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Day After Night

Dramaturgy Dictionary

Compiled by Mikaley Osley

8/30/12

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Table of Contents

Camps/Kibbutz ...... 3

Historical Context ...... 9

WWII/Holocaust History ...... 11

Food/Plants ...... 12

Politics ...... 16

Judaism ...... 18

Language/Slang/Terms ...... 21

Places/Locations/Journies...... 22

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Camps/Kibbutz

Alonim—A kibbutz in northern Israel, in 1947 the population was 450; an orchard and dairy farm, known for manufacturing flutes

Atlit Detainee Camp—A detention camp established by the British Mandate to prevent Jewish refugees from entering into Palestine

Auschwitz—The largest of the German concentration camps, broken down into three camps; housed the most gas chambers where over 3 million people died there; liberated in January by Soviet troupes

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Beit Oren—A kibbutz in northern Israel, “little Switzerland”; originally served as a watch tower and camp until 1939 when it was founded by Russian and Polish immigrants who were part of the Hebrew Socialist Youth movement; hosted the 208 illegal immigrants that escaped from Atlit

Bergen-Belsen—A concentration camp in northwestern Germany that was originally established as a prisoners of war camp and turned into an “exchange camp” where Jewish hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners; it was librated on April 15, 1945

Buchenwald—The first and largest concentration camp on German soil, in Weimar, Germany, housed Elie Wiesel author of Night

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Dalia—A kibbutz in northern Israel with a population of 320 in 1947; known for its agriculture

Displaced Persons Camp—“DP camp/refugee camp”; a temporary facilities for displaces person coerced into forced migration; two years after WWII 850,000 people still lived in DP camps

Kibbutz/Kibbutznik—An Israeli community (or someone living in this Israeli community) centered and built around the agriculture of the location. They were constructed based on the Zionist idea of the homeland and the growth of the Jewish community. Spread throughout Israel, famous for different things such as manufacturing flutes, growing oranges, or producing cotton.

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Kfar Giladi—A kibbutz in northern Israel founded in 1916 known for its continuous growth of apples and avocados

Ma’abarot—A kibbutz in Israel founded in 1932 by the Hashomer Hatzair Zionists; consists mostly of farms cotton being its main crop; Nissim Nissimov was a famous musician that lived there who wrote a famous musical inspired by the Song of Songs

Negba—A kibbutz Negev, Israel with a name meaning “southward” founded in 1939 by Polish members Hashomer Hatzair; was attacked in 1948 by Arabs of Egypt and the battle went on for three months when the Israeli army finally won; the water tower still stands with bullet holes as a reminder of the battle

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Ravensbruck—A women’s concentration camp in the north of Berlin opened in 1939 containing 1000 Polish women

Theresienstat/Terezin—Thresienstat Ghetto; 150,000 Jews were held there before they were sent to their deaths on rail transports; this was the camp where the Nazi’s allowed the Danish Red Cross to come in and dispel the rumors about the concentration camps sending many prisoners to Auschwitz to minimize the crowding, repainted the rooms, and created false shops and cafés

Westerbork Transit Camp—A refugee, detention and transit camp where Dutch Jews were sent before being transferred to concentration camps (Auschwitz, Bergen-Belsen, and Thresienstadt); where Anne Frank stayed before she was taken to Auschwitz; destroyed in 1970

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Yagur—One of the two largest kibbutzim in Israel 9km south of Haifa founded in 1922 by Ahva; in 1946 the British conducted a major raid on the kibbutz and arrested many of the kibbutzniks

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Historical Context

The Andrews Sisters—A close harmony trio (LaVerne, Maxene, and Patty) in the swing era selling over 75 million records including their most famous “Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy”; they also sing “Don’t Sit Under the Apple Tree” from the movie Private Buckaroo

