DOCSLIB.ORG

Biochemische Charakterisierung Und Bioinformatische Sequenzanalyse Plasmamembrangebundener Peroxidasen Aus Maiswurzeln (Zea Mays L.)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biochemische Charakterisierung Und Bioinformatische Sequenzanalyse Plasmamembrangebundener Peroxidasen Aus Maiswurzeln (Zea Mays L.) Biochemische Charakterisierung und bioinformatische Sequenzanalyse plasmamembrangebundener Peroxidasen aus Maiswurzeln (Zea mays L.) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades im Department Biologie der Fakultät für Mathematik, Informatik und Naturwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Angela Mika aus Bargteheide Hamburg 2005 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Abkürzungsverzeichnis IV 1. Einleitung 1 1.1 Peroxidasen . 1 1.1.1 Klassifizierung und Lokalisierung . 1 1.1.2 Struktur . 3 1.1.3 Reaktionsmechanismen und Substratspezifität . 5 1.1.4 Peroxiredoxine . 7 1.1.5 Funktionen . 8 1.1.5.1 Allgemeine Funktionen . 8 1.1.5.2 Stressinduzierte Funktionen . 11 1.1.6 Peroxidaseaktivitäten an der pflanzlichen Plasmamembran . 17 1.2 Zielsetzung . 19 2. Material und Methoden 21 2.1 Material . 21 2.2 Anzucht des Pflanzenmaterials . 21 2.3 Isolierung von Plasmamembranen . 21 2.4 Proteinbestimmung . 22 2.5 Waschen von Plasmamembranen. 23 2.6 Solubilisierung von Membranproteinen . 23 2.7 Konzentrieren von Proteinlösungen . 23 2.8 Chromatographie . 24 2.8.1 Entsalzung und Pufferaustausch . 24 2.8.2 High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) . 24 2.8.2.1 Ionenaustauschchromatographie . 24 2.8.2.2 Gelfiltration . 25 2.8.2.3 Affinitätschromatographie . 26 2.9 Analytische Gelelektrophorese . 26 2.9.1 Natriumdodecylsulfat-Polyacrylamidgelelektrophorese (SDS-PAGE) . 26 2.9.2 Isoelektrische Fokussierung . 28 2.10 Western Blotting . 29 2.11 Enzymaktivitäten . 30 II 2.12 Massenspektrometrie . 31 2.12.1 Elektrospray-Massenspektrometrie (ESI-MS/MS) . 31 2.12.2 Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization with Time of Flight Detector (MALDI-TOF) . 31 2.12.3 Computergestützte Sequenzanalyse . 32 3. Ergebnisse und Diskussion 34 3.1 Prosthetische Gruppe . 34 3.2 Charakterisierung der H2O2-abbauenden Enzymaktivitäten . 34 3.2.1 Einfluss von Effektoren auf die Peroxidaseaktivitäten . 34 3.2.2 Substratspezifität der Peroxidaseaktivitäten . 36 3.3 Charakterisierung der AOS-produzierenden Enzymaktivitäten . 38 3.3.1 pH-Optima der Peroxidase-Oxidaseaktivitäten . 38 3.3.2 Effektorsensitivitäten und Substratspezifität der Peroxidase-Oxidase- aktivitäten . 39 3.3.3 Untersuchungen zur Existenz eines putativen gp91phox-Homologs (ZmRboh1) in der PM von Zea mays L.. 44 3.4 Isoelektrische Punkte . 49 3.5 Identifizierung einer vierten pmPOX . 50 3.6 Relative molekulare Massen . 51 3.7 Glykosylierung . 53 3.8 Identifizierung der Sequenzen und bioinformatische Sequenzanalyse . 55 3.8.1 Massenspektrometrische Peptidanalyse . 55 3.8.2 In silico Cloning und bioinformatische Sequenzanalyse von pmPOX1, pmPOX2b und pmPOX3 . 57 3.8.2.1 Identifizierung und Analyse der Nukleotidsequenzen . 57 3.8.2.2 Partielle bioinformatische Analyse der Genstruktur . 67 3.8.2.3 Analyse der Aminosäuresequenzen . 68 3.8.2.3.1 Länge der Aminosäuresequenzen . 68 3.8.2.3.2 Theoretische isoelektrische Punkte, molekulare Massen und putative Glykosylierungsstellen . 68 3.8.2.3.3 Targeting . 71 3.8.2.3.4 Topologie . 74 3.8.2.3.5 Disulfidbrücken . 78 3.8.2.3.6 Aktives Zentrum und konservierte Bereiche . 78 3.8.2.3.7 Strukturelles Calcium . 78 3.8.2.3.8 Dreidimensionale Struktur . 79 III 3.8.2.3.9 Homologien . 