DOCSLIB.ORG

Salinization and Saline Environments a Vengosh, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Salinization and Saline Environments a Vengosh, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA 11.9 Salinization and Saline Environments A Vengosh, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA ã 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 11.9.1 Introduction 327 11.9.2 River Salinization 329 11.9.3 Lake Salinization 336 11.9.4 Groundwater Salinization 338 11.9.4.1 Seawater Intrusion and Saltwater Displacement in Coastal Aquifers 338 11.9.4.2 Mixing with External Saline Waters in Noncoastal Areas 342 11.9.4.3 Salinization of Shallow Groundwater in River Basins 344 11.9.4.4 Salinization of Nonrenewable Groundwater 345 11.9.5 Salinization of Dryland Environment 346 11.9.6 Anthropogenic Salinization 348 11.9.6.1 Urban Environment and Wastewater Salinization 348 11.9.6.2 Deicing and Salinization 350 11.9.6.3 Agricultural Drainage and the Unsaturated Zone 350 11.9.7 Salinity and the Occurrence of Health-Related Contaminants 352 11.9.7.1 Fluoride and Salinity 353 11.9.7.2 Oxyanions and Salinity 353 11.9.7.2.1 Arsenic 353 11.9.7.2.2 Selenium 354 11.9.7.2.3 Boron 354 11.9.7.3 Naturally Occurring Radionuclides and Salinity 356 11.9.7.4 Trihalomethanes and Salinity 356 11.9.7.5 Salinity and Toxic Algae Bloom 357 11.9.8 Elucidating the Sources of Salinity 358 11.9.9 Remediation and the Chemical Composition of Desalination 363 Acknowledgments 367 References 367 þ > Glossary sulfate and bicarbonate; Ca/(SO4 HCO3) 1in Additive agricultural chemicals chemicals added to equivalent units. irrigation water (e.g., nitrogen fertilizers, gypsum, dolomite, Chlorine radioactive isotope ratio the activity of the 36 boron compounds). radioactive Cl isotope is normalized to the total chloride 36 Afforestation an establishment of a forest or plantation in content, Cl/Cl. an area where there were no trees. Conservative mixing mixing of two or more water bodies Arsenate the oxic form (species) of arsenic in water; occurs that involves nonreactive mixing of dissolved salts in the in oxidizing water. water; the concentrations of the dissolved water reflect the Arsenite the reduced form (species) of arsenic in water; relative mixing proportions of the water bodies. occurs in reduced water. Criterion continuous concentration an estimate of the Artificial recharge man-made recharge of aquifers through highest concentration of a material in surface freshwater to artificial basins or reverse pumping wells that replenish the which an aquatic community can be exposed indefinitely aquifer as a compensation for overexploitation. without resulting in an unacceptable effect. Base-exchange reactions chemical reactions that involve Cross-formational flow flow of groundwater from one þ exchange of dissolved and adsorbed cations (e.g., Ca2 , aquifer, typically confined, to an overlying aquifer. À 2þ þ Mg ,Na ) from adsorption sites on clay minerals and/or Denitrification reduction of nitrate molecule (NO3 ) oxides. under reduced conditions to nitrogen gas. Boron species boron in aquatic solutions occurs as Disinfection byproducts formation of hazardous 0 À uncharged boric acid (B(OH)3 ) and borate ion (B(OH)4 ) byproducts during chlorine disinfection of drinking water, forms. typically with high organic matter; generation of Boron isotopes the stable isotope ratio of boron, 11B/10B, is trihalomethanes (THMs), and specifically brominated 11 11 10 defined in delta notation: d B¼{[ B/ B]sample/ trihalomethanes (e.g., bromodichloromethane; BDCM) 11 10 [ B/ B]STD À 1}Â1000, where STD is a standard. during the disinfection process. Ca–chloride water composition the definition of Dissociation of boric acid to borate ion an increase in the water with a high proportion of calcium over the sum of pH will convert boric acid to the borate ion species. The Treatise on Geochemistry 2nd Edition http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00909-8 325 326 Salinization and Saline Environments dissociation