DOCSLIB.ORG

Intrusive Igneous Rocks Magma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Intrusive Igneous Rocks Magma Polymerization of Silica • Each Si atom is surrounded by 4 Chapter 4 oxygens. • Polymerization is the degree to which the oxygens are shared with other Si atoms. INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS • Polymerization is the number of Si-O-Si bonds. ROCKS – Olivine has none: isolated SiO4 groups – Pyroxene has one third: SiO3 chains – Mica has has 40% shared: Si4O10 sheets – Quartz and feldspar have 100% (Si,Al)O2 framework. Polymerization of Silica Polymerization of Silica Pyroxene Olivine Mica (Sheet) Tetrahedron Quartz (Framework) MAGMA Intrusive Igneous Rocks • Magma is the term for any molten silicate • Composition material, whether below the surface or on top. • Mineralogy • Volcanic rocks are erupted on the surface. • Geologic Setting – Volcanic rocks are fine-grained (<1 mm) – Mantle • Intrusive igneous rocks crystallize – Oceanic Crust from magma below the surface. – Continental Crust – Intrusive igneous rocks are coarse-grained (> 1mm) • Igneous Fractionation – Pegmatites are very coarse grained (> 1cm) – How the chemistry evolves 1 Igneous Rock Compositions Igneous Rock Compositions • Rock compositions are described • Igneous rocks vary in composition in weight percents of oxides. from • The principal variation in igneous – ultramafic (~40 wt%) (peridotite) rock compositions is silica (SiO2) – mafic (48-55%) (gabbro) content. – intermediate (55-65%) (diorite) • The degree of polymerization of – silicic (65-75 wt %) (granite) silica increases with silica content. • The mantle is peridotite (ultramafic). (both in crystals and melt). • The ocean basins gabbro (mafic). • The continents are granite (silicic) Igneous Rock Names Igneous Rock Mineralogy and Compositions • Peridotite (Ultramafic) • Gabbro (Mafic) • Composition • Intrusive • Volcanic Name Rock Name Rock Name – Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) – Feldspar – Pyroxene (CaAl2Si2O8) • Ultramafic • Peridotite • (Komatiite) ((Mg,Fe,Ca)SiO3) – Pyroxene •Mafic • Gabbro • Basalt – Garnet (Mg3Al2Si3O12) or ((Mg,Fe,Ca)SiO3) – Spinel (MgAl O ) • Intermediate • Diorite • Andesite 2 4 – Olivine • Silicic (felsic) • Granite • Rhyolite ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) Igneous Rock Mineralogy Geologic Settings • Diorite (Intermediate) • Granite (Silicic) – Feldspar (CaAl2Si2O8) – Quartz (SiO2) • Compositions • Where? – Feldspar (NaAlSi3O8) – Feldspar (NaAlSi3O8) • Ultramafic • Mantle – Pyroxene ((Mg,Fe,Ca)SiO3) – Feldspar (KAlSi3O8) • Mafic • Oceanic – Mica – Mica (biotite) • Intermediate • Subduction Zones K(Mg,Fe,)3(Si,Al)2O10(OH)2 (K(Mg,Fe,)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 – Mica (muscovite) • Silicic (felsic) • Continental Mass – (KAl2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2 2 Geologic Settings: There appear to be 13 major plates that cover the globe. Mantle Mid-ocean ridges Oceanic Islands Island arcs Continental Igneous Fractionation: Peridotite-basalt-granite • Partial Melting – Rocks have a melting interval of several hundred degrees C. – First melt is rich in silica, water and trace elements. • Fractional Crystallization – First-formed crystals low in silica settle to the bottom. 3 Igneous Fractionation: Layered Mafic Intrusion Dikes: Intrusive forms Tabular discordant • Pluton: Any large discordant intrusion at depth – Batholith: large > 100 km2 – Stock: small < 100 km2 • Dike: Tabular non-conformable • Sill: Tabular conformable Dikes: Sills: Tabular discordant Tabular conformable 4 Small Pluton: Stock Intrusive forms • Pluton: Any large discordant intrusion at depth – Batholith: large > 100 km2 – Stock: small < 100 km2 • Dike: Tabular non-conformable • Sill: Tabular conformable Terms • Polymerization • Silicic • Magma • Peridotite • Pegmatitie • Gabbro • Igneous • Diorite Fractionation • Granite • Partial melting • Pluton • Fractional • Stock Crystallization • Batholith • Ultramafic • Dike • Mafic • Sill • Intermediate 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Laccolith-Stock Controversy: New Results from the Southern Henry Mountains, Utah
    The laccolith-stock controversy: New results from the southern Henry Mountains, Utah MARIE D. JACKSON* Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 DAVID D. POLLARD Departments of Applied Earth Sciences and Geology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 ABSTRACT rule out the possibility of a stock at depth. At Mesa, Fig. 1). Gilbert inferred that the central Mount Hillers, paleomagnetic vectors indi- intrusions underlying the large domes are Domes of sedimentary strata at Mount cate that tongue-shaped sills and thin lacco- floored, mushroom-shaped laccoliths (Fig. 3). Holmes, Mount Ellsworth, and Mount Hillers liths overlying the central intrusion were More recently, C. B. Hunt (1953) inferred that in the southern Henry Mountains record suc- emplaced horizontally and were rotated dur- the central intrusions in the Henry Mountains cessive stages in the growth of shallow (3 to 4 ing doming through about 80° of dip. This are cylindrical stocks, surrounded by zones of km deep) magma chambers. Whether the in- sequence of events is not consistent with the shattered host rock. He postulated a process in trusions under