINEERING 2.79 for 10% peel.The standard feed sunlight for 12 weeks. Results resulted in 2.50 PER. Mortality rate showed that exposure of oils to artifi• Research work pertaining to agricul• was not affected by feed cial light and sunlight showed maxi• ture, industry, health and environ• composition. Moreover, serum mum increase in POV FFA & colour ment is being undertaken by six main cholesterol significantly decreased as compared to oils kept at ambient divisions of NIBGE, namely, Health with increase in peel ratio in the feed. and low temperature However, RPO Biotechnology, Industrial Biotechnol• It was concluded that incorporation of showed maximum stability ogy Bio-fertilizcrs, Plant Biotechnol• 5% peel in poultry feed improved ogy. Bioprocess Technology and En• growth performance on one hand Irradiation of two medicinal herbs vironmental Biotechnology and reduced the cost of poultry feed Fagonia arable and Berberies lycium on the other These results are very was carried out at different doses AGRICULTURE important for poultry industry as it can The titratable acidity (TTA) and elec• significantly reduce prodjct cost of trical conductivity (EC) of dry powder Plant Molecular Virology broiler chicks. ol these plants increased with in• crease in radiation dose. Plant Molecular virology group suc• The effect of red pepper oil was com• cessfully completed characterization pared with BHT, a synthetic anti• Results of roots, shoots and leaves of of cotton leaf curl virus project. oxidant. Results revealed that POV of these two plants showed maximum control samples under ambient condi• amount of Fe, Mn and Ca in leaves A novel DNA satellite called DNA tions increased from 4.8 to 29.6 meq. plus seeds, while Zn and Na in Beta was found to be associated with kg"1 and FFA from 0.2 to 0 8% BHT & roots, and Cu in shoots were re• the disease and was essentially re• red pepper oil treated samples corded. quired for the development of dis• showed an average increase in POV ease symptoms. Full-length infec• from 4.8 to 225 and 22.8 meq/kg"1. Heavy metals in different parts of tious clones of distinct begomovi• respectively Overall results indicated vegetables, as affected by sewerage ruses associated with the disease that BHT and red-pepper-oil had water, were studied. Leaves, fruits, were obtained and inoculations of similar effect in checking rancidity. stem and roots of okra, tomato and any of distinct begomovirus associ• luffa were analysed. ated with the disease and DNA beta Samples of Red Palm Oil (RPO), develop disease symptoms Sunflower Oil (SFO) and Vegetable Cadmium was found in leaves of okra Ghee (VG) with/without antioxidant (0 02 ppm) and stem of tomato (0 02 Characterization of vanous genes en• (BHA) were kept at ambient condi• ppm) while lead contents were below coded by begomoviruses and DNA tions and cold dark conditions for a detection levels. Chromium levels beta are under investigation. It was period of 12 weeks. were 0.14, 0.21, 0.04 and 0 5 ppm in found that DNA beta encodes a viru- 26 lence factor that suppresses host de• year These cultivars will confer resis• RAPD and SSR markers have been fense responses. tant against majority of bollworms found for CLCD resistance, nectanless and hairiness with OPN-12, OPB-12 To assess the diversity and relation• Plastid Molecular Biology and OPC-08, respectively Similarly. ship of DNA beta associated with the RAPD analysis is in operation to whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses, The purpose of the present research detect DNA polymorphisms for quality full-length DNA beta were amplified is to establish a reproducible plastid traits and earlmess in cotton. by PCR using universal pnmers of transformation in nee particularly in DNA beta from plants showing either Basmati rice The plastid transforma• Rice Biotechnology leaf curl or yellow vein symptoms tion for rice has already been started The plants were collected from vari• with particle bombardment utilizing During this period major focus had ous geographical locations of Paki• available expression cassettes. Se• been on the development of bactenal stan. The test hosts were zinnia, chil- lection and regeneration of putative blight resistance in basmati rice va• ies, tomato tobacco, okra, ageratum, drug-resistant calli has been com• rieties For this purpose different sus• hibiscus, hollyhock and wild weeds pleted. The plants have been con• ceptible varieties like B-385. Super In this study. 19 beta molecules have firmed for the transgene by PCR been compared Sequence analysis basmati and B-370 were bombarded showed that these molecules could with Xa21 gene The bombarded ma• Another approach to establish plastid be divided into two main classes, the terial is at different stages of selection transformation system in nee is to cotton group and ageratum group and regeneration. develop a marker system that could The cotton group includes cotton, be used to screen transgenic lines hibiscus and two distinct beta mole• Bio-Fertilizers without incorporating antibiotic resis• cules cloned from okra The agera• tance gene (s) from species into tum group includes beta molecules A large number of rhizobium strains plastid genome of rice Screening of cloned from ageratum, zinnia, chilies have been isolated from soil and streptomycin resistant lines have and tobacco root nodules of vanous legume crops been completed. as well as fodder legumes. The isola• tion of PGPR strains has been ear• Work have been started on cloning Genetic Diversity of Cotton ned out from rice, wheat maize, cot• of begomoviruses causing diseases ton etc All the isolates have been on tomato, tobacco, chilies. okra and A study was designed to assess the characterized for nitrogen fixing, wild weeds Tomato leaf curl virus is genetic relatedness/diversity among phosphate solubilizmg and phytohor- the most devastating constraint in the newly released resistant/tolerant mone producing ability They have the production of tomato crop in cultivars. A total of 20 different been identified through physiological. Pakistan Clones of TLCV are infec• tetraploid resistant/tolerant geno• biochemical and serological tests. tious when both DNA A and DNA B types were selected by employing light and electron microscopy, and are co-inoculated in tomato and to• different diagnostic methods such as DNA based techniques bacco plants by biohstic method field evaluation, whitefly-transmission studies, grafting, dot-blot hybridiza• Seventeen PGPR strains from Mon• CLCuV Resistant Cotton tion and multiplex PCR using con• golia. Indonesia, Pakistan and Ja• served pnmers sequences on 27 pan, were compared by RAPD with genotypes, respectively. Constructs for genetically engineered 25 random primers Ribosomal RNA were tested in tobacco, a model of symbiotic bactenal strains has plant All of the six constructs ex• Random amplified polymorphic DNA been amplified by using conserved pressing sense and antisense RNA of (RAPD) analysis was applied to primers for identification of isolates from mungbean, chickpea and soy• ACL AC;/ AC3 genes under CaMV 35S evaluate genetic relatedness/ promoter confer resistance to CLCuV (17 diversity among the resistant/tolerant bean through 16S rRNA sequence out of 125 lines) at Ti, T2 and T3 genera• elite cotton cultivars including the ex• analysis. tions. A total of 80 putative transgenic otic germplasm with 50 random de- plants have been produced having trun• camer primers The genetic similarity Isolation of phosphate solubilizing cated replicase gene under CaMV 35S of the exotic germplasm with the elite bacteria (PSB) was carried out from promoter. cultivars was in the range of 81 45% soil, rhizosphere, root and nodule of to 90 59% different plants. Eight phosphate In cotton (Coker 312), 3 out of 12 fer• solubilizing bacterial strains were tile lines showed persistent resis• Similarly, the genetic relatedness isolated The phosphate solubilizing activity of different strains, ranged tance to CLCuV infection even at T3 among the elite cultivars was in the generation An elite line (NIBGE-1) of range of 81 58% to 94 90%. It has between 20-100 ppm cotton resistant to CLCD has been put been clearly shown that none of the into the national yield tnals Insect re• cultivars except variety VH-137 pos• Indole acetic acid (IAA) has been de• tected in cell-free culture media after sistant gene has been incorporated sesses diverse genetic background. in vitro growth of both symbiotic and into different elite cotton cultivars and The genotypes were mostly clus• tered according to their centre of re• associative bacterial isolates from seed of insect resistant varieties will be lease. vanous legume crops & sugarcane. available to fanner at the fall of this 27 Some bacterial strains produced ap• N-4. were processed for ultrastruc- Ceilulases, and glucoamylase were preciable amount of IAA in the cul• ture and immunogold labelling. produced after cultivation of Archio- ture medium. natus sp. in Vogel's wheat bran me• Antisera raised in rabbits against dium. The enzymes were purified to Four PGPR strains, isolated from Pseudomonas strain K-1 and homogeneity level and characterized cotton, were inoculated to two cotton Azospirillum strain N-4 and Er-20, for enzyme properties. Fivefold acti• varieties that improved root prolif• were processed for preparing IgGs. vation of modified CMCases was ob• eration and increased nitrogen con• The IgGs produced were used to served at 95 °C. tents, root length and area, plant identify these strains both in vitro as height and total plant biomass. In• well as in association with or within Coupling of aniline elevated tem• oculation with IAA producing bacte• the roots cells of cereal crops. perature optimum from 55 to 100 3C rial isolates have shown to increase and increased pH optimum range root area of rice, wheat, cotton and During 2000-2001, legume Bio- from 3.5-6.5 to 1.0-9.5. Alpha- maize grown under controlled condi• Power for 500 acres, rice Bio-Power amylase produced from various Ba• tions. The IAA producing rhizobial for 10,500 acres and wheat Bio- cillus strains was also purified to ho• strains have improved nodulation Power for 6000 acres has been pro• mogeneity level and characterized. and nitrogen fixation in the legumes. vided to the farmers. The enzyme was comparable, with Phosphate solubilizing bacteria en• In legumes, 60-80% increase in crop respect to liquefaction, with commer• hanced phosphate availability and yield and 70-90% saving of nitrogen cial enzyme preparation from NOVO uptake. Bio-Power inoculation with has been achieved. Similarly, 15- Chemical Co., Switzerland. half dose of recommended fertiliser 20% increase in crop yield and 30- increased grain yield of wheat variety 70% saving of N fertilizer has been Ceilulases and xylanases decreased Inqlab as compared to non- achieved in wheat and rice. inoculated. the unwanted fibre in poultry feed and improved protein content (20%) A tissue culture laboratory was es• and weight (15%) of the experimen• Chemical mutagenesis for generating tablished at Jhang by technical as• tal birds. These enzymes also Rhizobium mutants was carried out by sistance of NIBGE under public- smoothened the textile cloth before ethidium bromid, acridine orange and private joint ventures. dying process. SDS for plasmid curing. Three mutants have been identified which have INDUSTRY Glucoamylases and Carboxymethyl shown qualitative and quantitative dif• ceilulases from Arachniotus citrinus ferences in exo-polysaccharide pro• Monomelic sugars from corn cobs have been purified to homogeneity duction. (5-20%, w/v) were obtained by hy• on Pharmacia Fast Protein Liquid drolysis with ceilulases and xy- Chromatography (FPLC~) system. Light microscopy and plan: infectivity lanases derived from Chaetomium These enzymes have been ex• assays showed that the mutant thermophile. Sacharomyces cere- tremely thermo stabilized and acti• strains were non-nodulating and non- visiae and Candida tropical is were vated in aqueous environment by nitrogen fixing in character. used separately and as co-culture for carboxyl group modification using fermentation of above sugars. aniline as a nucleophile. A number of Rhizobium leguminosa- rum bv. viciae strains have been Simultaneous saccharification and It is proposed that by increasing aro• screened for bacteriocin production fermentation (SSF) of dry corn cobs matic-aromatic interactions on en• on TV medium by bioassays against was carried out for co-production of zyme surface, activity and thermo sensitive strains. Strains Lc31, Lc12 ethanol and xylitol. Theoretical yields stability of enzymes can be in• and Lc21 inhibited the growth of of 82 . 71 and 63 % were observed creased. No direct correlation be• some rhizobial strains and Agrobac- from 50 g/l dry corn cobs for the tween the stability and function of terium strain Cal8. Bacteriocins pro• above cultures, respectively. Maxi• enzymes was observed. duced by these strains are medium mum theoretical yields of xylitol were type and have been isolated bio• 79, 77 and 58% from 50 g/l of com Among different xylitol producing chemically cobs by Candida tropicalis. co- strains, Candida tropicalis was found culture. and the Saccharomyces cer- to be best organism for production of Transmission electron microscopy is evisiae, respectively. xylitol from pure xylose. A Bacillus being used for identification, charac• sp. was isolated from local habitat terization, percentage host cell occu• Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used and characterized for protease pro• pancy by rhizobia and ultrastructural to isolate thermotolerant variants duction. Toxin production from Bacil• differences caused by various stress through ethyl methyl sulphonate lus thuringiensis was carried out after conditions. (EMS) mutagenesis. The best vari• growth on maltose, lactose, cello- ants were grown at 40 °C to see im• biose, and soluble starch. The prod• Eight strains of rhizobium isolated provement in invertase secretion in uct obtained after growth on maltose from various legume crops, two plant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Wheat and soluble starch gave 100% killing root associative bacteria, Pseudomo- gave 83±1.0 % theoretical yield of of chickpea pod borer. nas strain K-1 and Azospirillum strain ethanol. 