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Unseen, Unforgotten

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NEVER-BEFORE-PUBLISHED IMAGES FROM THE ARCHIVES OF UNSEEN. UNFORGOTTEN. Black and white images, captured with an unflinching eye, endure as reminders of Alabama’s not-so-distant past: Freedom Riders who defied segregation huddling at a Birmingham May 15, 1961, bus station after a mob attack; the first black graduate of the Birmingham The Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, center, and a group University of Alabama walking in solitude across campus on of Freedom Riders discuss plans at Birmingham’s Greyhound Terminal after drivers refused to carry her first day of classes; National Guard troops with unsheathed them farther. One day earlier, a bus was bombed in Anniston and passengers on a second bus bayonets in rural Sumter County; a teenage marcher arrested were beaten in Birmingham. The Freedom Riders were student activists and other volunteers who with hundreds of others on the streets of Birmingham; challenged segregation on interstate buses and in bus terminals. Later, these riders caught the grieving mother of a child killed by a bomb. a plane out of Birmingham to New Orleans. Surrounding Shuttlesworth, clockwise from left, These Birmingham News photographs of the are Ed Blankenheim, Charles Person, Ike Reynolds, James Peck, the Rev. Benjamin Cox civil rights movement have not been seen by the public. and two unidentified Freedom Riders. NEWS FILE Until now. SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2006 | S E C T I O N E SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2006 | 2E CHALLENGING SEGREGATION | 1956-1961 BIRTH OF A MOVEMENT Years after the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the doctrine of “separate but equal” in 1954, laws in Alabama and Birmingham still kept blacks and whites apart in classrooms and waiting rooms, on playing fields and on city buses. The Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth was beaten as he tried to enroll his children in a white high school, and his home was bombed on Christmas, the day before he integrated Birmingham buses. But as the words in one civil rights anthem say, Shuttlesworth just kept on a-walkin’, kept on a-talkin’, marching up to freedom land. Dec. 26, 1956 Six days after a U.S. Supreme Court ruling took effect ordering Montgomery city buses to integrate, the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth and others challenge the law in Birmingham by joining white passengers on a city bus. Shuttlesworth boarded the bus hours after a bomb exploded alongside his Collegeville house. NEWS FILE/ROBERT ADAMS Spring 1957 Members of the Ku Klux Klan rally in East Lake. At the time, the state’s fourth-grade textbooks said this about the Klan: “The loyal white men of Alabama saw they could not depend on the laws or the state government to protect their families. They had to do something to bring back law and order, to get the government back in the hands of honest men who knew how to run it.” NEWS FILE/WILLIAM PIKE June 5, 1956 April 4, 1961 The Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth preaches at Sardis Baptist Church in A single, dangling lightbulb and a Birmingham on the night he helped to start the Alabama Christian coal-burning stove show the conditions Movement for Human Rights — a week after Alabama Attorney in some black schools in Jefferson General John Patterson outlawed the NAACP. The church “was County. Birmingham schools were not packed,” Shuttlesworth said later. “The thing you have to remember integrated until September 1963. is that I was challenging the whole segregation law. I was saying what I wanted to say, and I was screaming against segregation.” NEWS FILE/ED JONES NEWS FILE/TOM HARDIN About this section The previously unpublished photographs in this section were researched by Alexander Cohn, a former photo intern at The Birmingham News. The archived images represent the work of several former Birmingham News photographers who covered the civil rights movement. Photographers: Robert Adams, Don Brown, Norman Dean, Anthony Falletta, Tom Hardin, Jack Hoppes, Lou Isaacson, Ed Jones, Tom Lankford, Vernon Merritt, William Pike and Tom Self. Text: Barnett Wright and Jeff Hansen. Page design: Napo Monasterio. SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2006 | 3E March 6, 1957, Bridging the divide Lamar Weaver, an early supporter of civil rights, greets the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth and his wife, Ruby, in the whites-only waiting room at Birmingham’s train depot, Terminal Station. One day earlier, the Alabama Public Service Commission ruled that the waiting rooms must remain segregated. Minutes after this The confrontation photo was taken, police ejected Robert E. Chambliss, center, was among 100 white Weaver from the waiting protesters who arrived later in an attempt to block room, and he was attacked by Shuttlesworth from entering Terminal Station, according a mob of more than 100 white to published reports. Chambliss was convicted in 1977 of protesters. The Shuttlesworths murder in Birmingham’s Sixteenth Street Baptist