these domes are laccoliths or emplacement of a stock and subsequent or which a narrow stock is injected vertically up- stocks has been the subject of controversy. contemporaneous lateral growth of sills and ward and then pushes aside and domes the sed- According to G. K. Gilbert, the central intru- minor laccoliths. Growth in diameter of a imentary strata as it grows in diameter. After the sions are direct analogues of much smaller, stock from about 300 m at Mount Holmes to stock is emplaced, tongue-shaped sills and lacco- floored intrusions, exposed on the flanks of nearly 3 km at Mount Hillers, as Hunt sug- liths are injected radially from the discordant the domes, that grew from sills by lifting and gested, should have been accompanied by sides of the stock (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Petrographic Study of a Quartz Diorite Stock Near Superior, Pinal County, Arizona
    Petrographic study of a quartz diorite stock near Superior, Pinal County, Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); maps Authors Puckett, James Carl, 1940- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 23:40:37 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/554062 PETROGRAPHIC STUDY OF A QUARTZ DIORITE STOCK NEAR SUPERIOR, PINAL COUNTY, ARIZONA by James Carl Puckett, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 0 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • 34. the K-Replacement Origin of the Megacrystal Lower Caribou Creek Granodiorite and the Goat Canyon-Halifax Creeks Quartz Monzo
    1 ISSN 1526-5757 34. The K-replacement origin of the megacrystal Lower Caribou Creek granodiorite and the Goat Canyon-Halifax Creeks quartz monzonite --- modifications of a former tonalite and diorite stock, British Columbia, Canada Lorence G. Collins email: [email protected] February 8, 1999 Introduction About 25 km south of Nakusp and 1 km east of Burton, British Columbia, Canada, is a stock whose western half is the Lower Caribou Creek megacrystal granodiorite and whose eastern half is the Goat Canyon-Halifax Creeks fine- grained quartz monzonite (Fig. 1); Hyndman, 1968). Biotite-hornblende tonalite and diorite are additional facies that occur along the border of the stock. Zoned plagioclase in all these rocks indicates a shallow intrusion and relatively rapid crystallization. This stock was called to my attention by Donald Hyndman because the K-feldspar megacrysts in the granodiorite appeared to be orthoclase whereas the smaller K-feldspar crystals in the fine-grained quartz monzonite were microcline. Subsequently, he loaned me 19 thin sections from his Ph.D thesis study (Hyndman, 1968), and these sections provided a broad representation of the textural and compositional variations in both rock types. Because he indicated that the two granitic facies were gradational to each other, this stock offered an opportunity to study the field and textural relationships across the transitions between the rocks having the two kinds of K-feldspar. Following his loan of thin sections, I visited the area and obtained 44 additional samples (and thin sections) across transitions between the two rock types. Examinations of field relationships and both his and my thin sections provide the basis for the conclusions presented in this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Kln Property Kln 1-4 Claims
    on the KLN PROPERTY KLN 1-4 CLAIMS VANCOUVER h4INING DMSION BRITISH COLUMBIA NTS 092N/SE/6E Latitude: 5 l”20’00” Longitude: 125” 30’ 15” Prepared for: Frank Onucki Vancouver, B.C. Brian D. Game, P.Geo July, 1997 Douglas G. Baker, BSc. SUMMARY The KLN 1-4 claim group consistsof four contiguousclaim blocks for a total of 80 units. Claims were stakedto envelopeknown mineralizationin the ruggedHoodoo Creek area, locatedapproximately 120 kilometresnorth of CampbellRiver, B.C. The 1996 explorationprogram focusedon prospectingand gathering logistical information necessaryto developa strategyfor future mapping,sampling and drilling. The property was stakedin March 1996by J.R. Deightonand F. Onucki. KLN l-4 cover mineralizationknown to Mr. Deighton and Mr. Onucki through assessmentreports and their personalknowledge of the region. The areaof the KLN l-4 claimswas first staked in the 1960’sby KenncoExploration Ltd. to cover a zoneof copper-molybdenum mineralization. Minimal work was conductedin 1968by Kennco andthe claims were allowed to lapse. In 1976,United Mineral Servicesrestaked the area. Again minimal work was conductedand the claims allowedto lapse. During 1987,the areaof the current claimswas stakedby United Pacific Gold Ltd. as part of the Hannahgroup. Previousassessment reports show significant, sporadicgeochemical results associated with limonitic stockworkveins, hostedprimarily in dikes and intrusions,probably part of a Tertiary intrusive - extrusivecomplex emplaced in the CoastPlutonic Complex. The KLN claims are underlainby rocks of the CoastPlutonic Complex, primarily made up of coarsecrystalline intrusive rocks of Jurassicthrough Cretaceousage varying in compositionfrom graniteto granodiorite,and are locally overlainby volcanic agglomerateand flows. The purposeof the 1996prospecting program was to perform property reconnaissanceto facilitate fbture exploration,and to locatereported high gradesilver mineralization reportedby property owners.