81 3.8.3 In silico Cloning und bioinformatische Sequenzanalyse von pmPOX2a . 85 3.8.4 In silico Northern-Blot-Analyse . 90 3.9 Funktionen der pmPOX . 92 3.9.1 Eine gewebe- und/oder entwicklungsspezifische Expression . 92 3.9.2 Eine Lokalisierung der aktiven Zentren auf verschiedenen Seiten der Plasmamembran bei gleicher Funktionalität . 92 3.9.3 Eine Grob- und Feinregulierung der gleichen Substratspezifität durch verschiedene Isoenzyme . 92 3.9.4 Die Enzyme erfüllen unterschiedliche Funktionen und/oder werden in Abhängigkeit verschiedener endogener oder exogener Reize reguliert . 93 4. Ausblick 98 5. Zusammenfassung 101 6. Literaturverzeichnis 104 7. Anhang 133 8. Danksagung 134 9. Lebenslauf 135 ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS A Adenin ABTS 2,2’-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenz-thiazolin-6-sulfonsäure) AOS Active oxygen species (Aktive Sauerstoffverbindungen) APX Ascorbatperoxidase ARE Antioxidant-responsive elements (cis-Regulatorisches Element, welches die Regulation eines Gens durch oxidativen Stress vermittelt) AtPrx Arabidopsis thaliana peroxidase AU Absorbance unit (Einheit für die Extinktion) bp Basenpaar BSA Bovine serum albumin (Rinderserumalbumin) C Cytosin cDNA Complementary desoxyribonucleic acid (von einer RNA-Matrize in vitro synthetisierte Desoxyribonukleinsäure) CHAPS 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propansulfonat Con A Concanavalin A DMSO Dimethylsulfoxid DNA Desoxyribonucleic acid (Desoxyribonukleinsäure) DPI Diphenylenjodonium EDTA Ethylendiamin-N,N,N`,N`-tetraessigsäure ER Endoplasmatisches Retikulum ESI-MS/MS Electrospray Ionisation Hybrid Tandem Mass Spectrometry (Elektrospray-Massenspektrometrie) EST Expressed sequence tag (teilsequenzierte cDNA in Datenbanken) FAD Flavinadenindinukleotid FMN Flavinmononukleotid G Guanin GDPD Glycerophosphodiester-Phosphodiesterase gp91phox gp, glycosylated protein; 91, ungefähres MW des Proteins in kDa; phox, phagocyte oxidase (Coreprotein des NADPH- Oxidasekomplexes aus humanen Phagozyten) GPI Glycosylphosphatidylinositol GPX Glutathionperoxidase GSS Genome survey sequence (teilsequenzierte genomische DNA in Datenbanken) V HEPES 2-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]-ethansulfonsäure HPLC High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (Hochdruck-Flüssigkeits- Chromatographie) HRP Horseradish peroxidase (Meerrettichperoxidase) IEF Isoelektrische Fokussierung IEPexp experimentell ermittelter Isoelektrischer Punkt IEPtheor theoretischer Isoelektrischer Punkt kDa kiloDalton Konz. Konzentration MALDI-TOF Matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization, spezielle Form der Massenspektroskopie mit time-of-flight-(Flugzeit-)Analysator MES 2-[N-Morpholino]-ethansulfonsäure MWexp experimentell ermittelte molekulare Masse MWtheor theoretische molekulare Masse mRNA Messenger ribonucleic acid (Boten-RNA) NADH Nikotinsäuramid-adenin-dinukleotid, reduzierte Form NADPH Nikotinsäuramid-adenin-dinukleotid-phosphat, reduzierte Form n.d. nicht detektierbar n.m. not measured (nicht ermittelt) Nox2 NADPH-Oxidase 2; gp91phox (aus Homo sapiens) OsPrx Oryza sativa peroxidase (Datenbankeintrag von PeroxiBase) PAGE Polyacrylamidgelelektrophorese PBS Phosphate buffered saline (standardisierter Phosphatpuffer) pCMB p-Chloromercurybenzoate (4-Hydroxyquecksilberbenzoesäure) PM Plasmamembran(en) pmPOX plasmamembrangebundene Peroxidase bzw. Peroxidaseaktivität PO-ox-I,-II,-III Redoxzustände von Peroxidasen Rboh Respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Pflanzliches Homolog zu humanen NADPH-Oxidasen) RNA Ribonukleinsäure RT Raumtemperatur SDS