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The Facts and Risks of Building Stiegler's Gorge Hydropower Dam In REPORT 2017 THE TRUE COST OF POWER THE FACTS AND RISKS OF BUILDING STIEGLER’S GORGE HYDROPOWER DAM IN SELOUS GAME RESERVE, TANZANIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The two reports were independently written by Barnaby Dye and Joerg Hartmann. WWF WWF is one of the world’s largest and most experienced independent conservation organizations, with over 5 million supporters and a global network active in more than 100 countries. WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by conserving the world’s biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. The designation of geographical entities in this report, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WWF concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Published in July 2017 by WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund), Gland, Switzerland. Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. © Text 2017 WWF All rights reserved Design: Louise Clements Design Ltd WWF International Avenue du Mont-Blanc 1196 Gland, Switzerland www.panda.org Cover image: Fishing boat in Kilindoni harbour, Mafia Island, Tanzania. The proposed Stiegler’s Gorge dam will have far reaching risks that extend over 180 kilometres to the rich fisheries off the Rufiji Delta and Mafia Island. Up to 200,000 people’s livelihoods could be impacted by the hydropower project. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 WWF introducing the two reports THE STIEGLER’S GORGE HYDROPOWER DAM PROJECT 10 A Briefing Report for WWF Barnaby Dye, University of Oxford THE STIEGLER’S GORGE HYDROPOWER PROJECT 36 Rapid Assessment of Risks to the Selous World Heritage Site and the Rufiji-Mafia-Kilwa Marine Ramsar Site Biographies 54 © Greg Armfield / WWF INTRODUCTION SELOUS GAME RESERVE AND STIEGLER’S GORGE SELOUS GAME RESERVE IS A WORLD HERITAGE SITE. SINCE 2014 IT HAS BEEN INSCRIBED ON THE LIST OF WORLD HERITAGE IN DANGER PRIMARILY BECAUSE OF ELEPHANT POACHING FOREWORD FROM WWF INTERNATIONAL However the World Heritage These research pieces do highlight a committee has raised additional number of issues that are relevant to DIRECTOR GENERAL MARCO LAMBERTINI concerns about industrial pressures the dam and need to be considered. on the Game Reserve. These include The current discussion around the dam extractive concessions and a is centers on the footprint of the dam hydropower dam at Stiegler’s Gorge. and reservoir but has not examined the wider impacts downstream on WWF is working alongside partners people’s livelihoods and the economic to help deliver the Tanzanian consequences of building this dam as government’s plan to prevent opposed to the alternatives contained poaching in the Selous Game in the Tanzania Power System Master Reserve. This involves delivering Plan (2016 update). an Emergency Action Plan to help Selous Game Reserve be taken off By releasing these reports WWF the List of World Heritage in Danger. hopes it will encourage debate about In addition to this WWF wants to the full effects of building a dam in develop sustainable use of resources Stiegler’s Gorge. As set out in Tanzanian and livelihoods for the communities law a Strategic Environmental next to it and those affected by Assessment will have to be carried out the Stiegler’s Gorge for example and this should be supported by a range downstream of the Selous on the of studies to ensure the Tanzanian Rufiji River. government can make a wise choice about its power generation for its Earlier this year WWF people and economy. commissioned consultants to carry out two pieces of research It should be noted that recent into Stiegler’s Gorge. One looked at discussions between the Tanzanian the background to it, including the and Ethiopian governments have not stakeholders involved. The other mentioned the Brazilian company piece of research was a Odebrecht although at the time of rapid assessment of the potential writing the reports in this publication impacts from constructing the the company was strongly associated hydropower dam in Stiegler’s with the dam. WWF is not aware of the Gorge. This publication includes status of Odebrecht or Ethiopia these two reports. in relation to building the dam. The True Cost of Power 4 © Greg Armfield / WWF The True Cost of Power 5 INTRODUCTION WWF POSITION that he wanted Stiegler’s Gorge to STIEGLER’S be built to provide power to help Selous Game Reserve is a driver Tanzania develop. GORGE IS for sustainable development giving long-term benefits to Tanzania and Stiegler’s Gorge is located in the LOCATED IN THE its people Tanzania needs increased Selous Game Reserve, a World energy to help drive its development. Heritage Site. An estimate for the SELOUS GAME The government has set out its 2025 land inundated by the resulting energy vision in the Tanzania Power reservoir behind the dam is 2 RESERVE, System Master Plan (2016 update). 