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Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Institute of Regional and Local Development Studies ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE OF REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIES AN ASSESSMENT OF BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF HOUSEHOLD RAINWATER HARVESTING PONDS IN KILTE AWLAELO WOREDA, EASTERN TIGRAY • By !l'li"nJi'BREGIORGIS JULY, 2007 ADDIS ABABA ~ 4 /) '/)).:,- 4' A., <I " 1 \;.j)I) '. ) I ' I C' • t , .-1 ,],'...} . ll/l'r' ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY "':; '-< , ;',\/'/'; "':.1/,' SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES <Y INSTITUTE OF REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT STUDIE~ AN ASSESSMENT OF BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF HOUSEHOLD RAINWATER HARVESTING PONDS IN KILTE AWLAELO WOREDA, EASTERN TIGRAY A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Regional and Local Development Studies (RLDS) By: Melete Gebregiorgis Approved by Board of Examiners Signature 1 _________________ Advisor 3, /h(/eJ.--. Avlui. Internal Examiner External Examiner Acknowledgment I would li ke to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor Dr. Woldeamlak Bewket for his overall guidance and constructive comments on the draft without whic h this paper would not have come into fruition. [ profusely thank my family: Adey, Kidu, Gere a nd Haima for providing me with endless support, care and love in the course of my studies and a lways! My gratitude a lso goes to Yemane Belay a nd Asfaw Desta whose unreserved and continuous assistance made my field research not only possible but also comfortable a n d m emorable. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to my friends for being a lways there whenever I needed their material, moral and emotional support. I would also like to thank the staff members of Ki lte Awlalo Woreda Agricultural Office, Administration Officials, Development Agents a nd enumerators at the stu dy sites whose inva luable contribution made my fi eld exercise successful. Fina lly, my gratitude goes to a ll the people who directly a nd indirectly contributed for the successful completion of this thesis . May God bless you and be with you a ll! .~ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgemen t ... .... ......... .............................. .. .. ......................... Table of Content........ ..... ..... .. ....... ... ... .. .. ...... ... ... .. ............ ................ 11 List of Ta bles .. .. .. ... .... .. .. .. ... .... ... ................................. .. .............. .. .... IV Lis t of Figures..................... ... ... ..... ... ... ....... ...... ... ...... ...................... IV List of Plates .... ................ .. ... .............. .. .. ...................... ... .. .......... .... V Abbreviations a nd Acronyms .. ........ .......... .. .. ........................ .............. v Glossary of Lo cal Terms.. .... ................ .. .... ... ... ..... .. ................ ... ........ VI Abstract. .. ............. ............... .... .. .. ....................... .... .. .. ... ....... ........... V 11 Chapter One: Introduction ...................... .... .. ..... ... .. .......... ..... ..... ..... 1 1.1. Background of the Study .. .... ........ .............. .. ............ .......... l.2. Statement of the Problem........ ..... .. ...... .. .. ............... ............ 6 l.3. Objectives of the S tudy.... .. .. ... ... .. .. ............ .................. .. ... 8 1.4. Research Questions....... ........ ..... .. .. .. ......................... ..... .. 8 l.5. Signifi cance of the Study.. .... ......... ............ .. .... .................. lJ l.6 . Research Methodology ............. .. .. .. ............... ... ....... .. ... .. ..... 10 l.6. l. Selection of Survey Sites .... ........ ...... .. ............. ...... 10 1. 6.2. Sampling Method ............................................. ...... 10 l.6.3. Methods of Data Collection.... ..... .... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ...... 11 l.6.4. Data Ana lysis .................... .. ................. .. ... ............ 13 l.7 . Scope and Limitations of the Study ..................................... 13 1.8. Organization of the Paper............ ................ .. ................ ..... 15 Chapter Two: Literature Review and Conceptual Framework. .... .... 16 2 .1 The Basis of Ra inwater Harvesting .......... ........................ .... 16 2 .2 Rainwater Ha rvesting: An overview...... ....................... ......... 20 2 .3 Classification of Ra inwater Harvesting Technologies and Systems .. .... .... .. ...... ...... ..... ... .... ..... ... .. .... .................. 22 2.4 The Role of Rainwater Ha rvesting.............. ..... ........... ...... .... 27 2.4.1 Socio-Economic Benefits.. .......... .. .......................... 28 II 2.4.2 Environmental Benefits ........ .. ..................... ..... ...... 