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Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations

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Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations Draft U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Emission Standards Division Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 August 15, 2001 EPA Contract No. 68-D6-0011 Task Order 71 This page intentionally left blank. DRAFT ii August 15, 2001 Table of Contents Page Executive Summary........................................................... xi 1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1-1 1.1 References ..................................................... 1-4 2.0 AIR EMISSIONS FROM FEEDLOT OPERATIONS ......................... 2-1 2.1 General Characteristics of Animal Feeding Operations................... 2-1 2.2 Substances Emitted .............................................. 2-3 2.2.1 Ammonia ................................................ 2-6 2.2.2 Nitrous Oxide ............................................. 2-7 2.2.3 Methane ................................................. 2-8 2.2.4 Carbon Dioxide .......................................... 2-9 2.2.5 Volatile Organic Compounds ............................... 2-10 2.2.6 Hydrogen Sulfide and Other Reduced Sulfur Compounds ......... 2-10 2.2.7 Particulate Matter ......................................... 2-11 2.2.8 Odors .................................................. 2-13 2.3 Summary of Factors Affecting Emissions............................ 2-14 2.4 References .................................................... 2-16 3.0 BEEF CATTLE FEEDING OPERATIONS ................................. 3-1 3.1 Size and Location of Industry ...................................... 3-1 3.2 Beef Production Cycles ........................................... 3-4 3.2.1 Cow-Calf Operations ....................................... 3-4 3.2.2 Backgrounding Operations .................................. 3-5 3.2.3 Finishing or Feedlot Operations ............................... 3-5 3.3 Beef Confinement Practices........................................ 3-6 3.4 Feeding Practices................................................ 3-7 3.5 Manure Management Practices ..................................... 3-8 3.5.1 Manure Collection ......................................... 3-9 3.5.2 Manure Storage, Stabilization, Disposal, and Separation .......... 3-10 3.6 Beef Model Farms.............................................. 3-12 3.6.1 Confinement ............................................. 3-13 3.6.2 Solids Separation ......................................... 3-14 3.6.3 Storage and Stabilization ................................... 3-14 3.6.4 Land Application ......................................... 3-14 DRAFT iii August 15, 2001 Table of Contents (Cont.) Page 3.7 References .................................................... 3-16 4.0 DAIRY OPERATIONS................................................. 4-1 4.1 Size and Location of Industry ...................................... 4-1 4.2 Production Cycles ............................................... 4-5 4.2.1 Mature Cows (Lactating and Dry Cows) ........................ 4-5 4.2.2 Calves and Heifers ......................................... 4-6 4.2.3 Veal Calves .............................................. 4-6 4.3 Confinement Practices............................................ 4-7 4.4 Feeding Practices............................................... 4-11 4.5 Manure Management Practices .................................... 4-12 4.5.1 Dairy Manure Collection and Transport ....................... 4-13 4.5.2 Manure Storage, Stabilization, and Separation .................. 4-15 4.6 Dairy and Veal Model Farms...................................... 4-18 4.6.1 Dairy Model Farms ....................................... 4-18 4.6.2 Veal Model Farms ........................................ 4-24 4.7 References .................................................... 4-26 5.0 SWINE FEEDING OPERATIONS........................................ 5-1 5.1 Size and Location of Swine Industry ................................. 5-1 5.2 Swine Production Cycles .......................................... 5-2 5.3 Swine Confinement Practices ...................................... 5-7 5.4 Swine Manure Management Practices................................ 5-9 5.4.1 Collection Practices ....................................... 5-10 5.4.2 Swine Manure Storage and Stabilization ....................... 5-11 5.4.3 Swine Manure Land Application ............................. 5-16 5.4.4 Swine Mortality .......................................... 5-16 5.5 Swine Model Farms............................................. 5-18 5.5.1 Confinement ............................................. 5-19 5.5.2 Storage and Stabilization ................................... 