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Yossef Nachmani and the Galilee, 1935Œ1941

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Yossef Nachmani and the Galilee, 1935ÂŒ1941 Spiel Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft spiel Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft Jg.. 30 (2011), Heft 1 Peter Lang Frankfurt am Main · Berlin · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Wien Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISSN 2199-8078 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2012 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. www.peterlang.de spiel Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft Jg. 30 (2011), Heft 1 Auf dem Weg zu einer Narratologie der „Geschichtsschreibung“ Towards a Historiographic Narratology Herausgegeben von / edited by Julia Nitz (Halle) & Sandra Harbert Petrulionis (Altoona) Siegener Periodicum zur Internationalen Empirischen Literaturwissenschaft Herausgeber dieses Heftes / Editors of this issue: Julia Nitz & Sandra Harbert Petrulionis Inhalt / Contents SPIEL 30 (2011), H. 1 Julia Nitz, Sandra Harbert Petrulionis (Halle/Altoona) Towards a Historiographic Narratology: Résumé 1 Penelope Frangakis (Athens) The Role of the Historian as an Author/Narrator: The Case of Herodotus’s The Histories 7 Stephan Jaeger (Winnipeg) Poietic Worlds and Experientiality in Historiographic Narrative 29 Hanna Meretoja (Turku) An Inquiry into Historical Experience and Its Narration: The Case of Günter Grass 51 Alun Munslow (Dodsleigh) The Historian as Author 73 Julia Nitz (Halle) In Fact No Fiction: Historiographic Paratext 89 Yair Seltenreich (Upper Galilee) Personal Diaries as Historical Narratives: Yossef Nachmani and the Galilee, 1935-1941 113 Beverley Southgate (London) “All their Feet on the Ground”?: Tidy (Hi)stories in Question 131 RUBRIC Norbert Groeben (Heidelberg) Empirisierung (in) der Literaturwissenschaft: wissenschaftsinterne und -externe Dynamiken 151 Thomas Wilke (Halle) Mashup-Kultur und Musikvideos. Aktuelle Entwicklungen audiovisueller Auflösung und Verdichtung in Mashup-Videos 159 SPIEL 30 (2011) H. 1, 113–130 10.3726/80121_113 Yair Seltenreich (Upper Galilee, IL) Personal Diaries as Historical Narratives: Yossef Nachmani and the Galilee, 1935–1941 Yossef Nachmani erwarb in den 1920er und 1930er Jahren im palästinensischen Mandatsgebiet arabisches Land für jüdische Siedlungen. Über drei Dekaden hinweg notierte er seine Aktivitäten in Tagebüchern. In seinen Einträgen verbindet sich seine persönliche Geschichte eng mit der „Geschichte“ der zionistischen Bewegung. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, durch eine Analyse verschie- dener Aspekte des faszinierenden Zusammenspiels dieser beiden Erzählebenen genauer zu be- leuchten, welche Art der Interaktion zwischen Juden und Arabern in Palästina in den turbulenten 1930er Jahren stattfand, und auf welche Ursachen, insbesondere hinsichtlich ethischer und ideologischer Werte und Ansichten, sich dies zurückführen lässt. Die Tagebücher Nachmanis, als private/persönliche Erzählungen, sind sowohl auf soziologischer als auch auf psychologischer Ebene authentische und ungewöhnliche Zeugen der „Geschichte von unten” (“history from below”), die einen Einblick in die Befindlichkeiten und Vorurteile der arabischen und jüdischen Bevölke- rungsgruppen im Palästina der 1930er Jahre erlauben. Nachmani’s Diaries as Historical Narrative In this article, I intend to show how a personal narrative is able to contribute to a better understanding of a historical process despite its subjectivity. I shall base my argument on the personal diaries of Yossef Nachmani written between 1935 and 1941. Nachmani took an active and significant part in the purchase of private Arab lands for Jewish national institutions prior to the creation of the state of Israel. I will locate apparently particular events and attitudes reflected in the narrative within a larger framework. The voice of the narrator in the diaries is seen as an expression of hidden, or perhaps subconscious, conceptions that were common to the Jewish mainstream in Palestine at that time. The contribution of the narrative to the understanding of historical processes therefore lies not in the events it describes but rather in the verbal expression of latent states of mind at a given historical moment. The issue concerning the unclear demarcation line between literary narrative and historiography has been raised through last decades by various researchers such as Hayden White (1973) or Ricœur (1983). I shall point here very briefly at only some elements that