28 Influence of various process pa• analysis, to evaluate genetic diver• tion. In contrast, only 3 (21.42%) of rameters such as pulp density, pH, sity. Cluster analysis by un-weighted drug sensitive strains showed similar En, Dissolve Oxygen Tension (DOT), pair group method of arithmetic levels of bio-film production. and ferrous-ferric ratios on bacterial means (UPGMA) showed one main leaching of Lead/Zinc on Duddar ore cluster. The general range of similar• Strain discrimination of Salmonella was studied. Maximum bioleaching ity in these strains was from 29% to typhi has been done by PCR- of the ore was observed at pH 2.3 85%. Maximum similarity was ob• ribotyping. Out of 79 local isolates. and Eh 575 mV. A linear relationship served in the strains of Acidithioba• 63 (79.7%) gave a pattern of five am• between rate of zinc leaching by pre• cillus thiooxidans. plification products of 2000, 1425, viously selected bacteria and pulp 1070, 900, and 720 bp, where as 16 density was found to exist. Pulp den• Analytical and consultancy services (20.3%) strains showed only two am• sity 15% was found to be optimum in were provided to other research and plification products of different sizes. case of ATCC-13661 strain and for educational institutes, universities, MT-TH1 10 % pulp density was se• etc. Professional scientific services A total of 230 p-thalassemia alleles lected. were also provided to various indus• consisting of 130 transfusion de• tries. Similarly, microbiological analy• pendent thalassemic children and An air-lift reactor with 50 L working ses of varied nature of water sam• 170 heterozygote/carriers from 115 volume, was fabricated. About 31% ples and quality assurance was also unrelated families, were analyzed reduction in total sulfur content of carried out. using Polymerase Chain Reaction coal was achieved in this bioreactor (PCR). Amplification Refractory Mu• employing a pure culture of a locally HEALTH tation System-PCR (ARMS-PCR) isolated Acidithiobacillus ferrooxi- and Restriction Endonuclease Analy• dans strain. The reactor was run at sis for detection of mutations. The 10% solids concentration. However, For DNA finger-printing of M. blood samples were received from a mixed consortium of locally iso• tuberculosis, typing of mycobacterial different cities of Pakistan. lated mesophilic and moderately strains using the \S6110 element thermophilic bacteria removed 75% was performed according to the standardized procedure as agreed Six ARMS specific primer sets for of pyritic sulfur from coal under the different B-thalassemia mutations, similar environmental conditions. by an international group of micro• biologists. Variation in DNA finger• one primer set for detection of a de• prints were observed in the M. letion mutation and two restriction Three bacterial isolates were en• tuberculosis isolates. enzymes for two hemoglobin vari• riched from two water samples col• ants were used to characterize 79.6% of the alleles. The study indi• lected from Khewra Salt mines. Vari• Reverse Transcriptase -Polymerase ous parameters affecting growth of cated that FSC 8-9 and IVS-l-5 are Chain Reaction (PCR) and hybridiza• the most common mutations causing these isolates is underway. tion with genotype-specific oligonu- Effect of different carbon & nitrogen {^-thalassemia in Pakistan with gene cleodites to investigate the preva• frequency of 23.9% and 22.2% re• sources on the production of tylosin lence of HCV genotypes in chronic from Streptomyce fradiae has been spectively. whereas CD 41-42, liver disease patients was carried IVS-l-1 and 619 bp deletion mutation studied using vegetable oils in com• out. HCV-type 1 was found in 126 are the third, fourth and fifth common bination with glucose and starch as (37.5%) patients .followed by HCV- molecular genetic defects. carbon source. Preliminary results, type 3 and HCV type 2 in 56 and 06 indicated that cotton seed oil and flax patients respectively. Mixed infection oil gave higher yield of tylosin antibi• of HCV genotypes was also ob• To observe the changes in the protein otic compared to other oils. served. finger prints in response to drug ther• apy, all the diabetes mellitus patients' 8 bacterial strains, isolated and par• Typhidot, a relatively new diagnostic sera along with controls were electro- tially characterized, were found to procedure to detect typhoid was phoresed on SDS-Polyacryl-amide grow on KCN utilizing it as N but not compared with PCR methodology. gels. Changes in protein finger prints as C source. One of these isolates Results clearly show that PCR is su• were observed in the subjects treated was also capable of leaching up to perior to Typhidot as well. with insulin and oral hypoglycaemic 45% of Ag from pre-leached low agents in the range of 14 to 40 kDa grade Saindak ore. Genetic analysis An in vitro method used elsewhere and110to200kDa. of these isolates was carried out for for Salmonella enteritides was opti• Diagnostic services for PCR-based G+C mole% ratio which was found to mized to produce bio-film in Salmo• detection of Mycobacterium tubercu• be in the range of 58-63%. nella typhi. Thirty local isolates were losis, Hepatitis C virus & bcr-abl graded for bio-film production and translocation were provided. Three strains of Acidithiobacillus comparison was made with drug re• thiooxidans. five strains of Acidi• sistance profile. The detection of Chromosomal Ab• thiobacillus ferrooxidans and one normalities by Karyotyping was also of Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxi- Out of 16 multiple drug resistant carried out. There is plan to establish dans were subjected to Randomly strains (MDR), 12 (75%) showed a PCR based test for Muscular Dys• Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) trophies and Fragile -X syndrome. maximum levels of bio-film produc• 29 ENVIRONMENT
Biosorbents prepared from different sources were tested for their biosorb- ing capacities for congo red & Rho- damine-B. Adsorption capacity of dried biomass of Azo//a pmnata and mustard seed cake for Rhoda- mine-B and congo red was found to be 48 and 15 mg/g for rhodamme-B and 20 and 10 mg/g for congo red respectively Effect of pH time, ad• sorbent dosage and initial chromium concentration was evaluated and col• umn study was performed at opti• mum conditions. Removal of these dyes was successful in the columns packed with dried biomass with no significant loss in adsorption capac• Cobalt Teletherapy Unit at LINAR, Larkana ity. All the loaded adsorbents were successfully desorbed and regener• Oil biodegradation in soil was studied point m INMOL, Lahore for the col• ated with 0 5N NaOH and 0.5N by using 4 locally isolated bactenal lection of various samples for medi• H^SO,, respectively. strains individually and m mixture cal purposes. Three of these were isolated from oil contaminated soil from Kot Addu Enriched culture obtained through Power Plant and EBN-8 was a mu• NUCLEAR MEDICAL chromium tolerance studies and from tant of previously isolated bacterial sludge have been employed for re• strain. SCIENCES duction in COD. using mixed effluent from Lyallpur Tannery, Faisalabad Soil microcosms were established to The medical use of radiation and ra• During incubation different level of study the oil (30g/kg soil) in soil and dionuclides was among the first and reduction in COD have been to see the contribution of supplemen• most widespread applications of achieved by different sources used tation of nitrogen and phosphorus. In atomic energy. It is estimated that for inoculation of bacteria Mixed ef• case where soil was provided with over 90% of the radioisotopes being fluent showed maximum percent re• nitrogen and phosphorus, 75% of oil produced worldwide are consumed duction of 56.5, 59 3 and 32 97 Mixed was found degraded in 16 week time in the health sector Indeed in devel• effluent from National Tannery when 25% of nitrogen and 83% of oped countries, it has been esti• Mureedke was also biologically phosphorus was found unavailable in mated that these applications now treated and almost 76 % reduction in soiuble form. contribute, in some measure to the COD could be obtained within 144 diagnosis and treatment of one out of hcurs of incubation. every three hospitalized patients Of Different meat samples of chicken, even greater importance and signifi• beef, mutton and fish were irradiated cance is their role in research help• In phenol containing industrial efflu• and dose related DNA damage was ing to clarify the very nature of ents, Na:SO- improved phenol re• detected by Comet Assay. A prelimi• health and diseases. moving efficiency as its concentra• nary study using comet assay tion increased from 0 - 30,000 ppm showed that exposure of chicken red MgSO^ improved this efficiency up to blood cells to UV radiation induced PAEC's initiative in the field of medi• its concentration of 6000 ppm, while comet with tail lengths more than 50 cine started from its very inception there was no significant effect of it on micrometer. and has received the full attention. phenol removal from 6000 - 30,000 The first nuclear medical centre was established at Karachi in 1960 and ppm NacSOa improved phenol re• COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES moval efficiency up to 1600 ppm through a chain of nuclear medical while further increase in its concen• centres 12 more had been estab• Pakistan Innovative Biotechnology tration decreased this efficiency sig• lished, throughout Pakistan, which Service (PIBS) has initiated a project nificantly Na S 0 was inhibiting are providing the latest and the state- ; ? 3 on virus free seed potato production of- the-art facilities for the diagnosis even at its lower concentrations 100 through In-vitro technique PIBS has and treatment of various diseases ppm and there was no significant made contract with KARINA, which is including cancer. phenol removal at its concentration the research institute of Pakistan Ag• of 1000 ppm. Similar was the case riculture Research Council, Islama• for CaCb which severely affected. These centres have been estab• bad for the multiplication of Virus phenol removal efficiency by peroxi• lished in all four provinces of the Free Seed potato in Gilgit This year dase enzyme even at concentration country. This year, about 300,000 PIBS has also established a pick up of 80 ppm. patients were provided the nuclear 30 medicine, radioimmunoassay facili• Some centres also provide facilities Research Projects ties and diagnostic services by well- of brain scanning Hepatobiliary im• trained professionals at these cen• aging, lung scanning, spleen imag• PAEC centres are carrying out re• tres. ing. These scans not only help in the search in the field of Nuclear Medi• diagnosis of various disease but also cine, Radiotherapy and Radioimmu• Facilities Available in the preoperative assessment of noassay These research pro• physiological status of an organ In grammes are being earned out both Since the inception of PAEC nuclear addition, these centres provide thera• independently and in collaboration medical program in 1960. with set• peutic nuclear medicine services as with the International Atomic Energy ting up of the first nuclear centre, well Patients suffenng from hypethy- Agency (IAEA), Pakistan Medical major developments in field of nu• roidisum, carcinomathyroid poly• Research Council (PMRC) Other clear medicine have been incorpo• cythemia, etc are also treated Establishments of PAEC and Local rated into the mainstream working of Universities. these centres. The techniques and Radioimmunoassay (RIA) allows for equipment utilized for this purpose the measurement of wide range of Various research / technical projects range from the rectilinear scanners materials of clinical & biological im• were initiated and submitted to differ• to the most modern computerized portance. The technique has a sig- ent organization for collaboration and gamma cameras. Procedures have ni'icant impact on diagnosis due to assistance been evolved from simple nuclear the ease with which the tests can be medicine processes using radio carried out, while assuring precision. At PINUM, PIP software provided by pharmaceuticals to complex static specificity and sensitivity. RIA pro• IAEA as a project is being success• and dynamic imaging of wide variety vides the physicians an opportunity fully used with Scintronx gamma in various malignant and non- for in-vitro study of almost all tu• camera PINUM is participating in the malignant diseases. mours and drugs in the blood Al• National Cancer Registration Pro• most all the centres are involved in gramme by collecting the cancer pa• Radiation Oncology departments the carrying out assays for thyroidal, tient data from Faisalabad, compiling have been setup with state-of-art pituitary and steroid hormones and It and forwarding rt to NORI other linear accelerators, cobalt-60 ma• neo-natal hormones in children ongoing projects nclude " Determi• chines, simulators and computerized nation of euthyroid range In normal population of Faisalabad'," Tc-99m planning programme etcetera A me• Recent Inauguration dium dose Braucytherapy unit with a MIBI viability Studies: Myocardial remote after loading treatment sys• The Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medi• thickening in Gated SPECT VS im• provement in perfusion in Post Nitro- tem is also available at most centres cine (PINUM) .Faisalabad was for• 99 The radiotherapy department is mally inaugurated on Oct 5P1 .2000 glycenne MIBI SPECT", "Tc "' MIBI backed up by x-ray machines. & digi• by Governor Punjab Ll-Gen (Retd) Hepatobiliary Scanning and ils com• 1 parison with HIDA study", tal fluroscopy & ultrasonography unit. Muhammad Safdar It is the 12" 99 medical centre established by PAEC -Evaluation of the role of To- " MDP Atomic Energy medical centres pro• in the country PINUM has been es• SPECT vs. Planner imaging for lower vide nuclear medicine facilities on tablished at the cost of Rs. 285 mil• back ache"and " P32 Therapy for routine basis for both indoor and out• lion with Rs. 10 million operational palliative treatment of pain due to door patients. All facilities for Thyroid cost each year. It is located in a metastatic deposits in skeleton &. gland investigation i.e. thyroid imag• densely populated areas and would pattern of distnbution of metastatic ing, 1-131 uptake studies, hormonal cater to the needs of more than 4 deposits in skeleton in cases of CA assays and ultrasound are available. million people. Breast"
In addition, the project "Role Of "''Tc MIBI Mammoscintigraphy in Differentiating Palpable Breast Malig• nant Lesions From Benign Can this technique be used as alternative to mammography at centres where mammography is not available "?has been completed as well. At MINAR. for the project "Use of Tc53- MIBI to assess hepatobiliary kinetics" few patients have been se• lected for the design of pilot study as new Nuclear Medicine Computer ICON AP has been installed and regular services started.
For the UICC approved project "Estimation of tumour marker in gen- 31 eral population. Factory workers and Cancer Patients" one PSO was trained and the studies on general population with FSH kit were under• way.