Church later boarded a train. bombing, which killed four girls in 1963. NEWS FILE/ROBERT ADAMS NEWS FILE/ROBERT ADAMS Finally, an attack “This is a good day to die,” Lamar Weaver recalled hearing as attackers hurled a brick through the window of his Cadillac convertible and tried to overturn the car outside Terminal Station. Weaver said he was later arrested for reckless driving, running a red light and striking a pedestrian. He was fined $25 and was told to leave Birmingham, which he did. NEWS FILE/ROBERT ADAMS April 19, 1956 During sentencing for the 1956 beating of entertainer Nat “King” Cole at Municipal Auditorium, which is now Boutwell Auditorium, Jesse Mabry, E.L. Vinson, Mike Fox and Orliss Clevenger cover their faces inside a Birmingham courtroom. Each received the maximum sentence of 180 days in jail plus fines. Cole was not injured but canceled several subsequent tour dates in the South and went home to Chicago. NEWS FILE Oct. 28, 1958 Signs of segregation were common. At the Birmingham jail, the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth encounters barriers as he posts bail after being arrested for sitting in the white section of a city bus. NEWS FILE SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2006 | 4E-5E FREEDOM RIDERS | 1961 THE ROAD TO CHANGE May 24, 1961, near Cuba, Ala. May 17, 1961 National Guard troops protect a Trailways bus carrying Freedom Riders near the Mississippi state line as it travels from Montgomery to Jackson, Miss., on U.S. 80 outside of Cuba. The troops were called out after prolonged violence in Montgomery. While being taken to jail, Freedom Riders sing in the rear of a Birmingham paddy wagon. NEWS FILE/NORMAN DEAN From right are Carl Bush, William Harbour and Rudolph Graham. Police said the men were arrested “for their protection.” Later that night, they were taken to the Alabama-Tennessee state line and released. Freedom Rider Catherine Burks Brooks said that Police Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor personally dropped them off and told the group not to come back. May 15, 1961 NEWS FILE Freedom Rider Genevieve Hughes reads about an attack on a Greyhound bus in Anniston. Hughes, inside the Birmingham Greyhound Station, had been a passenger on that bus, which was firebombed. Aides to the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth picked up Hughes and other Freedom Bold volunteers — Freedom Riders — challenged the custom of segregation in 1961 after the Riders in Anniston and gave them a ride to Birmingham. Greyhound refused to carry Freedom Riders farther. Freedom Rider Supreme Court outlawed segregation in interstate bus and railroad stations. Bus riders, black and Esther Bergman, left, joins Hughes at the station. NEWS STAFF/ED JONES white, set out from Washington; their arrival in Alabama met with violence. Mobs attacked several buses, firebombing one in Anniston. In Birmingham and Montgomery, whites beat some riders and federal marshals had to be called out to prevent attacks. A Birmingham News front page headline asked, “Where were the police?” May 17, 1961 A Greyhound May 19, 1961 bus driver faces Jim Zwerg opens the door for fellow Freedom Rider Paul Brooks as they passengers waiting enter the Birmingham Greyhound Station. Zwerg and Brooks were arrested May 17, 1961 at the Birmingham coming into Birmingham from Nashville. They were separated from other Greyhound Station riders, but rejoined the group two days later. Their contingent of Police cover the windshield of a Greyhound bus carrying Freedom Riders from Nashville at the as Freedom Riders Freedom Riders later left for Montgomery, where Zwerg Birmingham depot. Police said they did it for the riders’ safety because a mob are held aside by was beaten unconscious and hospitalized for several days. had gathered around the bus station. Birmingham police. NEWS FILE NEWS FILE NEWS FILE SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2006 | 6E April 8, 1963 April 6, 1963 Customers sit at a downtown Birmingham lunch counter, which closed Birmingham Police Commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor, surrounded rather than change its “whites-only” policy. The Southern Christian by media, points as marchers are arrested outside the federal courthouse Leadership Conference had come to Birmingham with a plan to on Fifth Avenue North. A series of marches and mass demonstrations integrate downtown businesses, and protesters staged over the next five weeks led to hundreds of arrests. sit-ins in defiance of segregation laws. NEWS FILE/ROBERT ADAMS NEWS FILE/LOU ISAACSON CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE | 1963 THE WORLD TAKES NOTICE May 7, 1963 Birmingham police arrest Parker High School student Mattie Howard in front of the Carver Theatre. Youths became an integral part of the civil rights movement when the Children’s Crusade began on May 2. The plan was for college and high school students to demonstrate, but many came with their younger brothers and sisters. Howard’s arrest came during the sixth day of the Children’s Crusade. Photos of her arrest appeared in several publications outside Alabama.
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