5-19 5.5.3 Land Application ......................................... 5-20 5.6 References .................................................... 5-21 DRAFT iv August 15, 2001 Table of Contents (Cont.) Page 6.0 POULTRY FEEDING OPERATIONS..................................... 6-1 6.1 Broilers........................................................ 6-1 6.1.1 Size and Location of the Broiler Industry ....................... 6-2 6.1.2 Broiler Production Cycles ................................... 6-4 6.1.3 Broiler Confinement ....................................... 6-6 6.1.4 Broiler Manure Management ................................. 6-6 6.1.4.1 Broiler Manure Collection ............................ 6-7 6.1.4.2 Broiler Manure Storage ............................... 6-8 6.1.5 Mortality Management ...................................... 6-8 6.2 Laying Hens.................................................... 6-9 6.2.1 Size and Location of the Table Egg Industry .................... 6-10 6.2.2 Layer Production Cycles ................................... 6-12 6.2.3 Layer Confinement Practices ................................ 6-12 6.2.4 Layer Manure Management ................................. 6-14 6.2.5 Mortality Management ..................................... 6-16 6.3 Turkeys....................................................... 6-16 6.3.1 Size and Location of Turkey Industry ......................... 6-16 6.3.2 Turkey Production Cycles .................................. 6-20 6.3.3 Turkey Confinement Practices ............................... 6-20 6.3.4 Turkey Manure Management ................................ 6-21 6.3.5 Mortality Management ..................................... 6-21 6.4 Poultry Model Farms ........................................... 6-22 6.4.1 Confinement ............................................. 6-23 6.4.2 Storage and Stabilization ................................... 6-24 6.4.3 Land Application ......................................... 6-25 6.5 References .................................................... 6-26 7.0 LAND APPLICATION ................................................. 7-1 7.1 Methods of Land Application ...................................... 7-2 7.1.1 Surface Application ........................................ 7-2 7.1.2 Incorporation ............................................. 7-3 7.1.3 Injection ................................................. 7-4 7.2 Emissions from Land Application................................... 7-4 7.2.1 Short-Term Emissions ...................................... 7-5 7.2.2 Long-Term Emissions ...................................... 7-6 7.3 References ..................................................... 7-8 DRAFT v August 15, 2001 Table of Contents (Cont.) Page 8.0 EMISSIONS FROM MODEL FARMS..................................... 8-1 8.1 Development of Emission Factors From Literature Sources............... 8-1 8.2 Other Methods Used to Calculate Emissions ........................... 8-5 8.2.1 Ammonia ................................................ 8-6 8.2.2 Nitrous Oxide ............................................. 8-7 8.2.3 Hydrogen Sulfide ......................................... 8-11 8.2.4 Methane ................................................ 8-12 8.2.5 Volatile Organic Compounds ............................... 8-16 8.3 Estimation of Nitrogen, Sulfur, And Volatile Solids Produced in Manure . 8-18 8.3.1 Daily Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Volatile Solids Excretion Rates ....... 8-18 8.3.2 Calculation of Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Volatile Solids Excreted Annually ................................................ 8-19 8.4 Emission Factors and Estimates from Model Farms .................... 8-23 8.4.1 Beef Model Farms ........................................ 8-25 8.4.2 Veal Model Farms ........................................ 8-25 8.4.3 Dairy Model Farms ....................................... 8-27 8.4.4 Swine Model Farms ....................................... 8-33 8.4.5 Poultry Model Farms ...................................... 8-33 8.5 Comparison of Emission Estimates to Manure Characteristics ............ 8-40 8.6 References .................................................... 8-43 9.0 SUMMARY OF EMISSION CONTROL METHODS ......................... 9-1 9.1 Particulate Matter Emission Controls ................................ 9-2 9.1.1 Water Application ......................................... 9-8 9.1.2 Oil Application............................................ 9-9 9.1.3 Modification of Feed Handling and Delivery System ............. 9-10 9.1.4 Filtration ............................................... 9-11 9.1.5 Ionization ............................................... 9-12 9.1.6 Wet Scrubbing ........................................... 9-13 9.1.7 Covering of Manure Stockpiles .............................. 9-14 9.2
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