A Principle – Practice Gap in the UK Sports Sector Christiaens, M
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Towards Mainstreaming: A Principle – Practice Gap in the UK Sports Sector Christiaens, M. Submitted version deposited in Coventry University’s Institutional Repository Original citation: Christiaens, M. (2018) Towards Mainstreaming: A Principle – Practice Gap in the UK Sports Sector . Unpublished PhD Thesis. Coventry: Coventry University Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Some materials have been removed from this thesis due to Third Party Copyright. Pages where material has been removed are clearly marked in the electronic version. The unabridged version of the thesis can be viewed at the Lanchester Library, Coventry University. Towards Mainstreaming: A Principle – Practice Gap in the UK Sports Sector By Matej Christiaens November 2018 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Library Declaration and Deposit Agreement Forename: Family Name: Matej Christiaens Student ID: Faculty: Award: 5289264 Faculty of Business and Law Ph.D. Thesis Title: Towards Mainstreaming: A Principle – Practice Gap in the UK Sports Sector Freedom of Information: Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) ensures access to any information held by Coventry University, including theses, unless an exception or exceptional circumstances apply. In the interest of scholarship, theses of the University are normally made freely available online in the Institutions Repository, immediately on deposit. You may wish to restrict access to your thesis for a period of up to three years. Reasons for restricting access to the electronic thesis should be derived from exemptions under FOIA. (Please also refer to the University Regulations Section 8.12.5) Do you wish to restrict access to thesis/submission: No Please note: If your thesis includes your publications in the appendix, please ensure you seek approval from the publisher first, and include their approval with this form. If they have not given approval, they will need to be removed from the version of your thesis made available in the Institutional Repository. If Yes please specify reason for restriction: Length of restriction: Does any organisation, other than Coventry University, have an No interest in the Intellectual Property Rights to your work? If Yes please specify Organisation: Please specify the nature of their interest: Signature: Date: 22/11/18 For Doctoral College and Centre for Research Capability and Development use Date Final Thesis Submitted Date of Thesis release to Library Certificate of Ethical Approval Applicant: Matej Christiaens Project Title: Mainstreaming of disability sport This is to certify that the above-named applicant has completed the Coventry University Ethical Approval process and their project has been confirmed and approved as Medium Risk Date of approval: 08 February 2017 Project Reference Number: P41425 Certificate of Ethical Approval Applicant: Matej Christiaens Project Title: Towards Mainstreaming: A Principle – Practice Gap in the UK Sports Sector This is to certify that the above-named applicant has completed the Coventry University Ethical Approval process and their project has been confirmed and approved as Medium Risk Date of approval: 23 July 2018 Project Reference Number: P43080 Abstract In the UK alone, over 13 million people have some form of disability which is set to increase in the future as a result of an aging population (Department for Work & Pensions 2018). While disability is extremely diverse, PWD have historically been marginalised and excluded from the rest of society based on the perception that they are, as a result of their impairment, different from the norm (Oliver and Barnes 2012). This is particularly true for the sport sector where sports for people with disabilities have traditionally been organised in a segregated manner from mainstream sport provision. Moreover, PWD remain the biggest underperforming group in terms of sport participation with 16.8% compared to almost 40% of the nondisabled (Sport England 2018). Contemporary policies attempt to address this gap through mainstreaming, which is the inclusion of people with disabilities in a nondisabled environment and the provision of services for people with disabilities by nondisabled organisations. However, people with disabilities continue to participate less than other sections of the population and seldom find their way into the mainstream sport sector as the survey conducted for this research show that less than 2% of sport club membership is someone with a disability, it can be argued that contemporary mainstreaming policy has failed. Therefore, this thesis explores the principle-practice gap that exists between the ambition of mainstreaming policy and action in the field. To gain a better understanding of the components underpinning the principle-practice gap, a conceptual framework was developed. This conceptual framework uniquely introduces the concept of ableism and integrates the target audience. Furthermore, this research adopts a dual method approach that utilises both a survey and in-depth interviews. The survey was conducted with grassroots sport clubs of both athletics and swimming. The Interviews were informed by a stakeholder analysis that identified the key actors of the implementation of mainstreaming policy in the sport sector. Aided by the conceptual framework, this research shows the difficulties faced in relation to the implementation of mainstreaming policy in the UK grassroots sport sector. One key finding is the limitation caused by disability illiteracy in the sport sector and broader society in general. It is assumed that the historical background of disability in combination with disability illiteracy are important underlying causes of the prevalence of ableism in society. This is heavily evidenced by the prioritisation of nondisabled sport over sport for PWD in addition to a lack of understanding in what constitutes accessibility and a lack of knowledge and experience of coaches with coaching PWD. Furthermore, this study highlights the differences between policy intent and the expectations of the target audience. However, the study also highlighted a positive change in attitudes towards disability and mainstreaming, in particular the ideas of creating a mutual identity based on sport rather than on the distinction between being disabled or nondisabled and the establishment of hybrid sport clubs are promising for the future. This thesis attempted to bring together the socio-political fields of sport and disability studies. Through the combination of these fields, and by grounding them in a robust conceptual framework, it is hoped that this research will add positively to the literature and raise awareness regarding the issues faced by people with disabilities seeking to participate in sport. Keywords: Mainstreaming, policy implementation, sport policy, disability sport, grassroots sport, United Kingdom, athletics, swimming, ableism I Dedication Dedicated to the memories of my grandparents, Oma and Pepe; Maraine and Bompapa, who were wonderful people that managed to bring a flair of magic to this world. I will beat the odds I can go the distance I will face the world Fearless, proud and strong (Hercules, Disney) II Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the help afforded to me during the process of this research. Firstly, thank you to the individuals who gave their time and showed interest in the study and agreed to be interviewed, without your support and participation this project would not have been possible and our understanding of mainstreaming poorer. I am grateful to the Centre for Business in Society of Coventry University who provided me with a full-time scholarship that allowed me to do this PhD. I also gratefully acknowledge their financial support that allowed me to attend international conferences and doctoral schools. A very special gratitude goes to my supervisory team for their patient guidance, encouragement and advice. They never lost faith and remained supportive throughout my doctoral journey. Special thanks goes to Dr Ian Brittain who provided me with opportunities to work on various research projects and to participate in doctoral schools all over the world; Dr Benoit Seneaux who engaged me in teaching opportunities; and Dr Donna Wong whose positivity helped me with staying motivated. Lastly, I would like to thank my amazing family for their support and encouragement throughout my study. Especially my parents who have supported me throughout the choices I have made, even when they led me thousands of miles away from home. III Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... I Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... II Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................... III List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................