constant is defined at the pH at which the Inner-sphere complex a chemical bond that is typically fraction of boric acid is equal to that of borate ion. covalent between oxyanions and the electron-donating Dissolved inorganic carbon the sum of dissolved inorganic oxygen ion on a mineral surface without the presence of carbon (DIC) species in a solution that is composed of water molecules. carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and Ionic strength a measure of the salinity of a solution that is carbonate anion. The relative proportions of these species expressed as the square root of the sum of the individual ion À1 vary with pH. concentrations (in molality unit; mol kg {H2O}) Dolomitization a chemical reaction of Mg-rich water multiplied by the charge number of that ion. Generally, with calcium carbonate (e.g., limestone) rocks that involves multivalent ions contribute strongly to the ionic strength of þ þ Mg2 and Ca2 exchange, resulting in Ca-rich residual a solution relative to monovalent ions. solution. Isotopic fractionation preferential and/or selective Efflorescent salt crusts salts that are generated in soil or incorporation of specific isotopes into different phases shallow unsaturated zones that were formed by evaporation (dissolved, solid, vapor) that results in enrichment and/or of saline soil solution that have reached the saturation level depletion of the isotopes and changing of their ratios in the of different soluble minerals (e.g., gypsum, halite). reaction products. Electrical conductivity a field measure of the salinity of Meteoric water line the linear correlation between d2 H and water, known also as specific conductance, that measures a d18O values in precipitation that reflects the local solution’s ability to conduct an electric current. The SI unit is temperature and relative humidity; typically, the linear À siemens per centimeter (S cm 1). A reciprocal quantity is correlation has a slope8 and an intercept value that electrical resistivity. increases with aridity (lower relative humidity), known as Endorheic rivers rivers that flow to inland basins and never deuterium excess. reach the ocean. Mineral saturation the concentration level of ions from Ethylene dibromide (EDB) type of soil fumigant enriched which different minerals will begin to precipitate into a solid in bromide. state. Evapotranspiration the combined evaporation and plant Mobilization leaching of ions and trace elements from a transpiration from soil surface; evaporation involves solid phase (e.g., mineral surface) to the dissolved phase in transport of water to the air from the soil solution, surface water. water, while transpiration accounts for water transport Nitrogen isotopes the ‘delta’ notation, defined as d15 ¼ 15 14 15 14 Â 3 through a plant. The combined effect results in water loss NNO3 [( N/ N)sample/( N/ N)AIR –1] 10 . and accumulation of salt residue. Osteosarcoma bone cancer associated with long-term Exchangeable adsorption sites one of the adsorption exposure to radioactive nuclides that are bioaccumulated in þ reaction processes involves exchange of cations (e.g., Ca2 , bone tissue. þ þ Mg2 ,Na ) from adsorption sites on clay minerals and/or Outer-sphere complex a chemical bond that is typically an oxides and water. The capacity of exchangeable adsorption ion pair in which oxyanions and surface functional groups sites varies among the mineral types and will determine the on a mineral surface are separated by one or more water magnitude of the exchange reaction process. molecules. Fossil water known also as nonrenewable groundwater, Overexploitation of an aquifer water pumping rates of an includes water that was recharged to an aquifer during aquifer beyond the natural replenishment rates. historical/geological time and is not originated from the Oxyanions speciation of trace elements such as arsenic, modern hydrological cycle. Fossil water is typically selenium, and boron into anionic forms. identified by radioactive age-dating isotopes (e.g., 