Calisthenics—A form of exercise consisting of a variety of simple movements without equipment designed to increase body strength and flexibility i.e. lunges, jumping jacks, sit-ups, crunches, push-ups, pull-ups, squats, dips; performed in leader-directed groups to increase group cohesion and discipline and synchronicity

Chloroform—A chemical used as an anesthetic; the vapor depresses the central nervous system and can cause fatal cardiac arrhythmia (sudden sniffer’s death)

Claudette Colbert—An American actress born in France, one of the leading female actresses of screwball comedy and the highest paid cinema actress in the 1930s

DDT Powder—An insecticide used to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops

Diaspora—“The movement, migration or scattering of people away from an established or ancestral homeland”, “people settled far from their ancestral homelands”; sense of displacement where the population finds itself separated from its national territory and usually its people have a hope or desire to return to their homeland

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Groucho Marx—An American comedian and film/TV star; master of quick wit and became famous for his looks i.e. mustache, glasses, and cigar

Hebrew University—Israel’s second-oldest university and houses the world’s largest Jewish studies library; established through the Zionist movement

Laurel and Hardy—An American double comedy act, Oliver Hardy (large American) and Stan Laurel (slim Englishman), known for their slapstick comedy

Private Buckaroo—An American musical film about army recruits where the song “Don’t Sit Under the Apple Tree” by Sam Stept sung by the Andrew Sisters, originated: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5u8E4s57I0

Samuel Stept—An American songwriter who has written for film, television, and Broadway, focusing mostly in pop and jazz. He wrote “Don’t Sit Under the Apple Tree” performed by the Andrews Sisters in the movie Private Buckaroo

University of Aberdeen—The third oldest university in Scotland located in Aberdeen founded in 1495

Walkie Talkie of 1945—The first radio receiver/transmitter nicknamed “Walkie Talkie”, a backpacked Motorola SCR-300 developed in 1940

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WWII/Holocaust History

Boxcar—A goods van, a railroad car that is enclosed and generally used to carry general freight; livestock is often transported but it is said that there is inadequate air ventilation; Nazi used these to transport Jews to the concentration camps; on average, forty soldiers can fit comfortably or eight horses

Final Solution—Nazi Germany’s plan and execution of the systematic genocide of European Jews, the most deadly phase of the Holocaust

Gas Chamber—An apparatus for killing humans for animals with gas (hydrogen cyanide); used as a part of the “public euthanasia program”; killed several million people 1941-1945 and could kill 2,000 people at once

Kapo—Prisoner functionary; a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp who was assigned by the SS guards to t supervise forced labor or carry out administrative tasks in the camp

Lampshade—The term used for when Nazi soldiers would scalp prisoners and make items (most commonly lampshades) out of their skin

Pogrom—A violent riot against Jews condoned by law enforcement characterized by killings and destruction of Jewish homes and properties, business and religious centers i.e. Kristalnacht in 1938

Slaughterhouse—Abattoir, a facilities where animals are killed

SS Blood Group Tattoo—An emblem worn by the members of the Waffen-SS to identify the individual’s blood type; a small black ink tattoo located on the underside of the left arm, usually near the armpit 7mm; an identifier after the war in finding Nazi supporters

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Food/Plants

Bougainvillea—A flowering plant common in warm climates mostly South America and the Mediterranean

Carp—A oily freshwater fish native to Europe and Asia

Challah—A braided bread eaten on Sabbath and holidays; the double loaf celebrates the manna that fell from the heavens when the Israelites wandered in the desert for forty years; loaf is woven in six strands, total of twelve, representing the tribes of Israel; on Rosh Hashanah, the bread is rolled in a circular shape symbolizing the cycle of the years and is often baked with raisins and brushed with honey

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Compote—A French dessert of fruit in sugar syrup topped with whipped cream; the syrup has various flavors such as cinnamon, cloves, vanilla, lemon etc.