Natriumdodecylsulfat SNP Single nucleotide polymorphism (Einzelnukleotidpolymorphismen) SOD Superoxiddismutase SPB Soybean seed coat peroxidase (Peroxidase aus Soja) SV Säulenvolumen T Thymin VI TEMED N,N,N‘,N‘-Tetramethylethylendiamin TMB Tetramethylbenzidin TRIS Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan Tritonâ X-100 t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol UTR Untranslated region (Nicht-translatierte Region) UV Ultraviolettes Licht XTT 2,3-bis(2-Methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilid ZmGDPD1 Zea mays Glycerophosphodiester-Phosphodiesterase 1 ZmPox1 Zea mays peroxidase 1 (Trivialname) ZmPrx Zea mays peroxidase (Datenbankeintrag von PeroxiBase) ZmRboh1 Zea mays respiratory burst oxidase homolog 1 3D Dreidimensional 1. EINLEITUNG Peroxidasen (EC 1.11.1.7) sind Enzyme, die in Bakterien, Pilzen, Pflanzen und Vertebraten weit verbreitet sind. Sie enthalten in der Regel Ferriprotoporphyrin IX (Häm) als prosthetische Gruppe und oxidieren die verschiedensten Substrate unter Reduktion von Wasserstoffperoxid (Welinder et al., 1996). Da ihre Katalysen häufig von auffälligen Farbreaktionen begleitet werden, wurden bereits 1855 die ersten Peroxidaseaktivitäten beschrieben (Saunders et al., 1964). Die Bezeichnung „Peroxidase“ wurde bereits 1898 durch Linossier vorgeschlagen (Gaspar et al., 1982). Inzwischen gehören diese Enzyme zu den am intensivsten und umfangreichsten untersuchten überhaupt (Acosta et al., 2002; Shigeoka et al., 2002; Hiraga et al., 2001; Obinger et al., 1996a, Penel et al., 1992). Aufgrund der Fülle an Literatur beschränkt sich die folgende Einführung in den meisten Punkten auf pflanzliche Peroxidasen. 1.1 Peroxidasen 1.1.1 Klassifizierung und Lokalisierung In höheren Pflanzen existiert eine sehr hohe Anzahl von Isoformen dieser Enzyme, d. h. Peroxidasen, welche die gleichen Reaktionen katalysieren können, sich aber in ihrer Struktur unterscheiden. So wurden in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) HEYNH, Ackerschmal- wand) allein 73 Gene identifiziert, welche für Peroxidasen kodieren (EC 1.11.1.7; Tognolli et al., 2002; Welinder et al., 2002). Zusätzlich werden jedoch durch posttranskriptionale und posttranslationale Modifikationen noch sehr viel mehr Isoenzyme gebildet (Tognolli et al., 2002; Jackson et al., 1996; Welinder et al., 1996). Neben dem Klassifizierungssystem der Internationalen Biochemischen Vereinigung, die einige Peroxidasen wie Ascorbat- (EC 1.11.1.11) oder NADH-Peroxidasen (EC 1.11.1.1) aufgrund ihrer Charakteristika aus der oben genannten Klasse ausgliedert, wurde ein übersichtlicheres und eindeutigeres System entwickelt: Nach Welinder et al. (1992) wurde die Superfamilie der bakteriellen, pflanzlichen und aus Pilzen stammenden Peroxidasen (Superfamilie 1) auf der Basis von Sequenzvergleichen in drei Klassen eingeteilt. Der Klasse I werden die intrazellulären Peroxidasen zugeordnet, welche nicht dem sekretorischen Stoffwechselweg angehören.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Activation of Microsomal Glutathione S-Transferase. in Tent-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Stress of Isolated Rat Liver