14C, Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) the relative activity of tritium) and stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes that are sodium ions in exchange reactions with soil. different from those of modern precipitation. Selenate, Se(VI) the oxidized form of selenium in oxidizing Freshening fresh groundwater flow and displacement of water. saline groundwater. Selenite, Se(IV) the reduced form of selenium in reducing Imported water water that is used from external sources water. outside a region or an aquifer; typically, water is imported Sinkholes a natural depression or hole in land surface from areas of high abundance to areas where natural water caused by subsurface dissolution of rocks. resources are not sufficient to accommodate water demands. Sodic subsoil a dense clay soil zone with high capacity for Incongruent silicate mineral reactions a weathering sodium adsorption, which reduces the hydraulic chemical reaction that involves reaction of silicate minerals conductivity of the soil. (e.g., aluminosilicates) in rocks and soils with carbon Softener backwash saline water saline effluents that are dioxide that generates clay minerals (e.g., kaolinite) and generated during the regeneration process of softener in residual water enriched in bicarbonate. While in congruent which a brine is flushed through the ion-exchange column dissolution the mineral is completely dissolved into to remove calcium to provide available exchangeable sites solution, incongruent dissolution involves formation of a for calcium removal process of softeners. d18 new mineral from the ions that were dissolved from mineral Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in water OH2O ¼ 18 16 18 16 3 d2 weathering. ( [( O/ O)sample/( O/ O)STD –1] x10 ) and HH2O Salinization and Saline Environments 327 2 1 2 1 3 (¼[( H/ H)sample/( H/ H)STD –1] x10 ), where STD is Total organic carbon (TOC) The concentration of carbon standard mean ocean water (SMOW). bound in organic compounds in water; can be used as a Strontium isotopes the ratio of radiogenic 87Sr to stable measure of water quality. 86Sr isotopes, 87Sr/86Sr. Uranium decay chains a group of radioactive nuclides d34 ¼ 34 36 238 235 232 Sulfur isotope in sulfate SSO4 ( [( S/ S)sample/ that are generated from the parent U, U, and Th 34 36 3 ( S/ S)STD –1] x10 ).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indian Society of Engineering Geology
    Indian Society of Engineering Geology Indian National Group of International Association of Engineering Geology and the Environment www.isegindia.org List of all Titles of Papers, Abstracts, Speeches, etc. (Published since the Society’s inception in 1965) November 2012 NOIDA Inaugural Edition (All Publications till November 2012) November 2012 For Reprints, write to: [email protected] (Handling Charges may apply) Compiled and Published By: Yogendra Deva Secretary, ISEG With assistance from: Dr Sushant Paikarai, Former Geologist, GSI Mugdha Patwardhan, ICCS Ltd. Ravi Kumar, ICCS Ltd. CONTENTS S.No. Theme Journal of ISEG Proceedings Engineering Special 4th IAEG Geology Publication Congress Page No. 1. Buildings 1 46 - 2. Construction Material 1 46 72 3. Dams 3 46 72 4. Drilling 9 52 73 5. Geophysics 9 52 73 6. Landslide 10 53 73 7. Mapping/ Logging 15 56 74 8. Miscellaneous 16 57 75 9. Powerhouse 28 64 85 10. Seismicity 30 66 85 11. Slopes 31 68 87 12. Speech/ Address 34 68 - 13. Testing 35 69 87 14. Tunnel 37 69 88 15. Underground Space 41 - - 16. Water Resources 42 71 - Notes: 1. Paper Titles under Themes have been arranged by Paper ID. 2. Search for Paper by Project Name, Author, Location, etc. is possible using standard PDF tools (Visit www.isegindia.org for PDF version). Journal of Engineering Geology BUILDINGS S.No.1/ Paper ID.JEGN.1: “Excessive settlement of a building founded on piles on a River bank”. ISEG Jour. Engg. Geol. Vol.1, No.1, Year 1966. Author(s): Brahma, S.P. S.No.2/ Paper ID.JEGN.209: “Geotechnical and ecologial parameters in the selection of buildings sites in hilly region”.