Cypress—A type of tree that is common in northern temperate regions

Halva—“sweet” in Arabic; two types of dessert one with a flour base (more gelatinous) and one with a nut butter base (more crumbly); there can be many variations and bases for the dessert such as sunflower seeds, nuts, beans, lentils, and vegetables

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Henna—A flower used to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather and wool

Kuchen—German for “cake”; often a pie-like pasty with a crust and then fruity filling; can also be a rolled pastry, coffee-cake-like, or cheesecake-like

Kugel—A baked pudding or casserole commonly made from egg noodles; variations include potato and many fruits or vegetables; some believe that eating Kugel on the Sabbath brings spiritual blessings

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Samovar—“self-boiler”, a heated metal container used to heat and boil water, originally heated with coal or charcoal but then transferred to electricity

Schnapps—German for “swallow”; A distilled alcoholic beverage (liquor), clear colorless and has a slight fruit flavor; could also be considered a “shot”

Tsimmes—A traditional sweet stew made from carrots and dried fruits like prunes or raisins flavored with honey or sugar or cinnamon; part of Rosh Hashannah the carrots are sliced in rounds to symbolize the year

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Politics

The Allies—The opposition to the Axis powers during WWII (France, Poland, Russia, UK, and eventually US) that had been invaded by the Axis powers or feared the Axis were going to take over the world

Balfour Declaration—A letter from Arthur Balfour, the UK’s foreign secretary, to Baron Rothschild declaring Palestine a national home for the Jewish people

Haganah—A Jewish paramilitary organization from 1920-1948 that was in favor of the defense of Jewish settlements; later renamed Israel Defense Forces

Hashomer—An early Jewish defense organization in 1909 but ceased operations in 1920 when Haganah was created; purpose was to provide guard services for Jewish settlements freeing Jewish communities from dependence upon foreign consulates

Hashomer Hatzair—“The Youth Guard”; a Socialist-Zionist youth movement started in 1903 who focused their attention on resistance against the Nazis and then later focused on organizing the illegal immigration of Jewish refugees; had hands in the Haganah military and the Palmach

Hapoel Hatzair—“The Youth Worker”; a Zionist group from 1905-1930 with a non-Marxist socialist, Zionist agenda i.e. pacifist and anti-military instead wishing to pursue the conquest of labor and land in Palestine

The Internationale—A left-wing anthem, the Second/Socialist International’s official anthem http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DTbashsKic&feature=related

Jewish Agency for Israel—An organization in charge of immigration and absorption of Jews from Diaspora into Israel founded in 1908

Jewish Partisans—Fighters in irregular military groups in the Jewish resistance movement in WWII; often under-cover spies or escapees and helped other anti-Nazi groups

Mandatory Palestine—A entity of the British administration from 1920-1948; land east of the Jordan river was the Transjordan not controlled by the British and the land west of the river was under the British Mandate

Mazurs—A Polish ethnic group descended from the Masovians who supported the Nazi party; the 14th most common surname in Poland

Palmach—The elite fighting force of the Haganah and the underground army of the Yishuv established in 1941 until it was disbanded in 1950 when the Israel army was formed

Racial Anti-Semitism—Prejudice against Jews as a racial/ethnic group rather than Judaism as a religion

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Revisionist Zionism—A branch of Zionism devoted to “political Zionism” focused on gaining British aid for settlement and then developed violent campaigns against the British, wishing to drive them out of Palestine

RAF—Royal Air Force; the aerial warfare service branch of the British Armed Forces; the oldest independent air force in the world; Mission statement: “to provide an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person is second to none and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defense Mission”

RMP—Royal Military Police aka Redcaps; the corps of the British Army responsible for the policing of service personnel; Motto: “exemplo ducemus” (By example, we shall lead)

Yishuv—The group of Jewish residents in Palestine before the establishment of the state of Israel; Old Yishuv are those living before the aliyah or the immigration wave of 1882 and the New Yishuv are those who came after

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Judaism

Aliyah Aleph—A code name given to the limited Jewish immigration by the British Mandate that were permitted in 1934-1948