Five soft tissue sarcoma patients were treated with this new regimens and other 5 patients with old regi• mens (Cycl+ Vcr + Adria + Dae) for Ihe "Trials of new chemotherapy regimens (Cisp + Adna + Bleo + Etop) for soft tissue sarcoma" These tnals were compared for one year, the prognoses were found same. However, new regimen has been adopted for patient convenience. Milking of Tc-Generator in the hot lab of Atomic Energy IAEA TC Project " Nuclear Medicine Medical Centre, Lahore and Radiotherapy support" is in its At AEMC Karachi, for research pro• zoomed planar image with general 2nd year of execution. A meeting of ject "Standardization of Therapeutic purpose high resolution collimator project counterparts with IAEA coun• Dose of 1-131 in Patients with Hyper- and images with pin hole collimator. try officers was held at PAEC HQs. throidism", patients are given a cal• The pathologies around hip and knee to discuss the ongoing activities culated dose of 1-131 which is meas• joint are to be imaged and com• ured by the formula considering the pared. MINAR received most of the re weight of thyroid gland and its 1-131 quired equipment and one physicist uptake of 24 hours The follow up of MIBI imaging for the staging and fol• got training for three months in the the patients will be done regularly to low-up of patients with Multiple Mye• field of medical physics at Leuven, look for the onset of hypothyroidism. loma has been used for the manage• Belgium 'Immunization of sheep ment of vanous malignant diseases. with thyroxin to produce anti-T4"& The project "Regional Program for At AEMC, a project has been started 'Deep vein thrombosis" are the other the National Neonatal Screening for on this aspect The initial results are two important projects for which ini• Congenital Hypothyroidism in East encouraging However, a large num• tial work has been started with very Asia", was started two years back. ber of patients need to be evaluated encouraging results. This project is directed at assisting for any conclusive results the regional development of newborn At AEMC Jamshoio, work remained screening programs in East Asia for The project "Study of the relationship satisfactorily in progress on the pro• countries whose GP is less the $ between gastro-esophageal reflux ject "Internal Quality Control In RIA 15000 annually. The main objectives recurrent lower respiratory tract in• "and 12806 samples have been as• of the project were to develop a new fection and bronchial asthma in in• sayed. bom screening project plan, to start a fants and children" was awarded to pilot study (hospital or community NORI in 2000 The main objective of Similarly IAEA project on External based), to collec: a meaningful data study was to identify any possible Quality Assurance Scheme (Eqas) in (including missed cases) for public, association between GER, recurrent RIA also remained in progress. medical professionals and authori• lower respiratory tract infection and ties. bronchial asthma in children. 21 pa• The Project on Randomized clinical tients have so far studied under (his Trial of Radiotherapy combined with Infertility Diagnosis Project" was project. Mitomycin-C in the treatment of lo• started five years back for male and cally Advanced Head and Neck Tu• female patients having productive To assess the diagnostic accuracy of mors was activated in March 1996. A disorders including infertility, hypo• Tc-"m-MIBI planer and spect in dif• total of 88 patients have taken part in gonadism, gynecomastia, delayed ferentiating scarred tissue from re• this study 47 patients have been en• puberty, pnmary and secondary currence of cancer after breast sur• rolled in the Radiotherapy ami and amenorrhoea etc. Patients from dif• gery, a research project is in pro• 41 patients in the Radiotherapy + Mi- ferent hospitals were routinely ana• gress to asses the safety and toler• tomycin-c arm The work has been lyzed for LH, FSH. Prolactin, Estro• ance of TC-9ftn-MIBI scintigraphy initiated PMRC Study on Preva• gen, Progresterone and Testoster• Thematic health programme, deter• lence of Cancer in Pakistan" and one. mination of cost related to telether• "WHO project for cancer registry". apy, Incidence of hypercalcemia in 1192 new patients were included in For the project "Use ot pinhole imag• solid malignancies and role of gem- PMRC study and were also regis• citabme as radiation sensitizer in lo• tered for WHO project ing in bone pathologies", a study has been designed which compared the cally advanced squamous cell carci- 32 noma of head and neck are other im• apy and Hormone therapy Treatment ment and a Biological Microscope portant ongoing researcn projects at with Radiation therapy was started on were provided to Centre for Nuclear NORI. 16th September. 1999 after installa• Medicine (CENUM). Lahore. A new tion of Cobalt-60 Teletherapy ma• Gamma Camera has also been in• RNUM is participating in IAEA/WHO chine, Radiotherapy Simulator and 3- stalled at AEMC Karachi TLD mter-companson for teletherapy Dimensional Computerized Treat• units. LiF capsules are exposed to ment Planning System.On 24" Sep• A radiotherapy treatment planning 2Gy at 5cm depth in water under ref• tember 2000, Nuclear Medicine de• simulator a Gamma camera and a erence standard conditions and are partment started providing all types of local computer network system are sent to IAEA dosimetry laboratory for Radionuclide Scanning Studies installed to complement the activity of evaluation Results are with in +2%. IRNUM Nuclear cardiology has been At PINUM, a computerized Thyroid started as a regular service in Nu• For the project "Assessment of Iodine Uptake System has been installed. clear medicine department at IRNUM deficiency in Kalam valley", a total of Diagnostic Radiology X-ray unit has as well. 3060 school going children were ex• turned fully func.ional and routine ra• amined and total Goitre rate of 14% diological tests are being performed. Radiation Protection was found 2500 school going chil• dren were studied by IRNUM for The latest new E-CAM gamma cam• Radiation protection aspects were "Assessment of Iodine deficiency in era has been installed and is fully covered with due care and impor• Chitral and Gilgit valley" in collabora• 'unctional. Chemistry Analyzer & He• tance at all medical facilities Per• tion with Agha Khan Health Services matology Analyzer has been installed sonal monitoring of radiation workers Chitral. and clinical lab is now fully functional. was carried out with TLD cards. Area Almost all sort of clinical lab tests are monitoring is continuously being per• formed using available survey me• "Role of Tc-"m MIBI, 1-131 whole being performed in routine The task ters Solid and liquid radioactive body scan and thyroglobulin assay in of establishing Nuclear Cardiology wastes were disposed off according the follow up patients with well differ• department within PINUM has also been completed along with MIBG to laid down procedures. entiated thyroid carcinoma" and 32 "Extra cardiac application of Tc-99m scanning for adrenal gland and P MIBI in the imaging of Ca.Breast and therapy for palliative bone treatment. Technical Services parathyroid adenoma" are other main research ongoing projects. Bahawalpur Institute of Nuclear Medi• To ensure the trouble free working of cine & Oncology (BINO) extended its facilities employed for providing ser• Up gradation of Facilities nuclear medical facilities by providing vices to patients, a technical section Tc89m-MIBI Myocardial Perfusion remained engaged at majority of SPECT of the cardiac patients from these centres. Bahawalpur Institute of Nuclear Medi• 7-12-2000. cine & Oncology (BINO) Baha• The electronics workshop performed walpur, is the newly established repair, maintenance, and calibration A Gamma Camera System, 3 UPS medical centre of PAEC.BINO started of sophisticated electronic instru• with battery banks, a Spectropho• functioning in August 1998 by treat• ments and provided software ser• tometer, a Water Distillation Equip• ing cancer patients with Chemother• vices whenever required
33 NUCLEAR MINERALS
Search for nuclear minerals in the A PILOT PLANT has been designed The Kamlial formation was thor• country, was continuea by the after doing Column Leach studies on oughly studied through foot prospec- Atomic Energy Minerals Centre, La• core samples from Shanawah and tion, carbome survey and geochemi- hore. Regional search was con• determination of leaching parame• cal surveys in northern and southern ducted in the Bannj Basi ters. Potwar Plateau. Malakand, Potwar and the Kirthai Range. Detailed exploratory work REGIONAL RECONNAISSANCE Spotty anomalies in water samples was carried out at Shanawah in & were indicated in Middle and Upper Bannu Basin and at Malakand and PROSPECTING Kamlial formation. Density of fractur• Murghazar in Lower Swat. ing and presence of uranium bearing Khisore Range intra-formational conglomerates and Detailed geological studies were car• abnormal TDS at Chumbi were nota• ried out at sites in Khisore Range The range hosts extensive subsur• ble. and Mancnar Formation. Preliminary face uranium anomalies along size• exploratory drilling at Shanawah near able lengths. Such anomalies in Geo-chemical surveys were con• Karak has indicated a sizeable ura• north are being explored in Shinghar ducted on the areas already exam• nium ore deposit. The continuity of Ranges. ined by foot radiometry. Approxi• uranium ore has been proved over a mately 80 km2 area of Barkala- strike length of 4 kms. Radiometric map depicting anoma• Diljaba Ranges has been covered. lous lithological units in Baggi Qam- Geo-chemical studies were carried The very first borehole drilled in the mar-Rayt Wali-Banda Shah Nawaz out in the SE part as well. Water sam• Manchhar Rock Formation at Wahi area was prepared and correlation of ples and stream sediment samples were Pandi near Dadu in Sindh Province multi sandstone occurrences was collected in 200 km2 area of Siwaliks and has indicated ore grade mineraliza• done. the Kamlial Formations. tion at about 100 meters depth. Ura• nium showings have been found at Hydrogeochemical survey was also Qubul Khel 2 reasonable number of sites near conducted over 110 km area of the Bannu Basin Sehwan Sharif in the Manchhar For• Khisore Range. Field test of water mation in the Kirther Range, Sindh. samples indicates alkaline ground Field observations at Qubul Khel water conditions area are being taken and properly Visible oxidized uranium mineraliza• documented for determining genesis tion has been found in Sindh for the Potwar Plateau and mode of occurrence of the Ore first time which, along witn other fa• Bodies at this site. vorable indicators, makes it a prime An area over 500 knr was covered Factors controlling mineralization are target area for uranium exploration in in Sohawa-Dina-Mangla-Mirpur area. being studied through collection of that area. Presence of previously known ura• nium occurrences were confirmed as lithological and structural data, and integrating it with previous informa• Experimental work was carried out well as three new sites were discov• ered at NE corner of Rohtas Anti• tion obtained through drilling. So far on processing of carbonatite ore cline.Lithofacies. Studies were also it is established that areas with "no from Malakand and sandstone ore done along 2800 m long section at structural disturbance"are productive. from Shanawah. Pamal-Domeli-Bakrala structures. Ambela Granitic Complex
After a comparative study parts of the Ambela Granite Complex with basic dyke intrusions at Rustam, Mardan has been subjected to thor• ough prospection. Three shear zones are identified close to these dykes. Studies on two zones namely at Khanpur and at Kalian Darra were in progress for any expected metal mineralization in these shear zones.
The geological model is a:so provid• ing conduits to the pregnant solu- Work at progress at one of the exploration sites 34 tions and a barrier provided by the Warchha Formation Uranium anomalies are in intra- impermeable dykes. Salt Range formational conglomerates. In order to narrow down the target evaluative Malakand Area Detailed geological observations studies like sedimentological & struc• were recorded in already known pro• tural and source-mobilization- Area around uranium prospect at spective area in Warchha Formation leaching studies in the sandstone : 3 Baru village was subjected to thor• at Saloi in the Salt Range Thickness were carried out. Fe' /Fe* ratios, 4 6 ough prospection. The granite gneiss and extent of radiometric zone den• carbon content and U" , U* values rocks have been examined As a re• sity of fractures and lithological char• suggest oxidation, leaching and re- sult strikingly anomalous showings acter were noted Radiometnc nigh mobilization phenomenon. The re- have been outlined one at Hazar counts are at three levels from where mobilized uranium later possibly Nao lying NW of Baru and another at 19 samples were collected for min• mineralized in nearby suitable about 1 5 km east near Jabagai hav• eral content studies spots ing anomalous zone extending for Five boreholes had been drilled to• about 2 4 km length. EXPLORATION taling to 325 meters depth. A low count zone was recorded at lower Continued detailed prospecting at Shanawah. Bannu Basin shale contact. Jabagai site NE of Baru Village has also indicated two anomalous zones Exploratory drilling was continued at Seismic Survey, Chumbi Site extending for 8 meters and 20 me• Shanawah Prosoect located at the ters length, associated with biotite eastern rim of Bannu Basin. Over 312 bore holes each 4-6 feet rich part of the rock. deep (accumulative 461 meters), 5 During the period 52 boreholes to an meters apart, were drilled at Chumbi Uranmite and uranophane minerals accumulative depth of 13839 meters site in Kallar Kahar exploration area have been identified in samples were drilled Work done till today has as preparation to Seismic Surveys indicated presence of ore zone in 4 taken from trenches excavated in the kms strike length at Shanawah. Now area. 'Seismic Reflection and Refraction' part of the area (a 1000 x 100 meter surveys were carried out to gain ex• stretch) is being drill tested, up to perience and for comparative studies Wahi Pandi, Dadu 320 meters depth, at close space Sindh on 'Hammenng' and 'Bullet Shots' drill pattern. and to establish various configura• Lithological sections in Wahi Pandi, tion. Karunak and Taki-Soyzak in Chemical results of the core samples Sehwan Sharif area were studied obtained through bore holes show Marghuzar Area The observations on lithology and two ore zones (14.7m of 0.05% and Swat Valley fades changes suggest a deltaic 5 1m of 0 08% U3OB) Drilling of environment of rock deposition, a boreholes along with detailed favorable environment, demanding lithological and structural studies are Vertically occurring uraniferous further closer observations continued for correlation of surface quartz veins were explored through features with those in the subsurface shallow boreholes Presently two Through systematic sampling a rea• and for determining shape and di• boreholes have been drilled to 318 sonable number of surface uranium mension of the ore body. and 328 meters depth. The borehole showings have been identified in the are inclined at 40 to intercept the area Prospection has indicated car- In addition, in order to select new ex• uraniferous veins at the expectedly notite mineralization in over 1 km ploration sites nearby mapping and depth The rocks encountered lateral extension on surface Approxi• radiometric surveys were continued through the hole were quartz mica mately 4 km" area was studied in great in already known area at Takht-e- schist, garnetiferous schists, marble detail Nasratti lying 4 kms north of patches and amphibolite schist. Shanawah. In the vicinity of Wahi Pandi Pros• The system of uraniferous quartz pect at Dadu in Sind prospection Kamlial Formation veins exposed for 3 Kms length are work was extended further north Chumbil, Salt Range recorded to continue in the subsur• Four more anomalous sites have face in the depth. Study of core sam• been located in the (8km) area for• The discovery of uranium mineraliza• ples exhibits microcrystalline quartz, ayed radio-metrically from Sori tion in the sandstones of Kamlial For• pyrite flounte and radioactive black Sayazak to Taki. Verv high radio• mation, in a stride wise long stretch mineral. metric counts (upto 11000 cps) at Chumbi near Kallar Kahar has be• were recorded in stream boulders come an attractive target. Malakand Area When followed up-stream, signifi• cant visible uranium mineralization The rocks here are feldspathic lith- Presence of fluonte and pyrite in the has been discovered at Taki in the arenites inclined at 36° to 55" de• subsurface has warranted subsur• Lower Manchar Formation. grees forming part of Chumbi Syn- face activity in the area Boreholes clme totaling to 486 meters were drilled at 35 Malakand Site. These holes were Radiation/contamination survey of ciency was achieved by using so• drilled in fine grained/sheared granite these hazardous zones at AEMC dium bicarbonate while it was gneiss up to maximum 107 meters was also carried out as per routine. 82.12% U3Os with ammonium bicar• depth. One hole has indicated 0.5m bonate. of low (0.036% U3Os) content at 12 GEOPHYSICAL meters depth. & A new circuit for recovery of Yellow REMOTE SENSING Cake from elute of ion exchange col• Gaji Kumb Site ACTIVITIES umn has also been developed. Sehwan Sharif RESIX/P2 DIV3 Software was used Scouting experimentation was done After thorough prospection in the to generate maps of resistivity survey for preparation of (HfOr) from Haf• area the first bore hole was drilled of Malakand area. SPOT data of Khi• nium concentrate. A leaching effi• upto 110 meters depth in the Manch• sore and Marwat ranges was proc• ciency of 81.1% has been achieved har Formation at Gaji Kumb site. essed TM image of entire Bannu Ba• by using hydrochloric acid as lixivi- This very first borehole has indicated sin at 1:250,000 scale was produced. uranium mineralization in the subsur• ant. face below the water table zone. TM satellite images of Dadu- Sets of experiments were performed Lithological and radiometric logging Nawabshah, Hyderabad & Mekran- on heaps of Carbonatite ore (0.046 of the hole has revealed ore grade Lasbela areas were produced at % U ,0„) and Pyrocholore concen• uranium content at two major levels 1:100,000 & 60.000 scales. TM sat• : trate (3.69 % U O ) by using H S0 between 83 to 104 meters depth. 84 ellite data was processed and struc• 3 s : 4 and CaF . These studies on uranium samples collected from the core of tural lineaments were enhanced in : leaching from carbonatite ore have this borehole were analyzed chemi• Makran Range from Gawadarto Las- given up to 60% leaching efficiency cally which indicates 3 m of 0.13 % bela. Hard copies at 1:500,000 scale by using CaF . and H;SO., combina• were produced. : u3o8. tion as leaching agent.