    [Show full text]
  • JAMINI ROY COLLEGE, BELIATORE, BANKURA *Self Study Report
    JAMINI ROY COLLEGE, BELIATORE, BANKURA 2015 Self Study Report CONTENTS 1. Profile of the Affiliated College A. Preface 01 B. SWOC Analysis of the Institution 03 C. Profile of the Affiliated / Constituent College 04 2. Criteria-Wise Analytical Report Criterion–I: Curricular Aspects 14 Criterion–II: Teaching-Learning & Evaluation 24 Criterion–III: Research, Consultancy & Extension 46 Criterion–IV: Infrastructure and Learning Resources 60 Criterion–V: Student support and Progression 73 Criterion–VI: Governance, Leadership and Management 86 Criterion–VII: Innovations and Best Practice 107 3. Evaluative Report of the Departments 112 4. Annexure 1. Declaration by the Principal-In Charge 2. Compliance Certificate 3. Certificates of 2F and 12B 4. Research & Publication Report of Faculties 5. UGC Grants Certificate 6. List of Alumni Members 7. NSS Report 8. SEMINARS ORGANIZED BY THE COLLEGE 9. GB Resolution 10. Audit Report 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14 JAMINI ROY COLLEGE, BELIATORE, BANKURA 2015 SELF STUDY REPORT 1. PROFILE OF THE AFFILIATED COLLEGE A. Preface We appreciate that the NAAC Assessment Framework readily provides guideline for qualitative improvement of an institution and thus enable to make ‘quality to be the defining element’ for existence. We take this opportunity to submit Self Study Report (SSR) of our college to National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore, for Accreditation (Cycle-I) with an aim to achieve sustenance, enhancement and improvement of quality of our college. Jamini Roy College was founded in December 1986 at Beliatore in Bankura District of West Bengal in memory of renowned painter Jamini Roy, who opened new vistas in Indian painting by combining Folk Art Forms with the modern spirit of individualism and experimentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Annual Report 15-16
    I N D E X Contents Page No. ŚĂƉƚĞƌϭ͗/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞ^ƚĂƚĞ ϭ͘Ϭϭ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞ^ƚĂƚĞ 1 – 4 ϭ͘ϬϮ&ŽƌĞƐƚĂŶĚWƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚƌĞĂƐŽĨtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 5 – 6 ŚĂƉƚĞƌϮ͗tŝůĚůŝĨĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞ^ƚĂƚĞ Ϯ͘ϬϭtŝůĚůŝĨĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 7 – 11 Ϯ͘ϬϮEĂƟŽŶĂůWĂƌŬΘ^ĂŶĐƚƵĂƌŝĞƐŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 12 – 14 Ϯ͘ϬϯdŝŐĞƌZĞƐĞƌǀĞƐŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 14 Ϯ͘ϬϰůĞƉŚĂŶƚZĞƐĞƌǀĞƐŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 15 Ϯ͘Ϭϱ>ŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨWƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚƌĞĂƐŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 16 Ϯ͘Ϭϲ^ƚĂƚƵƐŽĨDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶͬdŝŐĞƌŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶWůĂŶ;dWͿƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ 17 ŚĂƉƚĞƌϯ͗džͲ^ŝƚƵŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƌĞĂƐ ϯ͘ϬϭdžͲ^ŝƚƵŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚƌĞĂƚĞŶĞĚǁŝůĚůŝĨĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ 19 – 21 ϯ͘ϬϮŽŽƐŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 21 – 22 ϯ͘Ϭϯ>ŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŽƐΘZĞƐĐƵĞĞŶƚƌĞƐŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 23 ϯ͘ϬϰZĞĐŽŐŶŝƟŽŶ^ƚĂƚƵƐŽĨZĞƐĐƵĞĞŶƚƌĞƐͬĞĞƌWĂƌŬͬŽŽƐŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 24 – 25 ϯ͘Ϭϱ/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽŽŽƐ 25 – 30 ŚĂƉƚĞƌϰ͗ƐƟŵĂƟŽŶŽĨtŝůĚŶŝŵĂůƐ 31 – 38 ŚĂƉƚĞƌϱ͗,ƵŵĂŶͲtŝůĚůŝĨĞŽŶŇŝĐƚ͖DŝƟŐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶŇŝĐƚ ϰ͘Ϭϭ,ƵŵĂŶͲtŝůĚůŝĨĞŽŶŇŝĐƚƌĞĂƐŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 39 – 42 ϰ͘ϬϮ,ƵŵĂŶͲtŝůĚůŝĨĞŽŶŇŝĐƚ 42 – 43 ϰ͘ϬϯĞĂƚŚŽĨtŝůĚŶŝŵĂůƐĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϱͲϭϲŝŶtĞƐƚĞŶŐĂů 44 ϰ͘ϬϰĞĂƚŚŽĨtŝůĚŶŝŵĂůƐĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJdƌĂŝŶĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϱͲϭϲ 44 ϰ͘ϬϱĞĂƚŚŽĨtŝůĚŶŝŵĂůƐĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJZŽĂĚĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϱͲϭϲ 45 ϰ͘ϬϲĞĂƚŚŽĨĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚƐĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽĐƵƟŽŶĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϱͲϭϲ 45 – 47 ϰ͘ϬϳĞĂƚŚŽĨĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂůůĞƉŚĂŶƚƐĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϱͲϭϲ 47 ϰ͘ϬϴWĞƌƐŽŶŬŝůůĞĚͬŝŶũƵƌĞĚďLJtŝůĚŶŝŵĂůƐĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϱͲϭϲ 47 – 48 [i] Contents Page No. ϰ͘Ϭϵ&ŽƌĞƐƚ^ƚĂī<ŝůůĞĚͬ/ŶũƵƌĞĚďLJtŝůĚŶŝŵĂůĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϱͲϭϲ 48 ϰ͘ϭϬ^ƚƌĂLJŝŶŐŽĨtŝůĚŶŝŵĂůƐĚƵƌŝŶŐϮϬϭϱͲϭϲ 49 – 56 ϰ͘ϭϭDŝƟŐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽŶŇŝĐƚ 56 – 58 ϰ͘ϭϮ^ƚĞƉƐƚĂŬĞŶƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĚĞĂƚŚŽĨǁŝůĚĂŶŝŵĂůƐŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚĚƵĞƚŽƚƌĂŝŶĂĐĐŝĚĞŶƚ 58 – 62 ϰ͘ϭϯDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚĂŬĞŶĨŽƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨŵŝŐƌĂƚŽƌLJĞůĞƉŚĂŶƚƐĂĐƌŽƐƐŝŶƚĞƌͲƐƚĂƚĞďŽƌĚĞƌƐ 63 ϰ͘ϭϰDĞĂƐƵƌĞƐƚĂŬĞŶƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ,ƵŵĂŶͲdŝŐĞƌĐŽŶŇŝĐƚ
    [Show full text]
  • Full-Papers A4-2.Pdf
    International Journal of Integrated Research and Development, Vol – 2, Issue – March, 2019 ISSN : 2278-8670 International Journal of Integrated Research and Development (UGC Approved Peer Reviewed and Multidisciplinary Journal) ISSN: 2278-8670 UGC Enlisted Journal No. 41601 Volume - 2 Issue - March, 2019 Special Issue on APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Editor in Chief Prof. Barin Kumar Pramanik Special Editors Dr. Basudeb Bhatta Prof. Biswajit Roy Chowdhury Patronized by South Asian Institute for Advanced Research and Development (SAIARD), Kolkata Printed by Mudran, Kolkata 2 International Journal of Integrated Research and Development, Vol – 2, Issue – March, 2019 ISSN : 2278-8670 Sl. Author Title of Paper Page No. No. 1 Changing Land use and Land Cover (Lulc) as an 4 – 19 Bhaswati Roy influencing factor of Solid Waste Management : a case study of Raiganj Municipality, West Bengal, India 2 Dr. R. L. Rupwate A Critical Study of Climatic Conditions in Drought Prone 20 – 26 Region of India 3 Jajnaseni Rout, Livelihood Development of Ansupa Lake Catchment: a 27 – 38 Geospatial Approach Adikanda Ojha, Pritirekha Daspattanayak 4 Ram Krishna Sen Right to the road : a case study on women street vendors 39 – 46 of Bongaon Municipal Area 5 Soha Hossain, Spatio-Temporal Analysis of the Changing Trend of Urban 47 – 54 Growth of Kolkata Metropolitan Area through Soumi Mitra Geoinformatics: A Case Study on Rajpur-Sonarpur Municipality and Baruipur Municipality Area. 6 Kajri Sengupta, Population Pressure on the Major
    [Show full text]
  • Political History from 6Th Century A. D. to 9Th Century A. D. the Territories
    C H A P T E R II Political History from 6th Century A. D. to 9th Century A. D. The territories of early Bengal became an integral part of the Gupta empire. But it would not be proper to say that the people of Bengal submitted to the mighty Gupta emperors rather meekly. At least, we have one instance to show that the people of Bengal rose like one man and gave stiff resistence to the invading forces under King Chandra, though ultimately they were beaten. In view of the inevitable chaos that followed the dismemberment of the Gupta empire, the people of Bengal for the first time emerged into the limelight of political history of India and curved out independent principalities. The downfall of the Guptas marked the breaking up of northern India into a number of small states. Saurast­ racame under the domination of the Haitrakas of Valavi. Thane§_vara was taken over by the Pushyabhut is, while the Haukhauris held sway in Kanauj. y£sodharman, a military adventurer, attempted to set up an ephemeral empire in central India, Rajputana and other parts of the Punjab 1• 17 Magadha and Mal wa pas sed under the sway of the Later Guptas who ~ay have been an offshoot of the Imperial Guptas, but as yet we have no positive evidence in support of this view. Bengal also took advantage of the political situation tc shake off the foreign yoke and two powerful independent Kingdoms, viz. Vanga and Gauda were established there in the siXth and seventh • 2 Century A.