    Activation of Microsomal Glutathione S-Transferase. in tent-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Stress of Isolated Rat Liver Yoko Aniya'° 2 and Ai Daido' 'Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology , School of Health Sciences, 2Research Center of Comprehensive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-01, Japan Received May 10, 1994 Accepted June 17, 1994 ABSTRACT-The activation of microsomal glutathione S-transferase in oxidative stress was investigated by perfusing isolated rat liver with 1 mM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH). When the isolated liver was per fused with t-BuOOH for 7 min and 10 min, microsomal, but not cytosolic, glutathione S-transferase activ ity was increased 1.3-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, with a concomitant decrease in glutathione content. A dimer protein of microsomal glutathione S-transferase was also detected in the t-BuOOH-perfused liver. The increased microsomal glutathione S-transferase activity after perfusion with t-BuOOH was reversed by dithiothreitol, and the dimer protein of the transferase was also abolished. When the rats were pretreated with the antioxidant a-tocopherol or the iron chelator deferoxamine, the increases in microsomal glutathione S-transferase activity and lipid peroxidation caused by t-BuOOH perfusion of the isolated liver was prevented. Furthermore, the activation of microsomal GSH S-transferase by t-BuOOH in vitro was also inhibited by incubation of microsomes with a-tocopherol or deferoxamine. Thus it was confirmed that liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase is activated in the oxidative stress caused by t-BuOOH via thiol oxidation of the enzyme. Keywords: Enzyme activation, Glutathione S-transferase, Liver perfusion, Oxidative stress, tert-Butyl hydroperoxide Glutathione (GSH) S-transferases (EC 2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Peroxiredoxin Tpx1 Is Essential As a H2O2 Scavenger During Aerobic Growth in Fission Yeast Mo´Nica Jara,* Ana P
    Molecular Biology of the Cell Vol. 18, 2288–2295, June 2007 The Peroxiredoxin Tpx1 Is Essential as a H2O2 Scavenger during Aerobic Growth in Fission Yeast Mo´nica Jara,* Ana P. Vivancos,* Isabel A. Calvo, Alberto Moldo´n, Miriam Sanso´, and Elena Hidalgo Departament de Cie`ncies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain Submitted November 27, 2006; Revised March 16, 2007; Accepted March 26, 2007 Monitoring Editor: Thomas Fox Peroxiredoxins are known to interact with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to participate in oxidant scavenging, redox signal transduction, and heat-shock responses. The two-cysteine peroxiredoxin Tpx1 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe has been characterized as the H2O2 sensor that transduces the redox signal to the transcription factor Pap1. Here, we show that Tpx1 is essential for aerobic, but not anaerobic, growth. We demonstrate that Tpx1 has an exquisite sensitivity for its substrate, which explains its participation in maintaining low steady-state levels of H2O2. We also show in vitro and in vivo that inactivation of Tpx1 by oxidation of its catalytic cysteine to a sulfinic acid is always preceded by a sulfinic acid form in a covalently linked dimer, which may be important for understanding the kinetics of Tpx1 inactivation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that a strain expressing Tpx1.C169S, lacking the resolving cysteine, can sustain aerobic growth, and we show that small reductants can modulate the activity of the mutant protein in vitro, probably by supplying a thiol group to substitute for cysteine 169. INTRODUCTION available to form a disulfide bond; the source of the reducing equivalents for regenerating this thiol is not known, al- Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes though glutathione (GSH) has been proposed to serve as the that reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and/or alkyl hy- electron donor in this reaction (Kang et al., 1998b).
