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Rad1 Ological Defense ! RAD1 OLOGICAL DEFENSE VOI. IV A Manual Prepared by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project CUSSIFICATION CANCELLEDOR CHANGEOTO 12b338b , .. .... Radiological Defense, Vol. IV RADIAC An Introduction to Radiological Instruments for Military Use by D. C. Campbell, LCDR, USN This document contains information affecting national defense within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18, USC, Section 793, 794. The transmission or revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law I i , *i-j81---.- -- _I TABLE OF CONTENTS Paw V vi 1 3 4 4 ‘‘I CHAPTER 7‘ 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 I 12 13 13 14 CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 19 19 CHAPTER 21 22 2 5 CHAPTER 27 CH.4 I’TE R 29 CHAPTER 31 31 32 33 35 35 36 39 41 41 43 43 iii 12b3388 Page 45 47 48 50 51 55 57 59 59 63 64 69 70 79 81 REFERENCES-- 83 APPENDIX I. 85 87 89 iv 1253389 - 45 , 47 A 48 : INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS 50 : Pare Page 51 Figure 1. Work is under way to develop satisfac- Figure 40. Checking meat for alpha contamination 55 . tory instriiments--_ - - - - - - - - - VI11 n-ith a poppy-type portable propor- 57 Figure 2. Gamma ray absorption _______._---_-_4 tional counter ______ __ __ ____ ____ ___ 49 Figure 3. Laboratory type electroscope ____ - - - - - _ 7 Figure 41. Geiger counter in use with beta shield Figure 4. Pocket dosimeter ______._______._____8 open to increase detection sensitivity 59 Figure 5. Reading the pocket dosimeter_._______ 8 in checking for ground contamination- 51 59 Figure 6. Charging a pocket dosimeter______. ___ 8 Figure 42. Ionization chamber being used for 63 Figure 7. Schematic drawing of quartz fibre survey gamma survey work by a shipboard instrument-_--__-_-_-------------- 9 damage control team ______ __ _____ - - 53 64 '. Figure 8. Personnel pocket chamber- - - - - - - - - - - - 10 Figure 43. Individual dosimetry.___ ____ ___ __ ___ 53 69 Figme 9. Wearing a pocket chamber ______ ______ 10 Figure 44. Helicopter ground monitor _______ - __-_ 54 70 Figure 10. Charging and reading the pocket Figure 45. Decontamination- __ -.. - - - -___- - - --- 54 79 chamber ..................... ~ .___10 Figure 46. Checking hand contamination ___-----_ 55 81 Figure 11. Alpha-Beta-Gamma portable ionization Figure 47. Laboratory- _____ - __ - ____ - - ____- - --_ 56 chamber survey meter _____ - - - - - ___ 11 Figure 48. Dosimeters and chargers ________-___-_60 83 Figure 12. Ionization chambers- - - - - -.- - - - - - - - 12 Figure 49. Electrostatic dosimeter charger PP- 85 Figure 13. Ionization chamber circuit__-_________ 13 3j4A/PD_______-_----------------61 87 Figure 14. Electrometer tubes- - - - - - -.- - -.-. - - - 14 Figure 50. Pocket chambers and charger-reader- - 62 Figure 15, Resistors for electrometer circuits___-- - 14 Fipiirc 51. Victoreen minomeler type charger- 89 Figure 16. An ionization chamber survey meter reader_.________-_---------------- 62 goes ashore during landing maneuvers- 14 Figure 52. Nuclear Instrument and Chemical Com- Figure 17. Ionization chamber survey meter- - - - - - 15 pany model 2050 charger-reader. - - - 63 - Figure 18. Gas amplification ______________-___--16 Figure 53. Radiac meter IM-7AIPD quartz fibre Figure 19. Counting chamber and circuit ________- 16 drift alpha, beta, and gamma survey I Figure 20. Pulse size as a function of voltage from a meter_______-_--_-----_---------- 63 chamber exposed to a constant energy Figure 54. 8S:PDR-T-1 gamma survey ioniza- source of radiation _____________._--17 tion chamber ___________-_--___---- 64 Figure 21. Portable proportional counter survey Figure 55. National Technical Laboratories ioni- meter_-_________-_----_----------. 20 zation chamber gamma survey meter, Figure 22. Parallel wire proportional probe- - - - - - - 20 model hIX-6 (IM-40/PD)---. - _--- - 65 Figure 23. Geiger-Mueller tube pulse- .- - - - - -.- .- 21 Figure 56. Victoreen model 2478 gamma chamber Figure 24. Geiger-Mueller tube characteristic curve- 22 survey meter (IM-B/PD)-.. ---- - ---- 65 Figure 25. Neher-Harper vacuum tube quench Figure 57. Tracerlab Cutze Pie (Ih1-5IPD) - - - - -_- 66 .. circuit-- __ - - -.- - - -.- - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Figure 58. National Technical Laboratories model Figure 26. Tubes for portable Geiger-Mueller hlX-2 beta-gamma survey meter-- - - 66 counters------------------.-----.- 23 Figure 59. Rauland Zeus _.__-__-____-______----67 Figure 27. Laboratory Geiger tubes ___.- -... - - -. - 24 Figure 60. The AN/PDR-BO(XK-l), an experi- Figure 28. Diagrammatic sketch of a portable Geiger- mental model military .%?us_________ 68 Mueller Survey Meter ___.__.___-_.- 25 Figure 61. Victoreen high-range proterimeter- - - __ - 68 Figure 29. Geiger-Mueller counkr in me.. - - - - -.- 26 Figure 62. AS/ADR-1(SN-2) Airborne radiation Figure 30. Simplified scale of two scaling circuit--- 27 detection system- - - -.- ___ __ __ ___ - - 69 Figurec31. Schematic diagram of a scintillation Figure 63. Original poppy type portable alpha counter - - - - -.- - - -.- -..- - - - - 33 proportional counter- - - - - - - - -.- - - - - 69 _____ Figure 32. Film badge _____.._._.~ ._.-.~-~ ...