Aliyah Bet—A code name given to illegal immigrates by the British Mandate in violation of the British White Paper of 1939 from 1934-1948

Ashkenazi Hebrew—The pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew specifically for liturgical use; today it is a separate dialect than Modern Hebrew

Carmel—An ancient Israeli town in Judea with many Biblical references specifically in the book of I Samuel

Esau—The oldest son of Isaac who is known for having his birthright stolen from him by his younger brother Jacob; Jacob put sheep skin on his arms fooling his blind father into thinking he was Esau and thus relinquishing the birthright

Hatikvah—The national anthem of Israel; the lyrics are adapted from a poem reflecting the hope of the Jewish people returning to the Land of Israel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHy29bn4zeE&feature=related

Ishmael—The first son of Abraham who got expelled for teasing his half brother Isaac and Abraham only did so with God’s promise that he would make Ishmael a nation too because he was also a son of Abraham

Kaddish—A prayer magnifying and sanctifying God’s name and is often associated with “The Mourners’ Kaddish” where a prayer is said often at funerals or in times of mourning

Leshon Hakodesh—The Hebrew Language, specifically the Biblical Hebrew text rather than the Hebrew Language as a whole

Maariv—A Jewish prayer service held in the evening, after sunset, often including Full Kaddish and Mourner’s Kaddish

Ne’ila—The concluding service of Yom Kippur, when the prayers of repentance are recited and then the shofar is blown

Orthodox Judaism—The branch of Judaism that most adheres to the traditional interpretation and application of the Talmudic laws; traditional Judaism/Torah Judaism

Rabbi—rabi meaning “My Master”; a master or spiritual leader of the Torah in the Jewish religion; teachers assembled to preach and understand the written and oral laws of Judaism

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Rachel—A prophet and wife of Jacob and sister of Leah; Jacob worked for seven years for Rachel hand only to be tricked into marrying Leah, her sister, and then had to work another seven years for her hand

Rebecca—The wife of Isaac and sister of Laban (the father of Rachel and Leah) and mother of Jacob

Rosh Hashanah—The Jewish New Year, the first day of the High Holy Days; a day of sounding; the traditions include the blowing of the shofar and the eating of symbolic foods such as apples dipped in honey or a honey cake to celebrate the harvest and promote a “sweet” new year

Sarah—The wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac (barren until she was much older when God promised her a child); the name itself is translated to princess and indicates a woman of high ranking

Shalom—Hebrew for peace between two entities that is commonly used as a greeting or parting words

Shema Yisrael—A prayer said in the morning and evening prayer services, often the centerpiece of the service and considered the most important prayer by many, emphasizing and reiterating the monotheism of Judaism

Shofar—A ram’s horn that is blow to shake the inner soul and to awaken one. It is blown on Rosh Hashanah is call the people to renew again

Shroud—A cloth that protects the body; traditional white hand-stitched shrouds are used for burying the dead (Shroud of Turin/Tachrichim)

Song of Songs—Canticles; A book of the Old Testament “Song of Solomon”; 117 verses; often sung on Shabbat and emphasizes the relationship of God and Israel or a husband and his wife

Sukkot—A Biblical holiday lasting seven days where Hebrews make pilgrimage to the Temple in Jerusalem 20

Synagogue—A Jewish house of prayer; originally it was the Hebrew word for “assembly”; shul (school) in Yiddish

Talmud—The central text for Judaism, a record of discussion pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, philosophy, customs and history; split into two parts: the Mishnah (Oral Law) and the Germara (Written Law)

Yiddish—A High German language originated from Ashkenazi Jewish with various dialects; written in the Hebrew alphabet; the academic language of the study of the Talmud

Yom Kippur—Day of Atonement; the holiest and most solemn day for the Jewish people centered around themes of atonement and repentance; undertake a 25-hour period of fasting and intense prayer spending a majority of the day in synagogue; the date where God permanently inscribes each person’s fate for the coming year into the Book of Life