MINE PLANNING MINERALOGICAL A purity level of 55.9% was achieved & during previous years experiments Based on presently available initial CHEMICAL STUDIES data on ore body at Shanawah a on yellow cake production from Car• bonatite Ore from Malakand. Use of conceptual plan is prepared entitled Over 1074 samples belonging to pro• sulphuric acid could only improve it "Underground Exploration Drilling spective sites of the Bannu Basin, to 71.73%. and Development of Shanawah Ura• Potwar, Swat, Malakand, Sulaiman nium Deposit. Range and the Kirthar Range, etc. Another report gives comparatives were assayed for petrography, heavy SERVICES (including cost estimates) of under• minerals, XRD and auto radiography. Bore holes were core drilled and ground in situ leach mining vs con• geotechnical & seismotectonic stud• ventional underground mining. In ad• Analysis of 8715 samples related to dition detailed specification and ies were also carried out for a num• the ongoing field/lab based program ber of projects. Mineralogical labora• budgeting cost estimates were also of Nuclear Mineral Survey was done. done for mine machinery and acces• tories canned out petrography and Thus 26358 estimations of various heavy minerals analyses on 17 sam• sories/stores required for future min• types of salts/radicals/ chemical com• ing at Shanawah site. ples received from BC-1 Project, ponents were carried out on these CPC and SOILCON.A proto type samples. 'Water Table Detector' was fabri• HEALTH PHYSICS cated in the AEMC Electronics Labo• ORE PROCESSING STUDIES Film badge and pocket dosimetry ratories. It can determine presence service was provided to the workers Two lixiviants were used for leaching and level of underground water upto in radiation hazard areas of uranium from sandstone ore from 300 meters depth. The unit was un• (laboratories, ore processing plants) . Shanawah site. 81.90% leaching effi• der testing in the field environment.
36 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Human resource development is playing a very important role in achieving the goals laid down by Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), for its various R&D pro• grammes
PAEC through its exclusive estab• lishments namely Computer Training Centre (CTC). KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering (KINPOE) and CHASNUPP Centre of Nuclear Training (CHASCENT), is imparting training to the scientists, engineers and other technical per• sonnel for keeping pace with the in• creasing needs of professionally Computer Training Centre, one of PAEC main training skilled man power at all levels. facilities Post Graduate Training Workshops FOREIGN TRAINING Program (PGTP) A series of workshops was arranged During the period from July 2000 to The 16lh batch of one year post during 2C00-2001 to impart training June 2001 28 PAEC scientists / Graduate Training Program (PGTP) of MS POWER Point for PAEC em• ployees from 21st August to 24th and engineers proceeded abroad for started on May 22, 2000. A total of : st training under IAEA and other Inter• thirty three (33) joined the course from 28 "' August to 31 August 2000 national Organizations. 12 pro• and twenty two (22) successfully A total number of 36 employees par• ticipated in the workshop. ceeded for higher studed through completed the training, being passed grant of University Assistantships outon21bl May 2001. and 24 benefited from scientific visits Basic Computer Training sponsored by IAEA and other Inter• Post Graduate Computer A basic Computer Training course national Organizations Orientation Course (PGCOC) for the teachers of Margala College lh for Women was arranged from 26"' In addition, 212 PAEC scientists/ The 7 batch of six month Post lh April to 25 May 2001 which was engineers benefited from participa• Graduate Computer Orientation attended by 15 participants tion in various international confer• Course (PGCOC-7) started on May ences, meetings, seminars, sympo• 29,2000 sia and workshops. Another course on "Office Automa• The participants of this course are tion" for the training of Pakistan Audit Department officers was started on COMPUTER TRAINING CENTRE nominees from different universities 21st May, 2001, the course duration (CTC) and PAEC departments in addition to lh a limited number of fresh graduates being 12 weeks, ending on 9 Au• gust, 2001 Twenty officers partici• During the academic year 2000- of M.Sc. Mathematics & Geophysics, pated in this course. 2001, CTC conducted its regular B.Sc Engineering Mechanical & training programs; 16th Post Gradu• Metallurgical background A tota' of Computer Literacy Program ate Training Program (PGTP-16) and thirty nine (39) joined the course and 7lh Post Graduate Computer Orienta• thirty six (36) were declared success• tion Course (PGCOC-7) in computer ful, being passed out on 28"' Novem• A computer literacy program for the systems software and hardware. ber 2000. children of PAEC employees was conducted in the form of two batches !h Workshoos on "Office Automation The 8 batch of six month post from 21-05-2001 to 15-06-2001 "and " Basic Computer Training" Graduate Computer Orientation were conducted for PAEC employ• Course (PGCOC) started from 24'" Master of Information ees & teachers of Margala College April 2001 Twenty (20) nominees of Technology Program for Women, Islamabad. PAEC & universities joined the course. This course is in progress CTC coordinated with PIEAS for its Computer Literacy courses were suc• and will end on 23ra October, 2001 two years MIT (Masters of Informa• cessfully conducted for the children tion Technology) program, which is of PAEC employees as well scheduled to be started in October 3" 2001. The CTC Board of Studies fi• CHASNUPP CENTRE OF Agriculture (NIFA) is also running two nalized the courses for the MIT pro• NUCLEAR TRAINING courses of 2 weeks duration on "Use gram. Interviews for selecting the (CHASCENT) of Nuclear Techniques in Food & candidates are in progress. This is a Agriculture and Food Technology" full time 70 credit hours course. One-year postgraduate training of 18 every year. engineers/scientists started on 9-4- 2001. 21 weeks PWR systems/ KANUPP INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR nd All PAEC Nuclear Medical Centres POWER equipment training for 2 batch of are conducting FCPS in Nuclear ENGINEERING fifteen CHASNUPP engineers/ Medicine & Radiotherapy and M. Sc. (KINPOE) scientists was completed. One year in Nuclear Medicine under the um• post diploma training of nine trainee brella of Pakistan Institute of Engi• M.Sc. Nuclear Power technicians (batch-V) got completed neering and Applied Sciences on 02-7-2001 and training of fourteen (PIEAS). Nuclear Medical Centres Engineering trainee technicians (batch-VI) started also lead MCPS, DMRT & DMRD on 14-5-2001. students. The result of batch-VI of M.Sc. Nu• Training was provided by different clear Power Engineering session Ten technicians underwent seven institutes to IAEA fellows in specified 1998-1999 was declared on Septem• week training of CHASNUPP system fields and 5 national and 4 interna• ber 11, 2000 by the NED University. course. Twelve weeks CHASNUPP 14 successful students were tional seminars were arranged with systems/equipment course for seven the help of IAEA & PAEC. awarded degrees in the convocation technical staff (SA-I) was completed held on January 29, 2001. on 02-3-2001.
Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, President of BIO-SCIENCES Islamic Republic of Pakistan was the INSTITUTES Chief Guest on this occasion. In the field of bio-sciences, the Na• Presently two batches, VII and VIII, tional Institute of Biotechnology and are studying in the 4th and 2nd se• Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) is con• mester respectively. ducting M. Phil in Biotechnology and 10 students have been awarded M. In post diploma training of techni• Phil degree this year. Similarly Nu• cians, 42 candidates completed their clear Institute for Agriculture and Bi• training successfully and were ology (NIAB) is regularly conducting awarded the certificates. 55 students short term courses on "Application of joined the KINPOE on 16:" October Nuclear Technology in Agriculture" 2000 for the training session 2000- while the Nuclear Institute for Food & 2001.
38 PROJECTS
WORKS able by KNPC authorities keeping in etc. and jobs of contract value Rs. view safety consideration of plant 72.0 million are in hand for Voith Ger• NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR The project got completed in planned many. Pak Saudi Fertilizer, OGDC. BIOTECHNOLOGY duration and all the safety require• National Refinery, CHASNUPP. & ments as imposed from time to time CPC, KANUPP, PARR-I. etc. GENETIC ENGINEERING by KNPC authontes were thoroughly FAISALABAD observed In addition jobs valuing Rs 42.041 million were completed and delivered The civil work including external elec• The work for construction of admini• while jobs worth Rs 89 858 million trification and furnishing of Audito• stration building is in progress at vari• are under manufacturing & testing. rium stands completed. ous locations of the complex and shall be completed in near future. The Directorate exported mechanical HVAC work remained in progress equipment worth Rs 29 0 million to and is 98% complete. The tenders RESIDENTIAL COLONY FOR PAEC CERN Switzerland have been called and award of work EMPLOYEES is under process for public address ISLAMABAD system of Auditorium. All the construction work of the 60% Pressure Vessel Shop has been Two blocks at G-8/4, Islamabad completed & about 75% Air Condi• NUCLEAR INSTITUTE FOR stand completed tioning work was completed. AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY NIAB INSTITUTE FOR RADIOTHERAPY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE The Strip Cladding Machine, Nozzle The work for construction of water (IRNUM) PESHAWAR Welding Machine, Edge Planer, Pre• courses has been completed in all cision Horizontal Machining Center. respects and handed over to the end Building work stands completed 8-m CNC Milling & Bonng Machine user. The scheme for construction of However, HVAC work and Bed Lift and XRF Spectrometer were com• cafeteria is still pending as the imple• are in progress missioned mentation shall be taken up after the availability of funds SCIENTIFIC Sixty-three ton Transport Bogie and 5-ton Welding Positioner were pro• & ABBOTTABAD INSTITUTE OF duced & commissioned whereas NUCLEAR MEDICINE & ONCOLOGY ENGINEERING 100-ton & 200-ton Transport Bogies. (AINO) ABBOTTABAD SERVICES 25-ton Welding Positioner and 30-ton & 50-ton Roller Supporters, etc are Boundary wall and Nursing Hostel The SES Directorate is providing de• under manufacturing. have been completed The construc• signing and manufacturing of precise tion of Lab Block, O.P.D Elock & Ser• & complex mechanical equipment/ NDT Training & Inspection vices shall be completed in Oct, 2001 components, thick walled high pres• and Feb, 2002 respectively sure vessels, heavy steel structure A total of 9 Training Courses were products, specialised aluminium cast• KARACHI NUCLEAR POWER conducted in the field of Non- ing, inspection & testing services and PLANT( KANUPP) Destructive Testing techniques and training in NDT and Welding Technol• 122 participants from local industries ogy The work on re-strengthening and and various organizations of PAEC improvement of intake channel were trained out of which 94 were stands completed in all respects and It has attained ISO-9001 certification declared successful. The centre re• is handed over to KANUPP. for design & manufacturing of proc• ceived Rs 1.91 million as training fee ess and mechanical equipment for for conducting these courses. Moreover, the work on first floor hos• medium and heavy industries and tel building of KANUPP colony. KA• Engineering Sectors. The centre also provided professional RACHI has been completed inspection & testing seivices to local Design & Manufacture of industries worth Rs 22 32 million. KNPC, KARACHI Equipment/Components Services were mainly provided to PNS The work of re-strengthening and im• Mehran. OGDC, SNGPL, ARL. The SES supplied jobs worth Rs provement of Pump House operating KAPCO, PAF, PIA, POL, JIACCO, 39.84 million to HMC. DESCON, SE- floor structure has been completed in MRF, HIT, SEFEC Engineering and FEC. OGDC, Fauji Cereal. KTPS. the portion of slabs as made avail• Dawood Hercules Ltd , etc. CPC. CHASNUPP. RWR, KIRN, ECI,
39 Seminar on Welding dustnes & Production Mr. Abdul Raz- arrangements by contributing Rs. Technology zaq Dawood. Twenty-four (24) pa- 0.495 million to partly meet the ex- „..,. . ,.„ .at., ,. . _ pers were presented during the five penditure of the seminar There were PW| held the 1 National Seminar on n techn^, ses$|0ns Qf the Semj. ^ 121 organizations participating We 9 h 0l the C Untr7 S e I2£ " °f'l ° nar Ten (10) local companies se: up in different activities of the seminar on 12 &13 March 2001 their stall at the exhibition.