-- 35 Figure 64. Xuclear Instrument and Chemical Com- Figure 33. Film badge carried in shirt pocket- - - - - 36 pany pee wee proportional alpha Figure 34. Schematic arrangement of a densitometer counter model 2111 _______________- 70 used to determine film badge readings- 36 Figure 65. AS/PDR-IO poppy type proportional Figure 35. Densitometer in use _____- ~ ----..--_-_ 37 alpha detector _____ - - _____- - __ ___ - - 70 Figure 36. Characteristic curve of a film badge Figure 66. El-Tronics model SM-3 Geiger counter emulsion - - - - -. - - - - -.- - - - - -.- - 38 f.SN/PDR-26) - - - - -.- -. - - - - - - - - - - - 72 Figure 37. Medical records- ________.______.._~ - 38 Figure 67. Kational Technical 1,ahoratories model Figure 38. Existing equipment tried during field ?JX-5 Geiger counter (IM-39/PD) - 73 problems is found to be lacking in Flgure 68. Kuclear Instrument and Chemical Com- many characteristics. ~ ~ ~ -.- - -~ - -..- 42 pany model 2610 Geiger counter Figure 39. Gamma calibration- _~____ - _______ _-_ 46 (.-1N/PDR-7) - - - -.. - - - __ - ___-- - - 73 V Pap Pa@ Figure 69. Victoreen Instrument Company model Figure 75. Geophysical Instru,ment Company mod- 263A Geiger counter (AN/PDR-5) - - 74 el 600 monitor ____________________ 78 Figure 70. Recent commercial improvements in Figure 76. Kelly-Koett model K-240 hand and portable Geiger-Mueller survey foot counter (AN/UDR-3) _________-79 meters ___________________________ 74 Figure 77. AN/UDR-10 five-channel counter for Figure 71. Geiger counters AN/PDR-S(series) ___ 76 detecting beta-gamma contamination Figure 72. Geiger counter AN/PDR-15 __________ 76 of the hands and feet ____________--80 Figure 73. Radiac set AN/PDR-27 ______________ 77 Figure 78. AN/PDR-ll(XN- ) alphasurvey meter.. 81 Figure 74. The AN/PDR-T-2 Geiger-Mueller sur- Figure 79. AN/PDR-18 gamma photomultiplier vey meter ______-_________________ 78 survey meters ..................... 82 I vi IZb33q I Page .. 78 .- 79 FOREWORD 80 81 This volume is the fourth of a series of Radiological Defense Manuals issued by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project for training purposes in 82 the Department of Defense. The objective of Volume IT7 is to present certain phases of the radiological instrumentation program in such form as to assist defense personnel in preparing themselves for the complex detection problem which must be faced during atomic warfare. Aspects of the program are presented as seen today. It is anticipated that research ard development now under way will make many of the in- struments herein described obsolete within a period of 18 months. The volume combines with the description of specific instruments a basic consideration of the mechanism of radiation detection and an indication of possible operational use, so that field personnel may be given a comprehensive picture of the role to be played by radiological instrumentation during atomic warfare. K. D. NICHOLS Major General, USA Chief, Armed Forces Special Weapons Project . JANUARY1950 vi i P viii 12b3393 m- a ., RADIATION INSTRUMENTS FOR MILITARY USE Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The development of the atomic bomb and the peutic use. radium radiographic and therapeutic possible development of radiological warfare use, isotope research and therapeutic use, cosmic agents require that future military plans contain a rav research. and investigations with high energy certain emphasis on radiological defense. Instru- accelerators. Military instruments in general ments are a basic requirement in any such defense require, in addition, an ability to withstand rough plan, since nature has not equipped man with usage under extreme weather, temperature, and senses capable of responding to nuclear radiations. geographic conditions. They should also be made Irreparable damage may be produced in high as simple rind foolproof as is possible within the ! intensity fields which cannot be recognized with- limits ol their detecting requirement. 1 out the use of suitable instruments. The field of radiological instrumentation, as it Since the first atomic bomb explosion, increas- applies to the defcnse establishment, has been ing emphasis and thought have been placed upon asqigned the namc “RADIAC”. This new word the development of instruments suitable for mili- for the military vocabulary has been taken from tary use. The instrumentation requirements are tlw initial lctters of-RAdiation, Detection, In- in many respects similar to those which hax7e been dication, And Computation. I encountered in X-ray radiographic and thera- I i I I I I ! i I I I I I 0 i i 1 1 I 6 1 I 12b33~ I I ! I I I i ! ! i t J i I; i i 3 t1: t 1 I >‘ i’” Chapter 2 RADIATION IN GENERAL 9.01 Introduction charged alpha and beta particles and to the Radiation, in the sense in which we are con- electrically neutral gamma rays. Of these radia- tions, the greatest emphasis is placed on measure- - cerned, means nuclear emissions and is not concerned with the radiations which are manifest ment of gamma rays. Table I gives some rough as radio waves, hkat, and light (1) (2).* It is comparisons of the characteristics of alpha and possible to separate these nuclear emissions into beta particles and gamma rays.
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