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Language/Slang/Terms

Clarion—A Middle Ages trumpet, known to be different from the trumpet in its sound

Commando—A specific kind of soldier of military unity that specialize in assault on conventional military targets in contrast with special forces units

Emir—A title of high office in the Muslim world, typically a Prince; “commander” or “general”

Effendi—A title of nobility in the Muslim word, such as a lord or master; equivalent to the English Sir

Gentiles—A term derived from Latin to mean the peoples or nations; when the Roman Empire became Christianized the term came to mean “non-Jew”

Latvian—The official language or Lativa also known as Lettish; a Baltic language commonly related to Lithuanians

Limey—A slang nickname for the British, originally directed at their sailors, derived from the fact that sailors used to get lime juice from the Royal Navy to prevent scurvy

Prig—A term/name for a person who shows a superior knowledge and likes to instigate fights rather than fight them and thus shows off their supposed superior knowledge

Reconnaissance—A military term for exploring beyond the area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about enemy forces; also known as “recce” in Britain

Somnambulism—Sleepwalking; a sleep disorder where people arise from a slow wave sleep stage and perform various conscious activities while unconscious

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Places/Locations

A. Atlit, Israel—Setting of the novel B. Baghdad, Iraq—A place of political debate and the suspected origin of a group of the detainees C. Cardiff, United Kingdom—Captain Bryce’s home D. Danzig, Poland—Where’s Zorah’s family (cousins) live E. Grodno, Poland—Where one of the rabbi’s is from F. Haifa, Israel—The port city all the girls came through to get to Atlit G. Jezreel Valley, Israel—In a political journal Aliza reads H. Kaunas, Lithuania—One of the places Shayndel fought I. Kraków, Poland—Esther and Jacob’s home J. Landsberg, Germany—Tedi’s first Displaced Person’s center K. Lausanne, Switzerland—Esther and Jacob made their way through there, meeting up with people who talked of going to Palestine L. Marseille, France—Zorah passes through there with a Youth Guard movement M. Riga, Lativa—Where Noah decides to run away to N. Savona, Italy—Where Zorah departs from to cross the Mediterranean sea to Atlit O. Stuttgart, Germany—Where Tedi runs into Mr. Loederman at a train depot P. Suez, Egypt—Where the British want access to, a place of much political debate Q. Tel Aviv, Israel—The main city closest to Atlit, Leonie ended up working there after the break out R. Utrecht, The Netherlands—Where Tedi hid on a farm S. Vilnius, Lithuania—The forests where Shayndel fights with her troika T. Warsaw, Poland—Where Zorah is from and one of the places Shayndel runs away to 23

Tedi’s Journey (20)

A. Bloemgracht, Amsterdam B. Hiding on a farm in Utrecht C. Taken to Westerbork D. Halfway to Auschwitz E. Escaped to Landsberg DP center F. Train depot in Stuttgart; ran into Mr. Loederman (who had been in Bergen-Belsen) G. To Atlit

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Leonie’s Journey (17/18)

A. Paris (1942)—Leonie is 15—cousin and uncle taken, picked up by Madame Clos; Parisian brothel; ran away to Nunnery B. Railroad Platform south of Paris C. To Atlit

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Shayndel’s Journey (20)

A. Lived in Poland B. Runs away to Warsaw C. Fight in forests—near Vilnius D. Railroad Platform south of Paris E. To Atlit

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Zorah’s Journey (19)

A. Lived in Warsaw B. Taken to Concentration Camp—Auschwitz when she was liberated C. Train to Marseille D. Truck to Savona where she took boat to Haifa and then to Atlit

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Esther and Jacob’s Journey (6)

A. Lived in Krakow, Poland B. Sent to the outskirts of town to a cottage C. Grandparents house on the North Sea D. Coat takes them to Italy where they take a boat to Palestine