30 2.5. Rainwater Harvesting in Ethiopia ......... ... ... ... ..................... 31 2.6 Conceptual Framework .................. .. ....................... .. .. ...... 33 Chapter Three: Background of the Study Area .... .... .. ............ .. .. .. .... 36 3.1 Location and Physical Setting ............................................. 36 3.2 Populatio n.... ............. ...... .. ............ ... .. ............ 38 3.3 Land u se Pattern ........... ...... ....... .... .. .. .. .. ................ .... .... 38 3.4 Production System. ............................ 40 3.5 Engageme nt in Off-Farm Activities ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ............. 41 3.6 An Overview of Ra inwater-Harvesting Ponds ........................ 42 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion ............................. .. ............. 47 4 .1 Demographic and Socio-Economic Characteristics of Sample Hou seholds .......... ................. .. ......... .. ........ .. .......... ........... 47 4.2 General Features of Sample Household Ponds ...................... 51 4.3 Ponds and Cereal Crops Production ................. ................ 53 4.4 Vegetable Production and Marketing ................................. 58 4.5 The Role of Ponds in Enhancing Household Food Security .... 66 4.6 Other Benefits Obtained From Ponds .............. .. ................. 68 4.7 Major Issues Related to Construction and Utilization of Ponds ....... ..................................... ............... ... ................ 70 4.7.1 Site Selection and Training .................. ..... ..... ..... .... 70 4.7.2 Technical Aspect and Implementation ..................... 73 4.7.3 Labour Availability ............ ....................... ........... .... 76 4.7.4 Material Availability ........ ..... ... ....... .. ...... .......... ...... 77 4.7.5 Health Issues .................. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ....................... 81 4.7.6 Construction Cost .............. .................... ...... .. ........ 82 4.8 Perception of Farmers Towa rds Ponds ........................... ...... 85 Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation ........... 89 References ..... ................................... 93 Annex III LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1: Mean monthly rainfall in millimeter........ ............... ... ... .... 36 Table 3.2: Physical characteristics of Negash and Mai-Quiha ..... .......... 37 Table 3.3: Land Use Pattern in Kilte Awl aelo woreda .................. .. .. .... 39 Table 3.4: Livestock availability in 2005/ 06 ... .................................... .41 Table 3 .5 : Rainwater harvesting structures in Kilte Awlaelo woreda ...... 44 Table 3.6: Types of ponds in Negash and Mai-Quiha ............................ 45 Table 4.1: Demographic characteristics of sample h ousehold s ..... ... .... 47 Table 4 .2: Average livestock ownership of sample households ................ 50 Table 4.3: Percentage of sample ponds by type of lining ......................... 52 Table 4.4: Average grain production per house hold ..... .............. .... ... ... .. 54 Table 4.5: Tota l grain produced by u s ing pond wa ter as supplementary wa ter source ...... ................. ...... ......... .. 57 Table 4.6 : Average annual vegetable and spices production of sample households ..... .......... .... .... .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... .... .. ....... .... ....... ............ .... ... 59 Table 4.7: Average income from sale of vegetables in 2005/06 ....... .. ...... .63 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 : Schematic represe ntation of rainfall partitioning in semi- a rid tropics of Sub Saharan Africa ......... ..... ........ .... ........ ............................ 18 Figure 2 .2: A conceptua l fra mework for asses sm en t of the contributions of RWH ponds ...... .. .... ...... .. ....... .. .... .... ........ ..... ... ..................... ... ... ....... .3 4 I V LIST OF PLATES Plate 4 .1: Plastic lined po nd constructed without a s ilt trap ...... ... ..... .. 72 Plate 4.2: Stone covered plastic lined pond with stairs .. ... .................... 76 Plate 4.3: Unfinished pond due to lack of cement. .............................. 79 Plate 4.4: Lack of proper storage da maged the plastic linings .............. 80 ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS CCHABA Comprehensive Community and Household Asset Building Approach DA Development Agent EGS Employment Generation Schemes HVH High Va lu e Horticulture REST Relief Socie ty of Tigray TFSCO Tigray Food Security Coordination Office FDRE Federa l Democratic Republic of Ethiopia TWRDB Tigray Wa ter Resources Development Bureau RWH Rainwater Harvesting PA Peasant Association USD United States Dollars lFSp·DPA Integrated Food Security Programme for Drought Prone Areas FFW Food for Work BC Before Christ Masl Meters Above Sea Level v MM Millimeter Hecta res Ha PSNP Productive Safety Net Program
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