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Peroxidases and Their Applications
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 12, Issue 2, February-2021 ISSN 2229-5518 474 Microbial Peroxidases and their applications Divya Ghosh, Saba Khan, Dr. Sharadamma N. Divya Ghosh is currently pursuing master’s program in Life Science in Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, India, Ph: 9774473747; E- mail: [email protected]; Saba Khan is currently pursuing master’s program in Life Science in Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, India, Ph: 9727450944; E-mail: [email protected]; Dr. Sharadamma N is an Assistant Professor in Department of Life Science, Mount Carmel College, Autonomous, Bangalore, Karnataka- 560052. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Peroxidases are oxidoreductases that can convert many compounds into their oxidized form by a free radical mechanism. This peroxidase enzyme is produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. Peroxidase family includes many members in it, one such member is lignin peroxidase. Lignin peroxidase has the potential to degrade the lignin by oxidizing phenolic structures in it. The microbes that have shown efficient production of peroxidase are Bacillus sp., Providencia sp., Streptomyces, Pseudomonas sp. These microorganisms were optimized to produce peroxidase efficiently. These microbial strains were identified by 16S rDNA and rpoD gene sequences and Sanger DNA sequencing techniques. There are certain substrates on which Peroxidase acts are guaiacol, hydrogen peroxide, etc. The purification of peroxidase was done by salt precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, dialysis, anion exchange, and molecular sieve chromatography method. The activity of the enzyme was evaluated with different parameters like enzyme activity, protein concentration, specific activity, total activity, the effect of heavy metals, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Functional Studies of Rubrerythrin From
    STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF RUBRERYTHRIN FROM DESULFOVIBRIO VULGARIS by SHI JIN (Under the direction of Dr. Donald M. Kurtz, Jr.) ABSTRACT Rubrerythrin (Rbr), found in anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria and archaea, is a non-heme iron protein containing an oxo-bridged diiron site and a rubredoxin-like [Fe(SCys)4] site. Rbr has NADH peroxidase activity and it has been proposed as one of the key enzyme pair (Superoxide Reductase/Peroxidase) in the oxidative stress protection system of anaerobic microorganisms. In order to probe the mechanism of the electron pathway in Rbr peroxidase reaction, X-ray crystallography and rapid reaction techniques were used. Recently, the high-resolution crystal structures of reduced Rbr and its azide adduct were determined. Detailed information of the oxidation state changes of the irons at the metal-binding sites during the oxidation of Rbr by hydrogen peroxide was obtained using stopped-flow spectrophotometry and freeze quench EPR. The structures and activities of Rbrs with Zn(II) ions substituted for iron(III) ions at different metal-binding sites, which implicate the influence of positive divalent metal ions to the Rbr, are also investigated. The molecular mechanism for Rbr peroxidase reaction during the turnover based on results from X-ray crystallography and kinetic studies is proposed. INDEX WORDS: Rubrerythrin, Desulfovibrio vulgaris, NADH peroxidase, Alternative oxidative stress defense system, Crystal structures, Oxidized form, Reduced form, Azide adduct, Hydrogen peroxide, Internal electron transfer, Zinc ion derivatives STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF RUBRERYTHRIN FROM DESULFOVIBRIO VULGARIS by SHI JIN B.S., Peking University, P. R. China, 1998 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2002 © 2002 Shi Jin All Rights Reserved STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF RUBRERYTHRIN FROM DESULFOVIBRIO VULGARIS by SHI JIN Approved: Major Professor: Donald M.