    [Show full text]
  • Ridge Subduction and Slab Window Magmatism in Western North America
    Cenozoic to Recent plate confi gurations in the Pacifi c Basin: Ridge subduction and slab window magmatism in western North America J.K. Madsen*† D.J. Thorkelson* Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada R.M. Friedman* Pacifi c Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research, Department of Earth and Ocean Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada D.D. Marshall* Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada ABSTRACT Keywords: tectonics, magmatism, geochro- and temporally complex and spans Paleocene to nology, forearc, slab window, ridge subduc- Miocene time. The most spatially and tempo- Forearc magmatic rocks were emplaced in tion, western North America, Cordillera. rally coherent portion is the eastward-younging a semicontinuous belt from Alaska to Oregon Sanak-Baranof Belt in southern to southeastern from 62 to 11 Ma. U-Pb and 40Ar-39Ar dating INTRODUCTION Alaska (Bradley et al., 1993; Haeussler et al., indicates that the magmatism was concur- 1995; Bradley et al., 2003). The age progres- rent in widely separated areas. Eight new Forearcs are typically amagmatic with low sion has been attributed to the passage of an conventional isotope dilution–thermal ion- heat fl ow (Gill, 1981); however, subduction of a eastwardly migrating ridge-trench-trench triple ization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) U-Pb mid-ocean ridge imparts a thermal pulse into the junction related to the subduction of a mid-ocean zircon ages from forearc intrusions on Van- forearc, which may result in near-trench mag- spreading ridge in Paleocene to middle Eocene couver Island (51.2 ± 0.4, 48.8 ± 0.5 Ma, 38.6 matism (Marshak and Karig, 1977; DeLong et time (Hill et al., 1981; Bradley et al., 1993; Sisson ± 0.1, 38.6 ± 0.2, 37.4 ± 0.2, 36.9 ± 0.2, 35.4 al., 1979; Sisson et al., 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • GEOLOGY of the Kemano-Tahtsa Area
    BRITISHCOLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND PETROLEUM' RESOURCES HON.W. K. KIERNAN,Minister P. J. MULC.ARY,Deputy MinL,yfer BULLETINNo. 42 GEOLOGY of the Kemano-Tahtsa Area by R. A. STUART Printed by DONMcDm~~rn, Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty in right Of the Province of British Columbia. 1960 CONTENTS P*DB Chapter I.-Introduction ...................................................................................... 5 Location and Access .................................................................................... 5 Physical.. Features ........................................................................................... 6 Glaclatlon ...................................................................................................... 7 Climate...... .............................. 7 Flora and Fauna............................................................................................ .. 7 Background of Geological Investlgatxons....................................................... 8 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................... 8 Bibliography................................. ....................................................... 8 Chapter 11.-General Geology.............................................................................. 10 Introduction .................................................................................................. 10 Tahtsa Complex ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Geometry and Construction History of the Copper Ridge Laccolith, Mount
    Geometry and construction history of the Copper Ridge laccolith, Mount Ellen, Henry Mountains, Utah By Elizabeth Anna Maurer July, 2015 Director of Thesis: Eric Horsman Major Department: Geological Sciences The Copper Ridge laccolith is an asymmetric tongue-shaped intrusion located on the southeastern margin of Mount Ellen in the Henry Mountains, Utah. The late-Oligocene to early- Miocene igneous rocks have no syn- or post-emplacement tectonic overprint. In addition, exposure of the laccolith is exceptional: well-preserved sedimentary strata cap the intrusion, the lower contact is locally exposed, and numerous natural cross sections can be studied. These characteristics make the Copper Ridge laccolith an ideal location to study emplacement of magma in the shallow crust. Field mapping shows the intrusion is about 3.5 km wide, 2.0 km long and, at its thickest point, 425 m thick. The estimated magma volume is about 2.9 km3. Field work, crystal size distribution, and geochemistry, suggest that the intrusion was built incrementally through the injection of two separate magma batches, resulting in an upper and a lower sheet. Field work shows that the upper sheet is separated from the lower sheet by well- preserved, variably metamorphosed Cretaceous Tununk shale. Data from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility analysis suggest a subhorizontal sill fed the intrusion from the west-northwest, and magma flowed to the southeast in a fanning pattern. X-ray diffraction data show that the preserved Tununk experienced low-grade contact metamorphism. Multiple data sets suggest a construction model in which the upper sheet intruded first, lifting and deforming the sedimentary strata.