The Seminar & Exhibition of welding The |ocg| industrjes showed ^ equipment was inaugurated by the keen jnterest proceed,ngs and Federal Minister for Commerce, In-
40 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Chairman's Visits Abroad PAEC Dr. Kauser Abdullah Malik, Member Officials Abroad (Biological Sciences) Cum Member Chairman PAEC led Pakistan dele• (Administration) participated in the IFS Board of Trustees meeting held gation to the Forty-fourth Annual Dr. Hasibullah, Chief Scientist PAEC at Stockholm, Sweden from 18-20 General Conference of IAEA held at has been posted as Minister Vienna (Austna) from 18-20 Septem• May, 2001. He also attended third (Technical), in the Embassy of Paki• meeting of IAEA Standing Advisory ber, 2000 and meetings of the IAEA stan. Vienna (Austna) He took the Board of Governors held at Vienna, th Group on Nuclear Applications charge of this post on 19 March, (SAGNA) held at Vienna, Austria from 19-22 March, 2001 and 11-15 2001. June 2001 from 18-22 June, 2001. Dr Khan Ahmed Shoaib, Chief Sci• He also visited European Organiza• entist PINSTECH, Islamabad has 212 PAEC scientists/engineers tion for Nuclear Resea-ch (CERN), taken up assignment as Senior Pro• benefited from participation in vari• Geneva, from 10-11 September, gramme Analyst in the Programme ous international conferences, meet• 2000 and Abdus Salam International Support & Evaluation, Department of ings, seminars, symposia and work• Centre for Theoretical Physics Management IAEA. Vienna for a shops during July 2000 to June. (ICTP), Trieste, from 12-14 Septem• period of two years from 02-4-2001 2001 whereas 64 received training ber, 2000 to 01-4-2003 and availed scientific visits
He paid technical visit to Oconee Nu• Syed Ghufran-ul-Haq, SPE, KAN• PAEC Scientists/ Engineers clear Station South Carolina, USA UPP Karachi undertook assignment from 30-31 October, 2000 and par• as KANUPP representative with as IAEA Experts ticipated in the WANO Board of Gov• CANDU Owners Group (COG), at ernors meeting in Atlanta held on 1st Toronto, Canada from 2-10-2000 to Thirty four PAEC Scientists/ November 2000 and Chief Execu• 4-4-2001 under Project - Safe Op• Engineers carried out assignments tive Officers (CEO) Conference held eration of KANUPP abroad as IAEA experts in various at Atlanta from 2-3 November 2000 fields such as Tissue Banking, Tu• Mr Shamshad All, SPE, KANUPP mour Marker RIA Techniques, Radia• He attended the European Nuclear proceeded to Canada on 29-3-2001 tion Sterilization, Probabilistic Safety Assessment Review (PSAR), Sus• Society Workshop on Nuclear Public for undertaking 6 months assign• tainable Utilization of Saline Ground Information in Practice held at ment as KANUPP representative Water and Wastelands for Plant Pro• Evian, France from 4-7 February, with Candu Owners Group (COG) duction. Radiographic Testing, FIN- 2001. at Toronto, Canada under Project- PLAN Studies, Radium Conditioning, Safe Operation of KANUPP. Surface Methods Testing Use of Re• Re-election of Pakistan to actors. Radio Isotopes in Medicines. the IAEA Board of Mr Ahmed Irej Jalal, PSO. ASAG, Geothermal Resources and Environ• Islamabad has taken up assignment Governors mental Management Mutation as Energy Planner/Economist in the Breeding Energy Economics and Planning and Economic Studies Sec• Power Planning, Increasing Produc• Pakistan was re-elected unopposed tion Department of Nuclear Energy, to the Board of Governors of the In• tivity of Crop Livestock Production IAEA, Vienna for a period of 3 years System, Review of Safety Guides on ternational Atomic Energy Agency from 04-12-2000 to 03-12-2003 (IAEA) for a term of two years begin• Design and Operation of Nuclear ning from September, 2000 to Sep• Power Plants, MAED Analysis, Mass tember, 2002. Visits of PAEC Scientists/ Spectrometry and Radiation Process• ing for Industrial Applications Engineers Abroad Election was held at the Forty-fourth Annual General Conference Paki• IAEA Experts in Pakistan stan has also previously served on Mr Javed Iqleem Member (Power) the IAEA Board for thirteen terms participated in technical committee and with this extensive experience meeting on National Nuclear Power Eighty six experts carried out assign• Plant Control and Instrumentation ments at different PAEC establish• has consistently advocated the inter• r ests of the developing countnes Programmes held at Vienna, f om ments under IAEA regular pro• While on the Board, Pakistan will con• 15-17 May, 2001 and IAEA steering gramme of technical co-operation in tinue to stnve for promoting the cause committee meeting for Safe Opera• various fields including Clinical Role of peaceful uses of nuclea' energy. tion of KANUPP/lmproving Safety Brain Perfusion, SPECT Studies, Features of KANUPP held at Vienna. Analysis of Rape Seed Quality using from 22-24 May. 2001. NIRS, Electron Microscopy for Re-
41 search on Plant Diseases. Safety Is• sues, Improvement of Spectrome• ters, Radiation Protection Infrastruc• ture, l&C Upgrade. Production TC-99 M Generators for Nuclear Medicines, Development of Concrete Testing, Aging Management Programme for MOVs, Calibration of Site Specific Ground Water Flow and Transport Model, Saline Agriculture. Waste Management, Seismic Upgrading, Field Investigation for Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Studies, Clinical Application of Radiosensitizers in Cancer Radiotherapy, Monitoring and Suiveying of Rinder Pest Dis• ease, Loose Part Monitoring for NPP Safety, Evaluation of Pressurized Components and Concrete Struc• Regional training workshop, a regular feature of PAEC ture, Annulus Gas System (AGS) international relations programme Modifications, In-service Inspection of SG Eddy Current Analysis, Tech• Dr. Mohammad Nordin Razley, Meetings/ Workshops/ nical Support on Dose Reduction, Head. East Asia and Pacific Section, Seminars Clean Environment, Assessment of Department of Technical Co• operation, IAEA visited PAEC HQs., Emergency, Operating Procedures A National Workshop on PROSPER PINSTECH, Islamabad, NIAB/ (EOPs) and Severe Accident Man• Service with Special Emphasis on NIBGE. Faisalabad and INMOL, La• agement Guidelines (SAMGs). Engi• Collection, Trending and Analysis of hore from 24-28 April, 2001. neering Review of Fueling Ma• Low Level Events and near Misses chines. under Project-Operational and Safety Messrs. Timothy James Martin of Issues of NPP was held at KANUPP, USA and William Hirst of Canada vis• Karachi from 8-15 July, 2000. Foreign Delegations ited KANUPP, Karachi from 23-27 October, 2000 for Reviewing KAN• IAEA/RCA Regional Training Course UPP Maintenance. They also visited Dr. Qain Jihui, Deputy Director Gen• on Model Level-3 Examination in PAEC HQs, CHASNUPP Site, Kun• eral, Head of the Department of Eddy Current Testing was held at dian from 29 October to 1 November, Technical Co-operation, IAEA, at• 2000. NCNDT. SES. Directorate. Islama• tended the inaugural ceremony of bad from 10-14 July. 2000 under CHASNUPP Plant held at Kundian RCA Project-Non-Destructive Testing site on 29" March, 200' He also Visits of TOKTEN Experts and Evaluation. Eight delegates of met Federal Minister for Food. Agri• to Pakistan various member countries two IAEA culture and Livestock, Islamabad on experts and one foreign observer at• 28th March, 2001. Dr. Muhammad Khurshid Khan from tended it. UK. specialist in Manufacturing Sys• A Chinese delegation led by H.E. Mr, tems and Quality Engineering visited Regional Workshop on Developing Lie Jibin, Minister of Science and Scientific and Engineering Services Training Syllabus on Optimization of Technology and Industry for National Directorate (SES). Islamabad from Radiation Protection was held at Is• Defence, China visited Pakistan 28:n August to 1s! September. 2000 lamabad from 30 October to 3 No• from 26!h March to 4th April, 2001. under Transfer of Knowledge vember. 2000 under the Project- During the visit to Pakistan he at• through Expatriate National TOK• Improving Occupational Radiation tended the inaugural ceremony of TEN Scheme. Protection in Nuclear Power Plants. CHASNUPP Plant. Dr. Ali Nawaz Khan specialist in the Eight foreign delegates from vari• Mr. Andrew Ingram from Australia, field of Radiology/ Nuclear Medicine, ous countries attended Regional Incharge of the International Centre North Manchester General Hospital. Farmers Training Workshop on Sa• for Genetic Engineering and Biotech• UK. visited PIEAS, Islamabad from line Agriculture held at NIAB, Fais• nology (ICGEB) Internal Audit Unit, 22™ February to 21s! March, 2001. alabad from 13-23 November, 2000 Trieste, Italy carried out assignment under Project-Sustainable Utilization at NIBGE, Faisalabad f'om 22-24 Under the same scheme, Dr. Mu• of Saline Ground Water and Waste• May, 2001. hammad Shafiq, expert in the field of lands for Plant Production. General Surgery UK, visited Institute Dr. Rob Briddon of Johans Innes of Radiotherapy of Nuclear Medicine Another Workshop on "Early Fix Pro• Centre, Norwich (UK) visited NIBGE, (IRNUM), Peshawar from 20-30 gramme for Seismic Upgrading of Faisalabad from 2-29 April, 2001. March, 2001 KANUPP" under Project - Improving 42 Safety Features of KANUPP was In cooperation with World Associa• Foreign Trainees in Pakistan held at KANUPP Karachi from 20-24 tion of Nuclear Operators-Atlanta November 2000 It was conducted by Centre (WANO-AC), USA, a Course Twenty one foreign trainees com• four IAEA experts. was hosted on Root Cause Analysis pleted their training at various PAEC and Self Assessment at KANUPP establishments during the year in the An Executive Management- Seminar Karachi from 10-19 Apnl. 2001 fields of General Industrial Applica• on "Clean Environment" was ar• tions Power Reactors Nuclear ranged by PINSTECH at Islamabad PAEC in collaboration with IAEA Medicine and other allied fields from 27-28 February 2001 under hosted Workshop on Disease Sur• RCA Sub Project-Air Pollution and veillance Repamng and Emergency its Trends Preparedness System at NARC Is• Technical Assistance by- lamabad from 23-27 April, 2001 IAEA First Coordination Meeting on Dam Safety and Sustainabihty was held at A workshop was conducted on Man• Total technical assistance received Lahore from 26-30 March 2001 un• agement of Maintenance Outages at from IAEA during 2000 under techni• der RCA Project - Use of Isotopes in CHASNUPP Site Kundian from 23- cal co-operation programme was Dam Safety and Dam Sustamability 27 April, 2001 under Project- worth USS 893512 compnsing of US Twenty foreign delegates attended Management of Changes for Com• $147127 for experts visits US$11002 the meeting. petitive Nuclear Power Performance for group activity USS307531 for equipment US$ 367525 for fellow• PAEC in cooperation with Interna• PAEC hosted IAEA Final Project ships and US$60327 for sponsonng tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Coordinator's Meeting on In-Vitro Tu• scientific visits IAEA awarded USS hosted Regional RCA Training Work• mour Markers Assay for Detection 107700 for undertaking research in shop on Scintimamography Sentinel and Management of Cancer at La• various PAEC laboratories The Lymph Node Detection at NORI, Is• hore from 18-22 June, 2001 under amount represents the Agency's fi• lamabad from 9-13 Apnl 2001 23 RCA Project - Tl emalic Proyiamme nancial support for ten fresh re• foreign delegates attended this Re• on Health Care search contracts and renewing ten gional (RCA) workshop existing research contracts.
43 FINANCE
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission received funds from the following sources during the year, 2000 2001.
♦ Federal Government
♦ Provincial Governments
♦ Sale of Electricity
♦ Generated Receipts
Funds received from Federal Government are utilized to meet the current as well as development expenditure of the
Commission except for Karachi Nuclear Power Complex (KNPC) which meets its expenditure from its own generated income. 94.018 % of total development expenditure has been incurred on construction of Chashma Nuclear Power
Plant. Funds from generated receipts, Provincial Governments and other sources are mostly utilized for development activities
Actual expenditure during the financial year under review along with its comparison with preceding year is given be low:
A. DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE
Million Rs. 1999-2000 2(100-2001 ± %-age Nuclear Power 1.031.01 7 2.422.175 (+) 134.93% Mineral Development 25.9X5 45.121 (+) 73.639% Agriculture 26.608 25.513 (-) 4.12% Health 26.823 83.474 (+) 211.188% Total Development Expenditure 1,110.433 2,576.282 (+) 132.006%
B. CURRENT EXPENDITURE
The current expenditure on different activities is as follows:
Million Rs. 1999-200(1 2000-2001 ± %-age Agriculture 147.737 163.505 (+) 10.672% Health 220.800 247.324 (+) 12.012% Physical Sciences 403.369 415.192 (+) 2.931% Mineral Development 75.361 82.245 (+) 9.13% Other Projects 42.356 42.011 (-) 0.814% PAEC Hqrs 151.795 154.480 (+) 1.768% Total Current Expenditure 1,041.418 1,104.756 (+) 6.082%
44 C. SELF FINANCING
KARACHI NUCLEAR POWER COMPLEX Million Rs. Year 1999-200(1 2000-2001 +a°c Current Expenditure 617 156 494 642 (-) 19 851%
CHASHMA M CLEAR POWER PROJECT Million Rs. Yea r 1999 - 2000 2000 - 2001 Current Expenditure - 404.835
The revenue earned & receipt of KNPC and CNPP are as follows: -
Million Rs. I KNPC. Karachi. 1999-2000 2000-2001 Electricity Sales Revenue 1.125 014 **847()28 Receipts of Sales Revenue 290.000 910.000
** Including GST Rs 210 256 Million Million Rs. 2. CNPP. Chashma 2000-2001 Electricity. Sales Revenue **2.046 686 Receipts of Sales Re\ enue 1.086 952
** Including GST. Rs 142 410 Million
Chashma Nuclear Power Project (CNPP) started functioning in June 2000 and was connected to WAPDA Grid on
June, 13 2000 Plant was taken over by PAEC in September 2000. Electricity is being exported to WAPDA on provi•
sional rates. Tanff agreement with WAPDA is in process of finalization During 2000-2001 CNPP exported 1,676 930
(Million) Units (in kWh) to WAPDA. The amount billed to WAPDA up to June 2001 is Rs. 2.046.686 million including
GST amounting to Rs 142 410 million against which an amount of Rs 1,086.952 million was received during the year
No funds were allocated for the current expenditure of the project during the financial year 2000-2001, hence the same
have been met from generated receipt amounting to Rs 404 835 million.
