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Towards Better Estimates of Carbon Stocks in Bornean Logged-Over Dipterocarp Forests

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Towards Better Estimates of Carbon Stocks in Bornean Logged-Over Dipterocarp Forests THÈSE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’INSTITUTE DES SCIENCES ET INDUSTRIES DU VIVANT ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT – AGROPARISTECH N° : 2018AGPT0008 En Spécialité : Écologie, Evolution, Ressources Génétique, Paléobiologie École doctorale GAIA – Biodiversité, Agriculture, Alimentation, Environnement, Terre, Eau – n°584 Portée par l’Université de Montpellier Unité de Recherche Forêts et Sociétés (CIRAD) Titre de la thèse : Vers une meilleure estimation des stocks de carbone dans les forêts exploitées à Diptérocarpées de Bornéo Présentée par Andes Hamuraby ROZAK Le 29 novembre 2018 Sous la direction de M. Plinio SIST (Directeur de thèse) et M. Karsten RAULUND-RASMUSSEN (Co-Directeur de thèse) Devant le jury composé de Mme. Alexia STOKES, Directeur de Recherche, INRA, France Président Mme. Michelle Amy PINARD, Professor, University of Aberdeen, Royaume Uni Rapporteur M. Yves LAUMONIER, Chercheur, CIFOR, Indonésie Rapporteur M. Markku KANNINEN, Professor, University of Helsinki, Finlande Examinateur M. Thomas NORD-LARSEN, Associate Professor, University of Copenhagen, Danemark Examinateur M. Plinio SIST, Chercheur HDR, CIRAD, France Invité M. Karsten RAULUND-RASMUSSEN, Professor, University of Copenhagen, Danemark Invité UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PhD Thesis Andes Hamuraby Rozak Towards better estimates of carbon stocks in Bornean logged-over Dipterocarp forests Supervisors: Plinio Sist Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen Submitted on: 13 Sepember 2018 Towards better estimates of carbon stocks in Bornean logged- over Dipterocarp forests Andes Hamuraby ROZAK A thesis presented for the dual degree Doctorat AgroParisTech and Doctor of Philosophy University of Copenhagen Ècole Doctorale GAIA, AgroParisTech, France PhD School of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Presented and defended on 29 November 2018 This 2 thesis was funded by the Education, Audiovisual, and Culture Executive Agency of the European Commission under the Erasmus Mundus Joint Doctorate Programme (EMJD) Forest and Nature for Society (FONASO) Host institutions : CIRAD UPR Forêts et Sociétés Campus International de Baillarguet TA C-105/D 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France AgroParisTech Campus d’Agropolis International 648 rue Jean-François Breton 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France University of Copenhagen Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management Rolighedsvej 23 1958 Frederiksberg Copenhagen Denmark 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... 14 List of acronyms .......................................................................................................................... 16 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Résumé (français) ....................................................................................................................... 18 Resumé (Danks) .......................................................................................................................... 20 Publications ................................................................................................................................ 21 1 General introduction .......................................................................................................... 22 1.1. Tropical forests and carbon issue ................................................................................ 23 1.2. On the importance of production forests ................................................................... 24 1.3. Assessing C stocks in tropical forests .......................................................................... 27 1.4. Methods to estimate C stocks in tropical forests........................................................ 33 1.5. The overview of the Bornean forest ........................................................................... 35 1.5.1 Logging practices in Borneo ....................................................................................... 36 1.6. Study objective, research question, and hypothesis .................................................. 37 1.7. Thesis outline .............................................................................................................. 39 2 How do we estimate deadwood stocks in disturbed forests? A carbon stocks assessment study in Bornean logged forests ................................................................................................ 40 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 41 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 42 2.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................... 43 2.2.1 Study site ............................................................................................................. 43 2.2.2 Study design ........................................................................................................ 44 2.2.3 Volume and mass estimation of deadwood........................................................ 45 2.2.4 Deadwood specific density .................................................................................. 46 2.2.5 Tree biomass estimation ..................................................................................... 47 2.2.6 Litter stocks ......................................................................................................... 47 2.2.7 Data analysis ........................................................................................................ 47 2.3 Results ......................................................................................................................... 49 2.3.1 Deadwood stocks ................................................................................................ 49 2.3.2 Methods comparison for deadwood measurement ........................................... 50 2.3.3 Number of sampling units and effort needed to efficiently estimate deadwood 52 2.3.4 Above-ground carbon stocks .............................................................................. 53 2.3.5 C stocks estimations ............................................................................................ 56 4 2.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 57 2.4.1 Methodological considerations to assess deadwood stocks in logged forests ... 57 2.4.2 Minimal sample size and effort to estimate deadwood ..................................... 58 2.4.3 Variability of total C stocks in logged forests ...................................................... 58 2.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 60 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... 60 Complementary Figures .......................................................................................................... 61 Supplementary Information .................................................................................................... 63 3 The imprint of logging on tropical forest carbon stocks: a Bornean case-study .............. 78 Abstract ................................................................................................................................... 79 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 80 3.2 Materials and methods ............................................................................................... 81 3.2.1 Study site ............................................................................................................. 81 3.2.2 Experimental design ............................................................................................ 81 3.2.3 Logging intensity and C stocks ............................................................................ 82 3.2.4 Data analyses....................................................................................................... 84 3.3 Results ......................................................................................................................... 85 3.3.1 Total C stocks in a logged forest .......................................................................... 85 3.3.2 Drivers of C pools ................................................................................................ 90 3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 90 3.4.1 C stocks in logged forests and its driver .............................................................. 91 3.4.2 Implications for sustainable forest management ............................................... 92 3.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 92 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... 93 Supplementary Table .............................................................................................................
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