    [Show full text]
  • New Automatically Built Profiles for a Better Understanding of the Peroxidase Superfamily Evolution
    University of Geneva Practical training report submitted for the Master Degree in Proteomics and Bioinformatics New automatically built profiles for a better understanding of the peroxidase superfamily evolution presented by Dominique Koua Supervisors: Dr Christophe DUNAND Dr Nicolas HULO Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Dr Christian J.A. SIGRIST University of Geneva Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics PROSITE group. Geneva, April, 18th 2008 Abstract Motivation: Peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.x), which are encoded by small or large multigenic families, are involved in several important physiological and developmental processes. These proteins are extremely widespread and present in almost all living organisms. An important number of haem and non-haem peroxidase sequences are annotated and classified in the peroxidase database PeroxiBase (http://peroxibase.isb-sib.ch). PeroxiBase contains about 5800 peroxidase sequences classified as haem peroxidases and non-haem peroxidases and distributed between thirteen superfamilies and fifty subfamilies, (Passardi et al., 2007). However, only a few classification tools are available for the characterisation of peroxidase sequences: InterPro motifs, PRINTS and specifically designed PROSITE profiles. However, these PROSITE profiles are very global and do not allow the differenciation between very close subfamily sequences nor do they allow the prediction of specific cellular localisations. Due to the rapid growth in the number of available sequences, there is a need for continual updates and corrections of peroxidase protein sequences as well as for new tools that facilitate acquisition and classification of existing and new sequences. Currently, the PROSITE generalised profile building manner and their usage do not allow the differentiation of sequences from subfamilies showing a high degree of similarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidative Polymerization of Heterocyclic Aromatics Using Soybean Peroxidase for Treatment of Wastewater
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 3-10-2019 Oxidative Polymerization of Heterocyclic Aromatics Using Soybean Peroxidase for Treatment of Wastewater Neda Mashhadi University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Mashhadi, Neda, "Oxidative Polymerization of Heterocyclic Aromatics Using Soybean Peroxidase for Treatment of Wastewater" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7646. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7646 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. Oxidative Polymerization of Heterocyclic Aromatics Using Soybean Peroxidase for Treatment of Wastewater By Neda Mashhadi A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2019 © 2019 Neda Mashhadi Oxidative Polymerization of Heterocyclic Aromatics Using Soybean Peroxidase for Treatment of Wastewater by Neda Mashhadi APPROVED BY: _____________________________ A.
    [Show full text]
  • NADH PEROXIDASE Ph
    Enzymatic Assay of NADH PEROXIDASE (EC 1.11.1.1) PRINCIPLE: NADH Peroxidase ß-NADH + H2O2 > ß-NAD + 2H2O Abbreviations used: ß-NADH = ß-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Reduced Form ß-NAD = ß-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Oxidized Form CONDITIONS: T = 25°C, pH 6.0, A365nm, Light path = 1 cm METHOD: Continuous Spectrophotometric Rate Determination REAGENTS: A. 200 mM Tris Acetate Buffer, pH 6.0 at 25°C (Prepare 100 ml in deionized water using Trizma Acetate, Sigma Prod. No. T-1258. Adjust to pH 6.0 at 25°C with 1 M HCl.) B. 0.30% (w/w) Hydrogen Peroxide Solution (H2O2) (Prepare 10 ml in deionized water using Hydrogen Peroxide 30% (w/w) Solution, Sigma Prod. No. H-1009.) C. 12 mM ß-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Reduced Form, Solution (NADH) (Dissolve the contents of one 10 mg vial of ß-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, Reduced Form, Sodium Salt, Sigma Stock No. 340-110, in the appropriate volume of deionized water.) D. NADH Peroxidase Enzyme Solution (Immediately before use, prepare a solution containing 0.2 - 0.4 unit of NADH Peroxidase in cold deionized water.) SPHYDR04 Page 1 of 3 Revised: 01/17/97 Enzymatic Assay of NADH PEROXIDASE (EC 1.11.1.1) PROCEDURE: Pipette (in milliliters) the following reagents into suitable cuvettes: Test Blank Reagent A (Buffer) 3.00 3.00 Reagent C (NADH) 0.10 0.10 Reagent D (Enzyme Solution) 0.10 ------ Deionized Water ------ 0.10 Mix by inversion and equilibrate to 25°C. Monitor the baseline at A365nm for 5 minutes in order to determine any NADH oxidase activity which may be present.1 Then add: Reagent B (H2O2) 0.10 0.10 Immediately mix by inversion and monitor the decrease in A365nm for approximately 5 minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovery of Industrially Relevant Oxidoreductases
    DISCOVERY OF INDUSTRIALLY RELEVANT OXIDOREDUCTASES Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Science by Kezia Rajan, B.Sc. Supervised by Dr. Ciaran Fagan School of Biotechnology Dublin City University Ireland Dr. Andrew Dowd MBio Monaghan Ireland January 2020 Declaration I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of Master of Science, is entirely my own work, and that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge breach any law of copyright, and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: ID No.: 17212904 Kezia Rajan Date: 03rd January 2020 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following: God, for sending me angels in the form of wonderful human beings over the last two years to help me with any- and everything related to my project. Dr. Ciaran Fagan and Dr. Andrew Dowd, for guiding me and always going out of their way to help me. Thank you for your patience, your advice, and thank you for constantly believing in me. I feel extremely privileged to have gotten an opportunity to work alongside both of you. Everything I’ve learnt and the passion for research that this project has sparked in me, I owe it all to you both. Although I know that words will never be enough to express my gratitude, I still want to say a huge thank you from the bottom of my heart.