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Remote Sensing, GIS and MCA Techniques for Delineating Groundwater Prospect Zones in Kashipur Block, Purulia District, West Bengal
    Applied Water Science (2018) 8:38 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0679-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Application of remote sensing, GIS and MCA techniques for delineating groundwater prospect zones in Kashipur block, Purulia district, West Bengal S. K. Nag1 · Anindita Kundu1 Received: 28 February 2017 / Accepted: 7 February 2018 / Published online: 13 February 2018 © The Author(s) 2018. This article is an open access publication Abstract Demand of groundwater resources has increased manifold with population expansion as well as with the advent of modern civilization. Assessment, planning and management of groundwater resource are becoming crucial and extremely urgent in recent time. The study area belongs to Kashipur block, Purulia district, West Bengal. The area is characterized with dry climate and hard rock terrain. The objective of this study is to delineate groundwater potential zone for the assessment of groundwater availability using remote sensing, GIS and MCA techniques. Diferent thematic layers such as hydrogeomor- phology, slope and lineament density maps have been transformed to raster data in TNT mips pro2012. To assign weights and ranks to diferent input factor maps, multi-infuencing factor (MIF) technique has been used. The weights assigned to each factor have been computed statistically. Weighted index overlay modeling technique was used to develop a groundwater potential zone map with three weighted and scored parameters. Finally, the study area has been categorized into four distinct groundwater potential zones—excellent 1.5% (6.45 sq. km), good 53% (227.9 sq. km), moderate 45% (193.5 sq. km.) and poor ~ 0.5% (2.15 sq. km). The outcome of the present study will help local authorities, researchers, decision makers and planners in formulating proper planning and management of groundwater resources in diferent hydrogeological situations.
    [Show full text]
  • Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zone in Hard Rock Terrain in Gangajalghati Block, Bankura District, India Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
    Model. Earth Syst. Environ. DOI 10.1007/s40808-017-0396-7 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Delineation of groundwater potential zone in hard rock terrain in Gangajalghati block, Bankura district, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques Sujit Das1 Received: 20 October 2017 / Accepted: 30 October 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is an open access publication Abstract This study employed with the integration of quick prospective guides for ground water exploration in remote sensing (RS) and geographical information sys- hard rock aquifer system. tem (GIS) techniques to delineate ground water potential zones for ground water management of Gangajalghati Keywords Weathered residuum · Fracture zone · Hard block, Bankura district, West Bengal and is located on the rock terrain · Weighted index overlay method eastern slope of Chotanagpur plateau and area belongs to predominantly Precambrian gneissic terrain, and small area belongs to Gondwana deposits and quaternary sediments. Introduction The groundwater in this region is confined within the weath- ered residuum and fracture zones in pediment region. Survey Ground water is a precious natural resource for the survival of India topographical maps and satellite imageries along of human beings, as well as for the development aquatic with other data and field observation data have been uti- and terrestrial ecosystems. Water bearing formation (inter- lized to prepare various thematic layers viz. drainage, slope, connected fractures, lineament, etc.) of the earth’s crust lineament, geology, hydrogeomorphic units, land-use/land acts as conduits for transmission and as reservoirs for stor- cover, soil, and depth to water level map of this hard rock ing water. At present, all over the India as well as some terrain.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Volume-Xiii West Bengal
    CENSUS OF INDIA 1991 REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA -A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES -1 VOLUME-XIII WEST BENGAL Planning & Supervisipn Dr. R. P. Singh . Assistant Registrar General (Map) General Direction & Editing J. K. BANTHIA of the Indian Administrative Service Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India . 