Historic Structures Survey of City of Hampton
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
HISTORIC STRUCTURES SURVEY OF CITY OF HAMPTON, VIRGINIA Draft by Stephen Del Sordo Preservation Planner, MAAR Associates Final Edits by Thomas W. Bodor and Erin Moyer The Ottery Group, Inc. Submitted To: Virginia Department of Historic Resources 2801 Kensington Avenue Richmond, Virginia 23221 Submitted By: The Ottery Group 1810 August Drive Silver Spring, Maryland 20902 April 2008 ABSTRACT Beginning in late 2006, and extending to 2007, a project by The Ottery Group on behalf of the City of Hampton and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) was undertaken to complete and correct a comprehensive survey of historic resources within the City of Hampton, Virginia. The project involved editing and completing previously compiled documentation forms, checking maps and photographic labels, and completing the final survey report. The project also included the documentation of a minimum of fifteen historic resources at the reconnaissance level, and preparation of a scripted PowerPoint presentation about the history and architecture of the City of Hampton. Beginning in late 1999, and extending to 2001, a comprehensive survey of historic resources within the City of Hampton, Virginia was undertaken on behalf of the City and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources. During the execution of this survey, MAAR Associates, Inc. research staff surveyed a total of 221 historic resources located throughout the city. Of these, twenty were recorded to the Intensive level and 201 were recorded to the Reconnaissance level (193 were new additions to the survey record and eight were updates of buildings previously surveyed). In addition, properties over the age of fifty years were circled on topographic maps, but not recorded on DSS forms. Seventeen architectural sites were recommended as eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, as were three historic districts, Pasture Point, Phoebus and East Pembroke Avenue. Recommendations for further study and for preservation planning in the City of Hampton are also presented. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Principal Investigator and Project Manager for the Ottery Group’s portion of the survey project was Thomas Bodor, Director of Cultural Resources for The Ottery Group, Inc. Rebecca Howell Crew served as Senior Architectural Historian, completing and correcting the DSS files of previously surveyed resources, performing survey activities, and producing the survey report. Erin Moyer also served as Architectural Historian, completing and correcting DSS files of previous surveyed resources, performing survey activities, and producing the survey report. Aaron Levinthal also assisted with the project, assessing the status of DHR’s files on each property. Camille Agricola Bowman, Architectural Historian, was our project liaison from the Tidewater Regional Office of the VDHR. Susan Smead, Survey Program Manager, also assisted us from the VDHR offices in Richmond. Quatro Hubbard, Jeff Smith, and Drury Wellford in the DHR Archives provided technical assistance. Michael Canty Director of Neighborhoods and Communities for the City of Hampton, served as our local contact and identified the resources to survey in this phase of the project. For the previous survey, Principal Investigator and Project Manager was Ronald A. Thomas, President of MAAR. Mr. Stephen Del Sordo, AICP, Preservation Planner, was in charge of all data gathering, and research and survey activities. Ms. Mary Ruffin Hanbury, Architectural Historian, was project liaison from the Tidewater Regional Office of the VDHR. Margaret T. Peters, Survey Manager, also assisted from the VDHR offices in Richmond. Caroline Butler, AICP, Planner with the City of Hampton Planning Division, was the county liaison and afforded continuous assistance throughout the survey project. A number of other individuals were cited by MAAR, Jessica Billy, assisted by Diane Puleo, undertook computer inputting on survey forms. Ms. Puleo, graduate student at the University of Delaware’s Center for Historic Architecture and Design, also ably helped with historic site evaluation and analysis. Ms. Billy and Mr. Thomas edited the various project documents. Richard L. Green and Robert F. Hoffman assisted with mapping, graphic rendering, and production tasks. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………………i Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... vi 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Project Purpose and Survey Goals .................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Survey Coverage and Study Area ..................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Survey Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.1 Background Research ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 On-Site Survey ................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.0 HISTORIC CONTEXTS .................................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Introduction to Historic Contexts ................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Native Americans (to 1607) ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 European Settlement to Society (1607-1750) ............................................................................................. 11 2.4 Colony to Nation (1750-1789) ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.5 Early National Period (1789-1830) ................................................................................................................ 18 2.6 Antebellum Period (1830-1860) ..................................................................................................................... 21 2.7 Civil War (1861-1865) ..................................................................................................................................... 23 2.8 Reconstruction (1865-1880) ........................................................................................................................... 28 2.9 Growth (1880-1900) ........................................................................................................................................ 31 2.10 Modern City of Hampton (1900-1950) ......................................................................................................... 36 3.0 REPRESENTATIVE BUILDING TYPES OF THE CITY OF HAMPTON .......................................... 39 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Domestic/Residential Buildings .................................................................................................................... 39 3.3 Non-Residential Buildings and Structures .................................................................................................... 47 3.3.1 Military/Defense ....................................................................................................................................... 47 3.3.2 Education ................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.3 Government/Law/Political .................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.4 Religious/Social Structures ..................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.5 Commerce/Trade ..................................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.6 Settlement Patterns: Neighborhoods ..................................................................................................... 51 3.3.7 Architectural/Landscape/Community Planning ................................................................................. 52 3.3.8 Industry/Processing/Extraction ............................................................................................................ 54 3.3.9 Transportation/Communication ...........................................................................................................