contribute to this confusion. They all concern the very problematic transmission (or, should we rather say, interpretation?) of historical “facts” (the very existence of which is rather problematic) in the form of a narrative. Such a transmission is necessarily connected with the personal involvement of the narrator in the historical episode, his or her retrospective evaluation of past events, or the moral significance which s/he attributes to those events. In other words, it is impossible to only narrate what 114 Yair Seltenreich “happened,” and the historical narrative necessarily becomes a subjective interpretation, a “limited” narrative. In that way, the historical narrative projects sentiments and interpretations from the personal onto the public level. The narrator may attribute different significances to himself through the historical narrative, either as a participant (such as in Yossef Nachmani’s case) or as an interpreter. We may take as an example the classic book of Henry Kissinger (1964) about the Congress of Vienna, a book that reproduces both the narrative of the victory of European conservatism and that of the author’s concept of diplomacy. The book has two heroes: Metternich, the historical personality, and Kissinger himself as a narrator. Indeed, it is not by mere chance that Kissinger later tried to adopt many of Metternich’s methods when he served as U.S. Secretary of State from 1973 to 1977. Kissinger’s book also reflects the tendencies of historical narratives, particularly biographies, to concentrate on elites – political, social, or cultural. We should notice that when the narrator is not a leading personality but part of the rank and file, and formulates the narrative from a peripheral point of view, both the plot and its interpretations are seen from a particular angle, which gives partial emphasis both of facts and of their interpretations. It might be seen as a variation of the meta-narrative. The result reflects, for example, an alternative approach to normative concepts created by the elites. Such a phenomenon can be witnessed through the self-redefinition of schoolteachers’ roles in remote villages in the Galilee during the initial period of Jewish settlement (cf. Dror 2007). In other words, a peripheral narrative can highlight hidden emotional processes generated by macro-historical developments. Personal narrative is often transmitted through memories, a personal diary, or a series of letters (cf. von der Heyden-Rynsch 1997), which necessarily bear an intimate undertone. These private writings, combined with a historical context, formulate a kind of historical narrative in which personal experience is naturally emphasized. Since this article is based on a personal diary, we should consider briefly some aspects related to the characteristics of such a source. In a diary, the events and the narrative are synchronic, that is with no historical perspective. Moreover, because in fact the narrative never “ends,” the plot emphasizes the experiential and emotional elements that become a central factor in the narrative. Manipulative interpretations, either planned or unconscious, are of course possible. They draw from psychological and social, but mainly cultural sources and may appear in the form of judgment, based on generalizations, prejudices, or non-critical interpretations of a fixed set of values. Thus each diary turns into an internal dialogue, in which we find side-by-side retrospective consideration of generalized situations and auto-retrospections, where the role of the narrator tends to be examined through an apologetic spectrum. When the context is national, as in our case, the generalizations might include, for instance, pre-conceived interactions between “Jewish,” “Arab,” and “British” stereotypes, while the apologetic approach is reflected through positive comparisons between the narrator and his or her national group. In a previous article (Seltenreich 2005), I have examined the personal diaries of Yehuda Antebi, a rural schoolteacher in Galilee Jewish settlements. Antebi, a religious conservative who lived in a non-observant community, struggled through his diaries to find the balance between differing interpretations of national terminology given by him Personal Diaries as Historical Narratives 115 versus those of local farmers, such as the significance of “the land of Israel.” A common factor between them was finally found through mutual hostility to two “other” groups: a national group, represented by the Arabs, and a sociological group, comprised of the cooperative
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