2A, Mansingh Road, New Delhi * Maps included in this volume are based upon Survey of India map with the pellnission of the Surveyor General ofIndia. * The Territorial water ofIndia extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. * The inter-state boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghataya shown on this map are as interpreted from the North-Eastem Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 but have yet to be verified. (For India Map only) * Government oflndia Copyright, 2001. FOREWORD "Regional Divisions of India ~ A Cartographic Analysis", of each State and Union Temtory Volume,1991 is undertaken by the Map Division of this office. The project is in continuation ofa similar 'Occasional'Paper' published during the 1981 Census. In this study, regions are delineated at macro, messo, micro and sub-micro level in e~h state/.union terril:ory. While delineating such regions, the physio-geographic factors are taken into accclunt. These physio-geographic factors consist of (i) Physiography; (ii) Geological strui;ture; (iii) Forest coverage; (iv) Climatic conditions and (v) Soils. The sub"micro regions Yare delineated within the district keeping in view the above physio-geographic factors. The regi.onal boundaries delineated earlier at different levels are retained as such. However, the jurisdictional changes at the district level during 1981-91 were added in the respective regions.
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 4, 978-989
    ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 4, 978-989 Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH RESEARCH ARTICLE Potential Site Selection for Eco-Tourism : A Case Study of Four Blocks in Bankura District Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technology, West Bengal. Sridam Samanta1, Anirban Baitalik2 1.Student, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, INDIA 2.Research Scholar, The Institute of Rural Reconstruction, VISVA-BHARATI, Santiniketan, West Bengal, INDIA Manuscript Info Abstract Manuscript History: Bankura district in West Bengal is a strong need to studying ecotourism, as part of an alternative form of tourism for the growth of low Received: 12 February 2015 Final Accepted: 22 March 2015 impact tourism in the area and for its natural ecosystem maintenance as well Published Online: April 2015 as for the benefit of local population. Ecotourism can have many components that can broadly be categorized into three: Natural, Cultural and Educative Key words: components. The aim of this paper is thus to identify potentially suitable sites for ecotourism in the surroundings of Bankura mainly based on the Natural Ecotourism, Natural ecosystem, components of ecotourism. Even factor, namely: Land use-land cover, Soil, Potential sites, Land use-land cover, Elevation, Slope, Vegetation map, Road net-work map, Drainage map and Determine also Temperature and Rainfall were considered to determine the suitability of *Corresponding Author an area for ecotourism. Sridam Samanta Copy Right, IJAR, 2015,. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION The term ‘Ecotourism’ this is widely used today, but is rarely defined.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized E2257 Project: ESA Study under DRIP to develop Environment & Social Management Framework Page 2 of 227 Document: 2007069 / EC/ Date: July 2009 Revision: R2 TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No Description Page No. 1 INTRODUCTION 1-4 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Study Objectives & Key Issues 2 1.3 Study Methodology 3 1.4 Structure of the Report 4 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 5-10 2.1 Project Appreciation 5 2.2 Project Activities of Ten Dams 6 3 INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 11-18 3.1 National Scenario 11 3.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies 14 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STATUS 19-72 4.A BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STATUS 19 4.A.1 Madhya Pradesh Introduction 19 4.A.2 Gujarat Introduction 23 4.A.3 Maharashtra Introduction 28 4.A.4 West Bengal Introduction 35 4.B Stakeholders And Public Consultation 40 4.B.1 Introduction 40 4.B.2 Objective 40 4.B.3 Stakeholders 41 4.B.4 Consultation with Stakeholders 42 4.B.5 Consultation at Sub-project Sites 42 4.C Assessment of key environmental and social issues 70 5 Scoping and Screening Impacts 73-77 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Scoping 73 5.3 Screening 75 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 78-82 Final Report Environment & Ecology Project: ESA Study under DRIP to develop Environment & Social Management Framework Page 3 of 227 Document: 2007069 / EC/ Date: July 2009 Revision: R2 S. No Description Page No. 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMNET 83-143 FRAMEWORK 7.1 Introduction 83 7.2 Development of ESMF 84 7.3 Application of ESMF 87 7.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 89 7.5 GIS Based Social and Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation 93 7.6 Social Issues Require Special Consideration 94 7.7 Training and Capacity Building 94 Screening Formats 99 - 143 Annexes 144-166 8 SAMPLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT 167-189 PLAN 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Management Plans 167 8.3 Environmental Monitoring 185 8.4 Institutional Framework 186 LIST OF TABLES Table No.