CONCLUSION
An analysis of total expenditure of PAEC reveals that 56.24 % constitutes development activities while current expen•
diture represents 24.12 % and self-financing is to the tune of 19.64 % Sale Revenue of KANUPP has decreased by
24.710%
45 PUBLICATIONS
NUCLEAR POWER Infrastructural Requirements on the KANUPP Safety System", KANUPP- Competitiveness of Nuclear Power, STR-98-03. Papers & Reports June 2001 24 Asad Ahmed Zafar Muhammad Sa- 7 Muhammad Rashidullah, "Leakage jid Ansan, "Procedures for disman• 1 Mohammad Ahmad, A I Jalal, A rate test of KANUPP containment tling assembly and inspection of Tur• Mumtaz and M Latif, 'Pakistan- Nu• building", KANUPP-ISR-215-10" bine Generator components", KAN- clear Power for GHG Mitigation and 8 Azfer Minhaj, "Forced outage due to UPP-STR-2K-06 Sustainable Energy Development", malfunction of PHT pressure control• 25 Babar Ghias, "KANUPP Outage Re• Nuclear Power for Greenhouse Gas ler (PH7P)".KANUPP-UOR-2K-05 cord Rev 01 (Period 1971 - 2000) Mitigation under the Kyoto Protocol 9 Muhammad A'if, Muhammad Js- KANUPP-STR-2K-07 The Clean Developmen: Mechanism man, "Failure of South fuelling ma• 26 Rehan Siddiqui, "Conversion of (CDM) IAEA 00-02811 November chine Ram Drive during on Power Computer Code Penkan from VAX to 2000 fuelling", KANUPP-UOR-2K-08 PC" KANUPP-STR-2K-10 2 Ahmad Mumtaz,et al, 'Role, of Nu• 10. Azfer Minhaj, Shahid Iqbal Siddiqui, 27 Shah'a Ali.Akhtar Kamal Qureshi clear Power in Pakistan in Mitigating "Forced outage due to reactor north Najmus Saqib, "Performance review Greenhouse Gases Emissions A outlet header pressure high KAN- of KANUPP Safety Systems Medium to Long-Term Perspective" UPP-UOR-2K-06. (010197 to 31 12 97)",KANUPP- A Case Study of Pakistan Progress 1' Hassan Abbas, 'Moderator D20 spill STR-2K-08 Report of 'AEA's Co-ordinated Re• due to pressjr.zation of CH(M)", 28. Shahid Ali, Akhtar Kamal Qureshi, search P'ogramme on "The Role of KANUPP-UOR-01-01. Najmus Saqib, "Performance review Nuclear Power and Other Energy 12 Hassan Abbas Tahir Siddiqui, of KANUPP Safety Systems Options in Meeting International "Moderator D2C spill due to pressjn- (010196 to 31 12 96)",KANUPP- Goals on Greenhouse Gas Emission zation of CH(M), KANUPP-UOR-01- STR-2K-09 Reductions", September 2000 01. 29 Muhammad Rashidullah, "Safety 3 M Latif et al," Comparative Assess• 13. Azfer Minhaj. "Forced outage due to Aspects of KANUPP Operation ment of Investment on Infrastructure failure of CH-PM3\KANUPP-UOR- (January, 2000 to December, 2000)", Development for Nuclear Power and 01-02. KANUPP-STR-01-01 Other Energy Chains for Electricity 14 Azfar Minhaj Tahir Siddiqje 30 Muhammad Najamuddm" To identify Generat on in Pakistan' Progress "Forced outage due to failure of CH- the leak(s) in AH system" KANUPP- Report of IAEA's Co-ordinated Re• PM3",KANUPP-UOR-01-02 ITR-2K-02 search Programme on Impact of In• 15 Hassan Abbas.'Reactor trip on both 31 Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Kam- frastructure! Requirement on the computer stall condition" KANUPP- ran Chughtai, Ahsan Bukhari, Abid Competitiveness of Nuclear Power, UOR-01-03. Hussain, "Data Bank of INOPW for September 2000 16. Azfar Minhaj, -orced outage d^.e to flux mapping of CHASNUPP (Part- 4 A I Jalal et al, "Incorporation of En• shearing of the anchoring bolts along II)" INUP-067 vironmental Regulations in Medium the BFW line failure of CH-PM3" 32 M Arsnad, Abdul Manan, " Neu• to Long Term Planning for Electric KANUPP-UOR-01-04 ronic Analysis for the proposed System Expansion in Pakistan" A 17. Hassan Abbas As>f Rajput, "Reactor PARR-1 Equilibrium Core No 96" Case Study of Pakistan Final Report trip on both computer stall condition", INUP-070 of the Research Contract Under KANUPP-UOR-01-03 Azfar Minhaj, 33 Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Kam- IAEA's Co-ordinated Research Pro• Tahir Siddiqui, "Forced outage cue ran Chughtai, Ahsan Bukhari, "A Re• gramme on Case Stuaies to Assess to shearing of BFW/TS lines support port on Initial Criticality and Low and Compare Different Energy anchoring bolts KANUPP-UOR-01- PowerPhysics Tests conducted at Sources in Sustainable Energy and 04. CHASNUPP", INUP-071 Electricity Supply Strategies, De• 18 Abdul Jalil Qureshi/'High PHT 34. Muhammad Khan, Munammad Kam- cember 2000 closed collection rate "KANUPP- ran Chughtai, Ahsan Bukhari, 5 Mumtaz et al. "Comparative Assess• UOR-01-05 "CHASNUPP Operation Parameters ment of Alternative Paths for Power 19 M Ayaz Ahmed, "Moderator D20 Predicton and Analysis Report", System Development in Pakistan" spill due to pressunzation of Collec• INUP-073 Final Report of Project RAS-0-028 tion (M) system ' KANUPP-UOR-01- 35 M Ayub Qureshi & Javed Iqbal, presented at Final Co-ordinators' 06 "Validation of the Computer Software Meeting of the Regional (RCA) Pro• 20 Shahid AN, "Performance Review of SHIELD01 Developed at INUP", ject on Comparative Assessment of KANUPP Safety Systems. (Perod INUP-072 Electricity Generation Opt ens. Bei• January 1998 - December 1998), 36 Amer Mahmood & Tomislar Bajs, jing, China, 5-9 March 2001 KANUPP-STR-2K-04 "Analysis of BETHSY Experiment 6 M Latif, I Ahmad, M Inxiaz and A 21 M A. Moiz Khan Ubaid Anwar 9 1B (ISP-27) Small Break LOCA Mumtaz. Comparative Assessment Baqai. "Detailed study of BBW lires Without HPSI and Delayed Ultimate of Investment on Infrastructure De• lay out for KAKUPP steam genera• procedure Initiation Using RELAP5/ velopment for Nuclear Power and tors", KANUPP-STR-2K-05 3 MOD3 2 2 Gamma", INUP-076. r Other Ene gy Chains for Electricity 22 Muhammad Naeem Khan, 37. Lai Khan S Tomislar Bajs, Generation in Pakistan 2nd Year "Inspection of B3W lines*, KANUPP- "Evaluation of small break LOCA Progress Report of the Research STR-2K-02 Transient (6 2 TC Test) performed in Contract Under IAEA's Co-ordinated 23 ShahidAli, Akhter Kamal, Najmus BETHSY Test Facility using RE- Research Programme on Impact of Saqib, "Performance Review of LAPS/MOD 3 2", INUP-077. 38 M Iqbal & M Riaz, "Implementation 1,3-Dipipendmopropane". Oriental J of SiC single crystal using a cone - of Stress Analysis Programme for Chem,16 (2000)217 shaped platform', J Cryst Growth 09 Primary Components (SAPPC) on 54 M Arshad et al "A thermal analysis (2000)767 _ PENTIUM III", INUP-! Vi-143 study of 1,2-aipiperidmoethane com• 69 M N Khan et al, "Liquid phase epi• 39. M Iqbai & M Riaz," Implementation plexes of Cobalt, Nickel Copper, taxy on 6H-S1C Acheson seed crys• of Computer Code PWRRA on PC Zinc and Cadmium by TG-DTG-DTA tals in closed vessel Ibid 586" 'NUP-ITM-144 techniques Thermochimca Acta 70 M N Khan etal , "Effect of tempera• 40 M Iqbal & M Riaz," mplementation 364(2000)143 ture gradient on SiC epitaxy in liquid of Computer Code NOHETRAN on 55 M Anf, et al , Studies on the ther• phase" .Mat. Sci Forum 133(2000) PC 586' INUP-ITM-144 mal decomposition of Copper (II) 338 41. Saleem A et al, "Low-Power Core Fluoride complexes with vanous 71 W. Bahng, et al. Enlargement of Physics Tests on KCP-H after long Ammo Acds in Nitrogen atmos• SiC single crystal enhancement of Shutdown", INUP-078 phere", J Turk. Chem, 25(2000)73 lateral growth using tapered graphite 42 M Rafiq et al, "Power Ramp Tran• 56 A Mushtaq et al, "A freeze dried kit lid', Mat Sci Forum 204(2000)338 sient Analysis of CHASNUPP Fuel" for 3mTc ;v) dimercaptosuccmic 72 S Nishizawa et al Shape of SiC Part-I INUP-082 acid" J Raaoanal Nucl Chem 243 bulk single crystal grown by sublima• 43 Abdul Razzaq, "CHASNUPP Tran• (2000)829 tion", Mat Sci Forum 591(2000)338 sients leading to reac:cr trip- data for 57 A Mushtaq, S Pervez, I Haider, 73 S Ahmad et al , 'Sputtering and for• ,38 PSA CHASNUPP-ENG-PSA-01 "Preparation of Re-lanreotice and mation of C, and C: in the regenera• Sep 2001 its quality control", Radiochem Acta tive sooting discharge", Nucl In- 44 Shamim A. Khan ,'How to write 88(2000)495 strum Methods Phys Res. B 171 specifications CHASNUPP-ENG-05. 58 I H Bokhari et al, "Steady-state (2000)552. Sep 2001 thermal hydraJic analysis of Paki• 74. J H Zaidi, S Waheed and S 45. Imtiaz Ghafoor, M Nasurallah A stan Research Reactor-1 at a power Ahmad, "Determination of trace im• Ghaffar, "Report on Provisional Ac• level of 10 MW". J Nucl Sci 37 purities in iron-based alloy using ceptance of Chashma Nuclear (2000)216 neutron activation analysis", Radio• Power Plant March 2001 Power dis• 59 P L Betts and I H Bo 47 84 S. Manzoor et al, "Charge identifica• the melt-spun Nd(FeB)n alloys", J sources of heavy metals in house tion in CR-39 nuclear track detector Alloys & Compounds 327(2001)31 dust", J Radioanal & Nucl. Chem using relativistic lead ion fragmenta• 100 J I Akhter et al, "Effect of ageing on 247(2001)145 tion", Nucl Instr. & Meth A453 the hardness and impact properties 116 S Waheed et al," Utilization of low (2000)525. of Hastelloy C-276", J. Mat Sci. power reactor for INAA of 40 ele• 85 Dekhissi et al, "Fragmentation stud• Lett 20(2001)333 ments in coal", Radiochem Acta 89 ies of 158 A GeV Pb ions using CR- 101.S Mahmood, Q Haque and H (2001)425 39 nuclear track detectors", Nucl Saleem "Low frequency electromag• 117 J Akntar S. K Durrani and N A Phy A662(2000)207 netic instability in unmagnetized in- Chughtai" Determination of mi- 86 M. Amorosio et al, "The MACRO homogeneous dusty plasma", Chi• croamount of Carbon in selected collaboration Search fc magnetic nese Phys Lett 18(2001)402 samples of Iron, Steel Ferro-Alloys monopoles with nuclear track detec• 102 H Saleem anc Q Haque, "Role of and metal powder", J Chem Soc tors", Nucl. Phy B(Proc Suppl) 85 quasineutralrty in drift waves', Phys Pak 22(2000)191 (2000)227 Plasmas 8(2001)368 118 A Qureshi et al, "Thermotectonic 87 M AmDrosio et al, "The MACRO 103 K M Khan et al, Precursor mecha• history of Loe Shilman Carbonatite collaboration Search for massive nism for a dimer-dimer catalytic re• Comoiex NW Pakistan based on rare particles with the MACRO de• action on the surface of square lat• fission-track dating of aDatite and tector at G--an Sasso", Nucl Phy B tice A Monte-Carlo simulator other radiometric ages". Geol Bull (Suppl) 85(2000)221 study", Surf Sci 78(2001)481 Punjab Univ 33(2000)105 88 M. Ambrosio et. al, 'The MACRO 104 H Saleem and Q Haque, 119.A Qureshi et al, "Geology and eco• collaboration Nucleante search with "Response to comment on "Role of nomic significance of the Loe- the MACRO detector at Gran quasineutralrty in drift waves", Phys. Shilman Carbonatite Complex, Khy- Sasso", The Eur Phys J CI 3(2000) Plasmas 8(2001)3522 ber Agency Pakistan', GEOLOGICA, 453 105 K M. Khan and N Ahmed, "A Monte 5(2000)133. 