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Ethiopian Migrants and Community-Level Educational “Development from Abroad:” Ethiopian Migrants and Community-level Educational Development in Ethiopia This dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Education of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Selam Gerzher-Alemayo June 2010 © 2010 Selam Gerzher-Alemayo. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled “Development from Abroad:” Ethiopian Migrants and Community-level Educational Development in Ethiopia by SELAM GERZHER-ALEMAYO has been approved for the Department of Educational Studies and the College of Education by Francis E. Godwyll Assistant Professor of Educational Studies Renée A. Middleton Dean, College of Education 3 ABSTRACT GERZHER-ALEMAYO, SELAM, Ph.D., June 2010, Curriculum and Instruction, Cultural Studies. “Development from Abroad”: Ethiopian Migrants and Community-level Educational Development in Ethiopia (193 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Francis E. Godwyll This dissertation research explores how Ethiopians living in the United States network to support community-level educational development in their community of origin. A qualitative case study of Awlaelo Schools Alumni Association (ASAA), an organization whose members come from Kilte-Awlaelo located in Tigray, Ethiopia discloses how the group is networking, fundraising, evaluating and monitoring educational programs they support in their community of origin while living abroad. Fifteen participants were purposefully selected for interviews. The study also used participant observations and focus group discussions. ASAA members are leveraging existing resources within their group and community of origin to accomplish their objectives and goals. Their work is done through one hundred percent volunteerism and their major networks are their friends, families, and community members all of whom raise funds, gather information from their community of origin, and make decisions. Educational and economic programs that promote self-sufficiency are among the resources that many students in Ethiopia are lacking. The ASAA members have taken a role to help and collaborate with their community of origin to enhance the overall educational resources. Approved: __________________________________________________________ Francis E. Godwyll Assistant Professor of Educational Studies 4 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the Ethiopian children and youth especially the girl-child struggling to attain education and make a difference in their life, for they are the leaders of tomorrow. 5 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Francis Godwyll who spent his precious time and effort to give suggestions for improving my research and encouraged me throughout this research. His professionalism and heartfelt encouragements is appreciated. I also extend my sincere appreciation to my dissertation committee, Dr. Jerry Johnson, Dr. Diane Ciekawy, and Dr. David Moore for their feedback and support. I want to thank my family and friends for their tremendous support, encouragement and love. I also want to thank ASAA members who have supported and contributed their time and experiences to the study. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowlegements ............................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter One: Introdcution ................................................................................................ 11 Statement of the Problem .............................................................................................. 20 Purpose of the Study ..................................................................................................... 21 Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 21 Significance of the Study .............................................................................................. 21 Delimitation .................................................................................................................. 22 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 23 Definition of Terms ...................................................................................................... 23 Organization of the Study ............................................................................................. 24 Chapter Two: Literature Review ...................................................................................... 26 The Context of Ethiopia ................................................................................................ 26 Political Situation ...................................................................................................... 27 Economic Situation ................................................................................................... 29 Social Structure ......................................................................................................... 30 Educational Situation .................................................................................................... 32 The History of Education in Ethiopia ....................................................................... 33 7 Ethiopians in the United States ..................................................................................... 36 Networking from Abroad .......................................................................................... 40 The Concept of Development ....................................................................................... 42 Community Level Development ............................................................................... 45 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................. 46 Social Network Theory ............................................................................................. 46 Organizational Theory .............................................................................................. 48 Chapter Three: Methodolgy .............................................................................................. 50 Case Study .................................................................................................................... 53 Site Selection ................................................................................................................ 55 Selection of Participants ............................................................................................... 56 Sources of Data ............................................................................................................. 57 In-depth Interviews ................................................................................................... 57 Participant Observation ............................................................................................. 61 Focus Group Interviews ............................................................................................ 65 Unintended Focus Group Discussion ........................................................................ 66 Document Analysis ....................................................................................................... 70 Appreciative Inquiry ..................................................................................................... 73 The Researcher ............................................................................................................. 75 Timeline ........................................................................................................................ 77 Chapter Four: Discussion of Findings .............................................................................. 79 Background of Participants ........................................................................................... 80 8 What Contexts Gave Rise to the Formation of ASAA In North America? .................. 85 Community Network ................................................................................................ 90 Educational Development ......................................................................................... 96 Educational Facilities ................................................................................................ 98 Students and Teachers Award ................................................................................. 103 Female Student Encouragement ............................................................................. 106 Prosperity of a Nation: Students ................................................................................. 108 Personal Experiences .................................................................................................. 115 Community Development ....................................................................................... 119 What are the Basic Operational Structures of the ASAA? ......................................... 122 Informal ..................................................................................................................
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