    [Show full text]
  • Myeloperoxidase Selectively Binds and Selectively Kills Microbes †
    INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 2011, p. 474–485 Vol. 79, No. 1 0019-9567/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/IAI.00910-09 Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Myeloperoxidase Selectively Binds and Selectively Kills Microbesᰔ† Robert C. Allen1* and Jackson T. Stephens, Jr.2 Creighton University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Omaha, Nebraska,1 and ExOxEmis, Inc., Little Rock, Arkansas2 Received 11 August 2009/Returned for modification 2 October 2009/Accepted 13 October 2010 Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is reported to selectively bind to bacteria. The present study provides direct evidence of MPO binding selectivity and tests the relationship of selective binding to selective killing. The ؊ microbicidal effectiveness of H2O2 and of OCl was compared to that of MPO plus H2O2. Synergistic microbicidal action was investigated by combining Streptococcus sanguinis,aH2O2-producing microbe showing low MPO binding, with high-MPO-binding Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,orPseudomonas aeruginosa without exogenous H2O2, with and without MPO, and with and without erythrocytes (red blood cells [RBCs]). Selectivity of MPO microbicidal action was conventionally measured as the MPO MIC and minimal bacteri- cidal concentration (MBC) for 82 bacteria including E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, ؊ Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and viridans streptococci. Both H2O2 and OCl destroyed RBCs at submicrobicidal concentrations. Nanomolar concentrations of MPO increased H2O2 microbicidal action 1,000-fold. Streptococci plus MPO produced potent synergistic microbicidal action against all microbes tested, and RBCs caused only a small decrease in potency without erythrocyte damage. MPO directly killed H2O2- producing S. pyogenes but was ineffective against non-H2O2-producing E.
    [Show full text]
  • Escherichia Coli Cytochrome C Peroxidase Is a Respiratory Oxidase That Enables the Use of Hydrogen Peroxide As a Terminal Electron Acceptor
    Escherichia coli cytochrome c peroxidase is a respiratory oxidase that enables the use of hydrogen peroxide as a terminal electron acceptor Maryam Khademiana and James A. Imlaya,1 aDepartment of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Edited by Andreas J. Bäumler, University of California, Davis, CA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Carl F. Nathan June 3, 2017 (received for review January 28, 2017) Microbial cytochrome c peroxidases (Ccp) have been studied for and the miniferritin Dps protects DNA from Fenton chemistry by 75 years, but their physiological roles are unclear. Ccps are located sequestering loose iron (18–20). When H2O2 levels later fall, glu- in the periplasms of bacteria and the mitochondrial intermem- taredoxins deactivate OxyR by reducing its disulfide bond (21). brane spaces of fungi. In this study, Ccp is demonstrated to be a Data indicate that ∼200 nM steady-state intracellular H2O2 is significant degrader of hydrogen peroxide in anoxic Escherichia sufficient to activate this response (10, 21). Because the cyto- coli ccp . Intriguingly, transcription requires both the presence of plasmic membrane is only semipermeable to H2O2 and the cyto- H2O2 and the absence of O2. Experiments show that Ccp lacks plasm contains robust peroxidase and catalase activities, the internal enough activity to shield the cytoplasm from exogenous H2O2. H2O2 concentration is 5- to 10-fold lower than the external H2O2 However, it receives electrons from the quinone pool, and its flux concentration (10). Accordingly, measurements indicate that rate approximates flow to other anaerobic electron acceptors. In- external H2O2 levels must exceed 2 μM to induce the intracellular deed, Ccp enabled E.