89 M Zamin. T Shaheen and GB. Carlo simulation study for the cata• 120 R Shaheen and M J Akhtar," Su- Shah, "Uptake of Nickel-63 onto Sili• lytic formation of ammonia", Chen percondJcting and structural proper• con Antimcnate structures", Main Phys Lett 339(2001)179 ties of Sb doped YBa.Cu;07high-Tc Group Met Chem 24(2001)27 106 T Kato et al. "Ir-situ observation of superconductors" The Nucleus 37 90 T Shaheen M Zamin and S Khan, silicon carbide sublimation growth by (2000)1 "Uptake of Strontium-90 by Zirco• x-ray topograpny J Cryst Growth 121 S K. Durrani et al. "Physico- nium Pnosphate gels", Main Group 222(2001)579 chemical studies of Silcoalu- Met. Chem 24(2001)351 107 M. N Khan et al., "Thermoelectric minophcusphate microporous mate• 91 T Shaheen, M Zamin and M. Ah• properties of Nb doped hexagonal rials". The Nucleus 37(2000)35 med, "Fixation of Caesium-137 onto barium titanate', Mat. Letts 47 122 J Akhtar et al, "Preparation and sin• styrene-divinylbenzene cation ex• (2001)95 tering studies of Yttria doped Zirco- change resins" .Main Group Met 108 SM Hasany, MM Saeed and M nia powder", The Nucleus 37(2000) Chem 24(2001)421 Ahmed, "Sorption of traces of silver 45 92 MA. MahK. A Ghaffar and SA ions onto poly-rethane foam from 123 J Bashir et al., "X-ray powder dif• Malik, "Water purification by electri• aqueous acidic solution" Talanta 54 fraction analysis of crystal structure cal discharges", Plasma Sources (2001)89 of Lanthanum Orthovanadate", The Sci STech 10(2001)82 109 S Waheed et al Instrumental neu• Nucleus 37(2000)119 93 M. Z. Haq, M Arshad and S tron activation analysis of estuanne 124 W Ahmad and K M Khan," Dimer- Rehman "Synthesis, spectroscopy sediment as a proposed reference dimer catalytic surface reaction with novel-a-pyrazolylglycine ce-ivatives", material for environmental studies', precursor mechanism" The Nucleus J Chin Chem Soc 48( 20C1 )45 Geostandards Newslett 25(2001) 37(2000)125 94 P. Akhter, M Aslam and S D Orfi, 137 125 M J Akhtar, R Shaheen and J A "Evaluation of body mass index for a 110 E U Khan et al , 'Emission of inter• A. Khan," Structural studies of Bi- reference Pakistani man and mediate mass fragments in the based high-Tc superconducting ox• woman", Health Phys USA, 80 heavy ion interaction of (14 0 MeV/ ides by employing X-ray absorption (2001)274 N)Pb+", Nucl Phys A690(2001 )723. techniques", The Nucleus 37(2000) 95. K Khan and H.M. Khan. "Natural 111.K. Jamil and S Ah, "Estimation of 131. gamma emitting radionuclides in Radon concentrations in coal mines 126 J Bashr et al., "Upgradation of the Pakistani Portland cement", J Appl using hybrid-techniques calibraton triple axis neutron spectrometer in• Rad & Isotopes (UK), 54(2001)861 curve", J Environ. Radioact 54 stalled at PARR-1", The Nucleus 37 96 M Khalid, A Mushtaq and M.Z (2001)61 (2000)138 Iqbal, "Sorption of Tungsten (VI) and 112 M A Farooq et al 'Study of elastic 127 S M Hasany, "Inorganic ion- Rhenium (VII) on various ion ex• scattering and reaction cross section exchangers for the treatment and change materials", Sep Sci Tech of (8 5 MeV/u) ,32Xe ions with Lead disposal of industrial effluents",The 36(2001)294 target", Rad Mea 33(2001)157 Nucleus 37(2000)187 97 AHussain et al, " Remote sensing 113 M A Rana et al " Activation energy 128 M I Sajjad et al "Nuoear facilities for flow induced vibration in the for the annealing of nuclear tracks in at RIAD for environmental applica• PARR-1 core assembly", Nucl Eng. SSNTD", Nucl. Instr. & Meth B179 tions', The Nucleus 37(2000)197 & Design 205(2001)323 (2001)249 129 R Bilal S Roohi, and K A. Abbas," 98 S Ahmad and M.N. Akhtar. "The 114 S M Hasany anc M H. Chaudhary " Breast milk intake and infant role of kinetic and potential sputter• Evaluation of sorption affinity of Cd growth", The Nucleus 37(2000)213 ing in the 'egeneration of the soot", (II) to Haro river sand from aqueous 130 R Bilal" Application of nuclear tech• Appl Phys Lett 78(2001)1^99 solutions", J Raaional Nucl Chem niques for the study of living re• 99 M Siddique M Shafi and N.M. 247(2001)335 sources" The Nucleus 37(2000)219 Butt, " Mossbauer spectroscopy of 115 N Jabeen et al," Levels and 131.A Rahman et al, " Essential trace 48 of total dissolved inorganic carbon 189 S Ahmad et al, "Nanopartices of of Celletotrichum gloeosponoides as indicators of pollution in Rawal Carbon", PPS Symposium on Pnys- causing authracnose of mango and Lake, Simly Lake and Khanpur ics in Industry Karachi, June 2001. Fusanum Subglutinans isolated mal• Lake", Ibid formed inflorescence of mango", 171.RM Qureshi et al, "Faecal Con• Conference Proceedings Pak. J. Phytopathol 12(2). 134-136 form bacterial pollution in Rawal 202 Akhtar, K.P and S S Alam( 2000), " Lake, Islamabad", Ibid 190 F A Khalid, N. Hussain ard AH Powdery mildew disease of mango 172 M A Tasneem et al, " Isotopic and Qureshi," M crostructural ana com• A Review", Pak. J Biol Sciences 3 hydrochemical study of the effect of positional charges at high tempera• (7) 1119-1122 tannery effluents on groundwater ture oxidation of stainless steel in 203 Akhtar K P et al (2000), "Screening quality in Kasur area" Ibid steam environment", 12th European of cotton mutants for the resistance 173.J. H. Zaidi," Global impacts of cross Congress on Electron Microscopy, against cotton leaf curl virus boundary migration of airborne ra• Brono, Czech Republic, July 9-14, (CLCuV)", Pak- J Biol Sciences 3 dionuclides', Ibid. (2000)1233-1234 (1). 91-94. 174 S Waheed, A. Rahman and S 191 M N Khan et al Surface morpho• 204 Akhtar K., Rao, AR and Ashraf.M Ahmad "Quality assurance for data logical studies of epitaxial grown 6H- (2000)" Morphological adaptation of credibility", Ibid. SiC layers", Conference on Ultra seven mungbean ecotypes at vary• 175 R. Tanwir R Ahmea and M Z Low Power Devices, Japan (2000) ing levels of water stress", Bangla• Iqbal, "Estimation of heavy and toxic 153-154 desh J Agil Res 25(2) 367-373 metals (Zn,Cd,Pb,Cu) m waste wa• 192 R Ahmed, ' Water chemistry and 205 Akhtar M and Alam S M (2001), " ter", Ibid quality control-. Training Workshop, Effect of incubation period on phos• 176 V Nisa and R. Ahmed, ' Levels of NCD/L-121. Islamabad, (2000)1- phate sorption from two P sources', Chromium in drinking water and 190. Online J Biol Sci 1 (3) 124-125 waste water", Ibid 193 M Siddique et al " Study of mag• 206 Alam S M , Latif A ana Zafar Iqbal 177 R Ahmed," Problems in quality con• netic properties in Ni-Mn ferntes by ( 2000)," Response of two rice varie• trol of drinking water for environ• Mossbauer spectroscopy", 6tr Int. ties to zinc as influenced by phos• mental pollutants", Ibid Symp on Advanced Materials Is• phorus application", pak J Soil Sci "78 R Ahmed, SA Quresh. and S. lamabad September 19-23, 1999 18 87-94 Malik'Determination of Ammonia by (2000)123-126 207 Alam S M el al (2001), "Use of in• differential pulse voltarrmetry", Ibid 194 M Nadeem and M J Akhtar, " Static dustrial waste and bye-products as a 179 N Knalio. M Daud and S Ahmad," computer simulation studies of some P source for improving crop produc• Immobilization of Cd2* from aqueous binary and ternary oxides", ibid 386- tion 11 Effect of source and rate of P media on minerals mixtures', Ibid 391. application on growth and P uptake 180 S Ranman N Khalid and S 195.J I Akhter and Z.H. Jin," Super cool• by six crop species' Pak J Biol Ahmad. " Monitoring of lead levels in ing in confined Pb films", ibid 504- Sci 4(5) 593-596 food colours and spices using atomic 507 208 Alam S M , Zafar Iqbal and Latif A abscption spectrophotometery", 196 M Ahmad et al, " Microstructural (2000) "Effect of boron application Ibid study of electron beam welded oint with or without zinc on the yield of 181 S M Hasany, MM Saeed and M of zircaloy-4 and stainless steel", ' wheat Pak. J Soil Sci 18 95-98 Ahmed, "Accumulation and adsorp• ibid, 333-336 209 Alam SM et al (2001), "Effect of tion isotherms of Selenium- 197 A K.S. Aqili et a , ' Zn Te thin films applied and residual phosphorus thiocyanate complex onto Polyure• prepared by two sources evapora• from two sources on three crop spe• thane foam", 1st International and tion method", ibid 525-528 cies" Online J Biol Sci 1(7)" 551- th 11 Chemistry Conference, Pesha• 198 J Akhter et al.," Studies on Y203- 553 war, Pakistan, 10-14 April 2000 doped Zr02 thin films on mild steel 210 Asghar, M. and D S Brar (2000), 182 V Nisa & R Ahmed, "Determination by dip coating using a sol-gel croc- 'An improved method for Genomic, of Chromium in dnnkmg and waste ess", ibid, 544-548 in situ hybridization in Oriza spe• water by differential pulse adsorptive 199 S K Durrani et al., " Hydrothermal cies', Pak. J Biol Sci 3(10) 1601- stripping voltammetry" Ibid synthesis of silica rich zeolites and 1604 183 R Tanwir, R Ahmed & M Z. Iqbal," microporous materials', ibid ,144- 211 Asghar, MAR Rao and S Farooq Evaluation of toxic and essential 150. (2001), "Evidence of homologous metals in gall bladder stones", Ibid. relationship between chromosomes 184 R Ahmed S A. Quresn; & V. Nisa," AGRICULTURE of wheat and Aegnops geniculata". Determination of Vitamin - C & Pak J Biol Sci 4(4) 411-413 (Ascorbic acid) by differential pulse BIOLOGY 212 Asi M Rafiquei et al (2000) ,"Thm voltammetry", Ibid layer Chromatography A Simple, 185 R Ahmed " Speciation studies of Booklet Reliable Technique for the Determi• heavy and toxic metals in water by nation of Pesticide Residue in Envi• electrochemical methods", Ibid 200 Nisar Memon Syed Khursheed H ronmental Samples" P J Anal. 186 M S Subhani et al, 'Electro-kinetic Shah and others New technologies Chem , I: 10-13. studies of first Electro-reduction of for cotton procuction A booklet oub- 213Aslam, M. and MT Elahi (2000). Methylviologen Dication at hanging lished by Directorate of Information "Evaluation and Screening of Local mercury drop electrode". Ibid and Agriculture Extension, Govern• Germplasm of Cotton under Joint 187 R Anmad, "Pollution in river Swat" ment of Sinah Project on the Development of Leaf Ibid Curl Virus Tolerant Varieties of Cot• 188 M M Ishfaq, M Jehargir " Calcula• Papers in Journals ton" Pak. J. Biological Science 3(4). tion of generator parameters in 636-638 "Mo - 9=~~c system using Basic-Gw 201 Akhtar,K.P(2000) "Fresh potato ex• 214 Aslam, M (2000) Utilization of Pollen 3 20 software", Ibid tract the best source for the growth Irradiation Technique for the Im- 50 provement of Ghirsutum "Pak. J. DNA sequence in situ hybridization". Pakistan Journal of Bio ogical Sci Biol Sci 3(11)18141816 Theor. Appl Genet 101,11731179 ences Supp., issue 1,2325(2001). 215 Aslam, M , D Hussain and Y Zafai 228 Iqbal, Z. et al (2001)," Effect of re 241 Bibi. N et al. (2000) " Phenolics and (2000) Molecular anlaysis of macro peated use of pestcides on snrt de physicochemical characteristics of injected Cotton Plants through hydrogenase activity in cotton fells'. persimmon during postharvest stor RAPD markers", Pak. J Biol Sci 3 Pak J Soil Sci 19 5965 age" Die Nahrung 45(2) (12): 22032205 229 Iqbal Z., Rashid Ahmed and Altaf 242 Aurangzeb, A. Sattar (2000)," Effect 216 Aslam M et al (2000), 'Identification Hussain (2000). "Studies on Rice of prepostextraction autoclavmg on of molecular markers linked to leaf Varieties Using Direct Thermal the nutritional value of rapeseed curl times disease resistance in cot Analysis Gas Chromatography". meal on broiler chicks' Arch Geflu ton", J Sci (I.R. Iran) 11(4) 277 Pakistan Journal of Biological Sci gelk (European poultry Sci) 64 (1) 280 ences 3(4) 683684 1923 217Azam F(2001), "Legumebacterium 230 Jamil F F et al ;2000), "Genetic and 243 M Jan A. Sattar F Mahmood and (Rhizobium) association symbiosis pathogenic diversity within Ascohyta Y Ali(2000) "Chemical and techno a marriage of convenience neces rabn (pass) lao population in Paki logical evaluation of fortified wheat sary evil OR bacterium taken hos stan causing blight of chickpea bread ichapati) with oilseed flour", tage by the legume' Pak J Biol (Cicer anetinun L) physiological SarhadJ Agric 16(1j 8588 Sci 4, 757761. and molecular plant pathology 76 244 M Khan et al. (2000) "Occurrence 218Azam F and Farooq S ,2001)," Im (6) 243254 of Pathogenic Microorganisms in pact of elevated atmospheric C02 on 231 Khan, J A F F Jami and M A GJ1 Food and Water Samples in Differ crop plants an over view". Pak. J. (2000), "Screening of rice germ ent Areas of NWFP". Pak J Food Biol Sci 4 220224. plasm against bakanae and bacterial Sci 10(34). 