1,200km meaning it would be the largest reservoir in East Africa. A WORLD WWF opposes developments in Protected Areas that negatively There are wider impacts beyond 2 HERITAGE SITE impact on their ecological core the physical inundation of 1,200km values – in the case of World of land and the construction of Heritage Sites this is called its the dam that must be considered. Outstanding Universal Value. The There will be increased erosion IUCN mission in February 2017 downstream, the potential to dry identified that the construction of out lakes that are important for Stielger’s Gorge would impact on the wildlife tourism, reduced fertility ecology of the Selous and livelihoods of farmland downstream and the beyond the protected area’s borders. retreating of the Rufiji Delta and potential collapse of the fish, WWF commissioned research prawn and shrimp fisheries found into the Stiegler’s Gorge project there. This could negatively impact that strongly indicates significant over 200,000 livelihoods as impacts both inside and outside mentioned below. of the Selous, on local economies, people’s livelihoods as well as IT IS IN CONFLICT WITH THE environment. As the project PRINCIPLES OF WORLD HERITAGE continues to be promoted WWF is calling for rigorous, transparent CONVENTIONS THAT TANZANIA research to be carried out as part of a HAS SIGNED Strategic Environmental Assessment Selous Game Reserve is already for the Selous catchment area as listed under “properties in danger required under Tanzanian law. The by the World Heritage Convention results should be made public to due to increased poaching. allow a discussion and evaluation Government of Tanzania has of the true benefits to Tanzania. prepared an Emergency Action Plan and Desired State of SUMMARY OF REPORT FINDINGS Conservation Report that shows A hydropower dam at Stiegler’s how Tanzania will address poaching Gorge has been presented as issues and lift the Selous Game an energy generating option for Reserve out of that list. The planned Tanzania since the 1960s. Up to dam construction will not reduce recently while the dam has been pressure on Selous Game Reserve. highlighted as a silver bullet to solve Since 2009 the proposals for a Tanzania’s energy needs there has hydropower dam there has been been no serious drive to build it in raised as a concern by IUCN the short term. However, it is now and UNESCO’s World Heritage listed in the Tanzania Power Committee (WHC). Over the last System Master Plan (2016 update), decade calls for it to be abandoned to be built by 2035. In June 2017 have increased. This culminated President Magufuli stated publically in Istanbul in 2016 with the WHC The True Cost of Power 6 decision stating its ‘utmost concern and of the largest mangrove forest about the ongoing Stiegler’s Gorge in East Africa, and reduced fish, dam project despite a high likelihood shrimp and prawn fisheries in the of serious and irreversible damage delta and off shore. to the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the property’. In addition IT WOULD RISK NEGATIVELY the WHC adopted a position against IMPACTING ON OVER 200,000 large dams and reservoirs within PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOODS its properties. The impact on Tanzania’s largest Following their mission to the Selous river would affect many ecosystem in February 2017 the IUCN is now services it provides. It would affect calling the project ‘fatally flawed’ tourism in Selous downstream in because of the impact on the ecology some of the most abundant wildlife of the Selous and the impact on areas in the game reserve. These livelihoods beyond the protected impacts could also negatively area’s borders. They have called on affect a further 200,000 peoples’ Tanzania to ‘permanently abandon’ livelihoods, such as farmers and it. This wording is included in the fishermen, as far away as the Rufiji 2017 WHC draft decision: delta and the islands beyond. Considering the high likelihood THE IMPACT of serious and irreversible IT WOULD JEOPARDISE THE ON TANZANIA’S damage to the Outstanding INTEGRITY OF THREE GLOBALLY Universal Value (OUV) of the SIGNIFICANT PROTECTED AREAS property resulting from the LARGEST Stiegler’s Gorge Hydropower Not only would the Selous RIVER WOULD project, and noting the inclusion World Heritage Site be impacted of the project in the updated 2016 by the creation of a 1,200km2 AFFECT MANY national Power System Master reservoir within it but also the Rufiji- Plan, strongly urges the State Mafia-Kilwa Marine Ramsar Site ECOSYSTEM Party to permanently abandon would be threatened.
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