    [Show full text]
  • Antimicrobial Compositions Comprising Hypohalite And/Or Hypothiocyanite
    (19) TZZ ¥ ¥¥_T (11) EP 2 392 343 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: A61K 33/00 (2006.01) A61K 38/18 (2006.01) 21.11.2018 Bulletin 2018/47 A61K 38/40 (2006.01) A61K 38/47 (2006.01) A61K 39/395 (2006.01) A61P 31/04 (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (21) Application number: 11177009.5 A01N 59/00 A01N 59/12 (22) Date of filing: 03.07.2007 (54) Antimicrobial compositions comprising hypohalite and/or hypothiocyanite and uses thereof Antimikrobielle Zusammensetzungen enthaltend Hypohalogenit und/oder Hypothiocyanat und deren Verwendungen Compositions antimicrobiennes comprenant de l’hypohalogénite et/ou de l’hypothiocyanite et ses utilisations (84) Designated Contracting States: • SOUKKA ET AL: "Combined inhibitory effect of AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase system on the HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MT NL PL PT RO SE viability of Streptococcus mutans, serotype c", SI SK TR SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH, vol. 99, 1991, pages 390-396, (30) Priority: 03.07.2006 US 480676 XP002662226, 03.07.2006 PCT/EP2006/006452 • VÄLIMAA ET AL: "Salivary defense factors in herpes simplex virus infection", JOURNAL OF (43) Date of publication of application: DENTAL RESEARCH, vol. 81, 2002, pages 07.12.2011 Bulletin 2011/49 416-421, XP002662227, • LENANDER-LUMIKARI ET AL: "Lysozyme (62) Document number(s) of the earlier application(s) in enhances the inhibitory effects of the peroxidase accordance with Art.
    [Show full text]
  • Breakthroughs in the Discovery and Use of Different Peroxidase Isoforms of Microbial Origin
    AIMS Microbiology, 6(3): 330–349. DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020020 Received: 29 July 2020 Accepted: 20 September 2020 Published: 22 September 2020 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/microbiology Review Breakthroughs in the discovery and use of different peroxidase isoforms of microbial origin Pontsho Patricia Twala, Alfred Mitema, Cindy Baburam and Naser Aliye Feto* OMICS Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; [email protected]. Abstract: Peroxidases are classified as oxidoreductases and are the second largest class of enzymes applied in biotechnological processes. These enzymes are used to catalyze various oxidative reactions using hydrogen peroxide and other substrates as electron donors. They are isolated from various sources such as plants, animals and microbes. Peroxidase enzymes have versatile applications in bioenergy, bioremediation, dye decolorization, humic acid degradation, paper and pulp, and textile industries. Besides, peroxidases from different sources have unique abilities to degrade a broad range of environmental pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, dioxins, industrial dye effluents, herbicides and pesticides. Ironically, unlike most biological catalysts, the function of peroxidases varies according to their source. For instance, manganese peroxidase (MnP) of fungal origin is widely used for depolymerization and demethylation of lignin and bleaching of pulp. While, horseradish peroxidase of plant origin is used for removal of phenols and aromatic amines from waste waters. Microbial enzymes are believed to be more stable than enzymes of plant or animal origin. Thus, making microbially-derived peroxidases a well-sought-after biocatalysts for versatile industrial and environmental applications. Therefore, the current review article highlights on the recent breakthroughs in the discovery and use of peroxidase isoforms of microbial origin at a possible depth.
    [Show full text]