3740 219 Azam, Fet al (2001),"Release, move leaf blight", Pak. J Phytopathol 12 245 M Jan et al (2000) Chemical and ment and recovery of 3 4 dimethyl (10): 611. Technological Evaluation of Fortified prayzole phosphate (DMPP) ammo 232 Alam S M (2001) " Influence of leaf Wheat Bread (Chapatn with Oilseed nium, and nitrate from stabilized ni extract of Bermuda grass (Cynodon Flours' Sarhad J Agnc Vol. 16 (1): trogen fertilizer granules in a silty dacylon L) on the germination and 8588 clay oil under laboratory conditions", seedling growth of wheat" Wheat 246Amanullah Jan,(2000) "Impact of Biol FertiL Soils 34, 118125 Infor Service No 92 pp. 1719. intraspecific competition on the ag 220 Haq M A (2001), "CM 2000 A new 233 Alam SM (2001) "Influence of weed ronomic traits of wheat". Pak. J. Biol high y elding and disease resistant seed scarlet pimpernel (Anaga'.hs Sci 3(12) 20162019 variety of Kabul! chickpea released in arvensis) on wheat seedling gro.vh 247 Ali, 1(2001 ),°Microsporemutagen Pakistan". SAIL Newsletter 11 Balochistan J Agnc Sci l(2) 4547 Esis in Brassica napus EUCARPIA, 221 Haq M A Mahmudul Hassan and 234 Alam SM and R Ansan (2001). Cruciferea Newsletter FRANCE, Nr M.Sadiq (2001). "CM 88" A multiple 'Influence of iron and manganese on 23,7071. disease resistant chickpea mutant the growth and contents of Fe, Mn 250 Ah I (2000) ."Mutant hetrosis in oil ■ variety", Mutation Breeding Newslet and P in Rice Pak. J. Bio Sci 1 seed rape EUCARPIA (FRANCE) ter IAEA, Vienna 45: 5 (6): 434435 Cruoferea Newsletter 22 6768 222 Hussain A et al (2001), "Impact of 235 Alam, S M , R Ansari and M A 251 Shah S J (2000) Losses induced pesticide applications in cotton agro Khan et al (2001) "Effect of seed of by Altemana blight in yield and oil of ecosystem and soil bioactivity stud sweet clover (Meiilotus Indica. _) . rape and mustard in Pakistan ies II. Microbial populations' Online weed and NaCI on seedling growth •EUCARPIA (FRANCE) cruciferea Journal of Biological Sciences 1(7): of rice" Pak J Bio Sci 1 (6) 438 Newsletter 22: 6162 640644 439 252 Khattak. G S. S12000) "Inheritance 223 Hussain A et al (2001) "Impact of 236 Khan, MA, and SM Alam (2001)" of plant and flower bud colour in pesticide applications in cotton Seed an essential agricultural input mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) agroecosystem and soil bioactivity in crop productivity" Pak J Econo Wilczek) Songklanakann J Sci studies II Nitnfication dynamics", mist and management (AMIlcra Techno'. 22 (2) 249251 (Thailand) Pakistan Journal of Biological Sci University. Karachi) AprilJune pp 253 Khattak. G S S_[2000). " Effect of ences 4(5) 588592. 2829. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus 224 Hussain Altaf, Muhammad Rafique 237 Khanzada B et al (2001), 'The (MYMV) on Yield and Yield Compo Asi and Zafar Igbal growth and mineral composition of nents of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (2001) "Dissipation and degradation Bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum (L) Wilczek)", J (Nat. Sci) 34: 12 of 14CDDT in Tandojam (Sindh) soil L ) grown under NaCI stress* Pak 16. under field conditions' Pak J Anal J Bio SCI (Karachi). Vol. I. pp. 60 254 Khattak G S S[2000), "Inheritance Chem 2(1) 1418 62. of hypccotyl color and pubescence 225 Iqbal, M Mohsin et al (2001), "A 238 Mukhtiar Ah (2000), "Phosphorus in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.)" J marker for seedlessness in kinnow mineralization in some soil series of Sci 11(2): 7981 mandarin Pakistan Journal of Bio Peshawar valley Pak Journal of 255 Khattak. G S. S.et al (2000), " Ge logical Sci ence 4(1) 69 Soil Science Vol. 18: 1318, 2000 netics of mungbean yellow mosaic 226 Igbal, N and S.Farooq (2000), 239 Shirazi, M U et al (2001) "Seasonal virus (MYMV) in mungbean (Vigna "Intermtraspecific variations in wild nutrients variations in two acacia radiata (L.) Wilczek) J Genet & rice species detected through species growing under saline envi Breed 54 237243, (Italy) iso7yme markers Pakistan Journal ronment", Pakistan Journal of Bo 256 Khattak. G. S S.et al (2001), of Biological Sci ence 4 422424 logical Sci ence 4(5)514517 'Genetic architecture of secondary 227 Iqbal N et al (2000), 240 K.H Shah, M Yousuf Memon and S yield components in mungbean "Charactenzation of Aegilops unia- H Siddiqui (2C01), "Evaluation of (vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) nstata chromosomes by comparative fertigation technique for applying Breeding Science 51 (3) 157161, DNA marker analysis and repetitive phosphatic fertilizers in berseem", (Japan) 51 257,Khattak, S.U et al, (2000), han and A.M. Khan (Eds.) pp. 250 - nology for food and agriculture. Paki• "Response of chickpea cultivars flour 261. stan Gulf and Economist (Karachi). to red flour beetle, Tribolium casta- 270.Alam, S.M. et al (2000), " Woody Vol. XIX. No. 43: Oct 23-29 16-17. neum (Herbst)", Scientific Khyber. 13 plant species for utilization ameliora• 284.Alam, S.M. and R. Ansari. 2000. Ca• (2): 39 - 46. tion of high saline soil", Proc. Inter. nola an important oilseed crop. Paki• 258.Khattak, S.U; A. Mazhar and M. Seminar on the Prospects for Biosa- stan Gulf and Economist (Karachi). Shahid (2000), "Effect of different line Agriculture held at NARC. Is• Vol. XIX. No. 47. Nov. 20-26 19 .diets on development and radiosen- lamabad. 10-12 April, 2000. 285.Alam, S.M. 2000. Population growth sitivity of red flour beetie, Tribolium 271.Sarwar, N. M.et al.(2000), "Role of and Pakistan. 2000. Pakistan Gulf castaneum (Herbst)",The Nucleus 37 peroxidase in chickpea; in "Plant and Economist (Karachi). Vol. XIX. (1-2): 113-117. Disease of Economic Importarce No. 52: 43-44. and their Management'. Proc. 2nd 286.Alam. SM, R. Ansari and M.A. Conference Presentations Natl. Conf Pant Pathol. (Sept. 27 - Khan. 2000. Land, water resources 29, 1999, University of Agri., Fais• and g'aciers. Pakistan and Gulf 259Nafees Altaf and Javaid Iqbal, "Lentil alabad), S.M. Khan, R. A. Choran Economist (Karachi) Vol. XIX. No. plant improvement through callus and AM. Khan (Eds) pp. 228 - 233. 48. Nov 27-Dec. 3: 29-30. regeneration populations", 7th na• 272.Jamil, F.F. et al. (2000),' Studies on 287,Alam, S.M. 2000. Muslim countries tional, Botanical Conference , La• pathogenic and genetic variability in and their agriculture (Special Re• hore 14-16 November. 2000. Ascochyta rabiei population of Paki• port). Pakistan Gulf and Economist 260.Khan, M.A. et al., " Comparison of stan causing chickpea blight", Ibid (Karachi). Vol. XIX No. 49. Dec 4- three germinating methods for seed• 10: 35-40. ling growth of wheat" ,lbid. Popular Articles 288.Alam. S.M., M.A. Khan and R. An• 261.Mujtaba, S.M., "Screening of seven sari 2000. Some important dams of genotypes of sorghum (Sorghum 273.Alam, S.M., M. A. Khan and R. An- the world and Pakistan. (Special Re• bicolor L) under saline condition", sari. 2000. Water crisis in Pakistan port). Pakistan Gulf and Economist Ibid. agriculture. Pakistan Gulf and (Karachi). Vol. XIX. No 50. Vol. XIX. 262 Alam, S.M. " Effects of zinc and ni• Economist (Karachi). Vol. XIX. No. N.-S0. Dec 11-17: 15-17. trogen on the growth of rice", Ibid. 27. July 3-9 Page 29. 289.Alam, S.M. 2000. Modern Biotech• 263,Alam, S. M. et al., "Allelopathic po• 274.Alam, S.M. 2000. Agricultural fueis in nology for Food and Agricultuie. tential of barnyard grass crop productivity. Pakistan Gulf and Pakistan and Gulf Economist (Echinochloa crusgalli) seed and Economist (Karachi). Vol. XIX. No. (Karachi). October 23-29, 2000. NaCI against wheat (Triticum aesti- 29. July 17-23. Page 29. 290.A!am, S.M., Dr. R. Ansari. 2000. Ca• vum L) Seedling growth", Ibid. 275.A!am, S.M. and R. Ansari. 2000. The nola an important oilseed crop. Paki• 264Alam, S.M. et al.,"Effect of salt stress Genetic Engineering Technology stan and Gulf Economist (Karachi). on growth and yield of different rice Pakistan and Gulf Economist November 20-26, 2000. genotypes", Ibid. (Karachi). July 24-30. Vol. XIX No 291.Alam, S.M., Dr. R. Ansari and M.A. 265.Alam, S.M. et al.,"Effect of different 30: 46-48. Khan. 2000. Land, water resources sources of N fertilizers on the growth 276.Alam, S.M. and M.A. Khan. 2000. and glaciers. Pakistan and Gulf of wheat', Ibid. Poultry farming in Pakistan. Pakistan Economist (Karachi) November 27- 266.Ansan. R. et al. ."Genetic enhance• and Gulf Economist (Karachi) Au• December 3, 2000. ment for salt tolerance in rice: Some gust?- 13, Vol. XIX. No. 32: 18-19. 292.Alam, S.M. 2000 Muslim Countries physiolog.cal considerations", 4th 277.Alam, S.M, M.A Khan and R. An• and their Agriculture Pakistan and International rice genetics sympo• sari. 2000. Integrated Pest Manage• Gulf Economist (Karachi) December sium (abstracts), held in IRRI, Ma• ment in Cottor Pakistan and Gulf 4-10, 2000. nila, Philippines. 22-27 October, Economist (Karachi). August 14-20, 293.Alam, S.M., M.A. Khan and R. An• 2000. Page No. 39. Vol. XIX. No. 33: 19-22. sari. 2000. Some important dams of 278.Alam, S.M, R Ansari and M.A. the world and Pakistan. Pakistan and Gulf Economist (Karachi). De• Conference Proceedings Khan. 2000. Poultry diseases Paki• stan and Gulf Economist (Karachi). cember 11-17, 2000 294.Alam, S.M,, M.A. Khan. 2000. All the 267.Ansan, R. et al.."Trees as biological August 28-Seotember 3., Vol. XIX foods, the world requires. Pakistan pumps in waterlogged saline soils. No. 35:44-45 r,c and Gulf Economist (Karachi). De• Proc. 2 National Seminar on 279.Alam, S.M. 2C00. Agriculture sce• cember 25-31, 2000. "Drainage in Pakistan". Univ. of Ag- nario in South Asia. Pakistan and ric. Faisalabad. 18-19 April, 2001. Gulf Economist (Karachi). Septem• 295.A!am, S.M. 2000. Population growth pp. 409-417. ber 4-10., Vol. XIX No. 36: 30-31. and Pakistan. Pakistan and Gulf Economist (Karachi) December 25- 258. Ansan, R et al. (2001), "Afforestation 280Alam, S.M. 2000. Mendel's break 31,2000. of Problem land. Proc. National through in Genetics. Pakistan and 296Alam S.M. 2001 Croc-logging tech• Seminar," Prospective of forestry in Gulf Economist (Karachi) Septem• nique in sugarcane. Pakistan and New Millennium. April 17-19, Kara• ber 18-24., Vol. XIX No. 38: 44. Gulf Economist (Karachi). January 1- chi. Pakistan, pp. 99-102 281.Alam, S.M. 2000. Challenges and 14, 2001. 259.Ahmad, M. and F.F. Jamil.(2000), vision for the future. Pakistan and 297.Alam, SM 2001. Energy and agri• "Standardization of inoculation tech• Gulf Economist (Karachi). October 9- culture. Pakistan and Gulf Economist niques for red rot resistance in sug• 15, Vol. XIX No. 41; 19-20. (Karachi). January 22-28, 2001. arcane; in "Plant Diseases of eco• 282Alam, S.M. and M.A Khan. 2000 All 298.Alam. S.M. 2001. Poverty phenome• nomic importance and management" the foods, the world requires. Paki• non in Pakistan. Pakistan and Gulf Proc. 2nd Natl. Conf. Plant Pathol. stan Gulf and Economist (Karachi). Economist (Karachi). January22-28. (Sept. 27 -29, 1999, Univ. of Agri., Vol. XIX. No. 52. Dec. 25-31. 37-38. 299.Alam, S.M., and M.A. Khan. 2001. Faisalabad), S.M. Khan, R.A. Cho- 283Alam, S.M. 2000. Modern biotech• Radiation and food preservation. 52 Pakistan and Gulf Economist 317 Alam, SM 2001 Agriculture in Bradyrlrzobium spp for nodulation (Karachi) January 29-February 4, 2001 Pakistan Gulf and Econom st on Vigna radiata', Biol Fert Soil 35 Vol. XX No 4 pp 18 (Karachi). May 21-June 3. Vol XX (5) 382-386 300 Alam S M 2001 Pakistan ana eco• No 21-23. pp. 21-26 329 Haq I et al(2001) Mutation of As- nomic crops productivity Pakistan 318 Alam SM and R Ansari. 2001 Wa• pergillus niger for hyperproduction of and Gulf Economist (Karachi) ter crisis and its management Paki• citric acid following fermentation of "February 12-18, Vol XX No 6 pp. stan Gulf and Economist (Karachi) blackstrap molasses ". World J Mi• 18 May 21-June 3 Vol XX, No 21-23 crobiol Biotechnol 17 35-37 301 Alam, SM MA Khan 2001. Coun• pp 26-30 330 Khan SA.et al(2000) "Molecular tries of world and their total number 319 Alam SM and R Ansari 20C1 phylogeny of Gossypium species by of provinces Insight February, pp Global Warming Pakistan Gulf and DNA fingerpnnting Tneo Appl 20. Economist (Karachi) June 11 - June Genet 101 (5/6) 931-938 302 Alam, S M and M A Khan 2000 17 Vol XX, No 24 pp 39-41 331 Latif F and MI Rajoka (2001) Wheat - An important agricultural 320 Alam, SM and M.A. Khan 20C1 "Production of ethanol and xylitol crop of Pa< stan Foodage Mango- An important fruit of Pa