    [Show full text]
  • 49107-006: West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project
    Initial Environmental Examination Document Stage: Draft Project Number: 49107-006 July 2018 IND: West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project – Bulk Water Supply for Two Blocks in Bankura Prepared by Public Health Engineering Department, Government of West Bengal for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 11 July 2018) Currency Unit – Indian rupee (₹) ₹1.00 – $0.014 $1.00 = ₹68.691 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CTE – consent to establish CTO – consent to operate DSISC design, supervision and institutional support consultant EAC – expert appraisal committee EHS – environmental, health and safety EIA – environmental impact assessment EMP – environmental management plan GRC – grievance redress committee GRM – grievance redress mechanism GOWB – Government of West Bengal HSGO – head, safeguards and gender officer IBPS – intermediate booster pumping station IEE – initial environmental examination IWD – Irrigation and Waterways Department MOEFCC – Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change WBPCB – West Bengal Pollution Control Board NOC – No Objection Certificate PHED – Public Health Engineering Department PIU – project implementation unit PMC – project management consultant PMU – project management unit PWSS - piped water supply scheme PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance REA – rapid environmental assessment ROW – right-of-way SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement WHO – World Health Organization WTP – water treatment plant WBDWSIP – West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project WEIGHTS AND MEASURES m3/h cubic meter per hour dBA decibel C degree Celsius ha hectare km kilometer lpcd liter per capita per day m meter mbgl meters below ground level mgd million gallons per day MLD million liters per day mm millimeter km2 square kilometer NOTE In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Supply Distribution System for Indpur Block (Bankura District) [Package WW/BK/02A]
    Initial Environmental Examination Document Stage: Revised Draft Project Number: 49107-006 October 2018 IND: West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Program: Water Supply Distribution System for Indpur Block (Bankura District) [Package WW/BK/02A] Prepared by Public Health Engineering Department, Government of West Bengal for the Asian Development Bank. ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CPCB – Central Pollution Control Board CTE – consent to establish CTO – consent to operate DSISC design, supervision and institutional support consultant EAC – Expert Appraisal Committee EHS – Environmental, Health and Safety EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMP – Environmental Management Plan GRC – grievance redress committee GRM – grievance redress mechanism GOI – Government of India GoWB – Government of West Bengal HSGO – Head, Safeguards and Gender Officer IBPS – Intermediate Booster Pumping Station IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IWD – Irrigation and Waterways Department MoEFCC – Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change WBPCB – West Bengal Pollution Control Board NOC – No Objection Certificate PHED – Public Health Engineering Department PIU – Project Implementation Unit PMC – Project Management Consultant PMU – Project Management Unit PWSS - Pied Water Supply Scheme PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance REA – Rapid Environmental Assessment ROW – right of way SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement WHO – World Health Organization WTP – water treatment plant WBDWSIP – West Bengal Drinking Water Sector Improvement Project WEIGHTS AND MEASURES m3/hr cubic meter per hour dBA decibel °C degree Celsius ha hectare km kilometre lpcd liters per capita per day m meter mbgl meters below ground level mgd million gallons per day MLD million liters per day mm millimeter km2 square kilometer NOTES In this report, "$" refers to United States dollars. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 17 August, 2018) Currency unit = Rupee (INR) INR 1.00 = 0.014 USD USD 1.00 = 69.80 INR This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower.
    [Show full text]