    [Show full text]
  • Igneous Rock Intrusion Name
    Igneous Rock Intrusion Name: ___________________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: __________ Essential Question: How do I identify the different types of igneous rock intrusions? Instructions: Watch the video or study the diagram and answer the following questions. 1. What kind of rock is country rock usually made of? (choices: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What do you call a rising magma that turns into an igneous rock? ( choices: pluton, magma diapir) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why does magma rise? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What do you call rising magma? ( choices: pluton, magma diapir) _____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What happens inside the magma as the diapir cools? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. In chart A, what are the two types of intrusions? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. In chart B, what is an anticline? _____________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Composite Aplite-Pegmatites of the Franklin- Sylva District, North Carolina1
    THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST. VOL. 50. OCTOBER. 1965 COMPOSITE APLITE-PEGMATITES OF THE FRANKLIN- SYLVA DISTRICT, NORTH CAROLINA1 E. Wu. IIerNnrcn, The Unitersity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M'ichigon,. Aesrnncr The Franklin-Sylva district of southern North Carolina contains a number of rnulti- phase, composite, aplite-pegmatite intrusions of tonalitic-granodioritic composition. In several examples it can be demonstrated that the periods of crystallization of the aplite and pegmatite overiapped. The general age sequence of intrusion has been: 1. batholiths of Whiteside tonalite-granodiorite, 2. dikes of aplitic tonalite-granodiorite, 3. dikes of granodioritic-tonaiitic pegmatite and 4. dikes of aplitic tonalite-granodiorite. In this dis- trict the periods of generation and expulsion of aplitic and pegmatitic fractions overlapped, and the finer and coarser phases of the composite intrusions are not the result of difiering intramural conditions during crystallization. GrNBner GBorocy The Franklin-Sylva mica pegmatite district, the secondlargest in the southeasternUnited States,both in number of mines and prospectsand in total mica production, is chiefly in southwestern North Carolina (Haywood, Jackson,Transylvania, Macon and Clay Counties),with its southeastern part extending southwestward into Rabun County, Georgia (Griffitts et al., 1946; Oison el al., t946; Heinrich, 1950).The district is underlain chiefly by various regional metamorphic rocks which, in the past, have been lumped into two petrologicallysimplified mappable units: the Carolina "formation"-dominantly biotitic gneiss, and the Roan "formation"-mainly hornbiende gneissand amphibolite (Keith, t907A, B). The Carolina gneiss,which is the most widespread unit, actuallv contains a wide variety of rocks, principally of metasedi- mentary origin (Heinrich, 1950,1951) (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • The Schultze Granite, the Tea Cup Granodiorite, and the Granite Basin Porphyry: a Geochemical Comparison of Mineralized and Unrnineralized Stocks in Southern Arizona
    The Schultze Granite, the Tea Cup Granodiorite, and the Granite Basin Porphyry: A Geochemical Comparison of Mineralized and Unrnineralized Stocks in Southern Arizona U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1303 The Schultze Granite, the Tea Cup Granodiorite, and the Granite Basin Porphyry: A Geochemical Comparison of Mineralized and Unmineralized Stocks in Southern Arizona By S. C. CREASEY U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1303 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1984 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WILLIAM P. CLARK, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Creasey, Saville Cyrus, 1917- The Schultze Granite, the Tea Cup Granodiorite, and the Granite Basin Porphyry: A Geochemical Comparison of Mineralized and Unmineralized Stocks in Southern Arizona (U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1303) Bibliography: p. 40-41 Supt. of Docs. no.: 119.16:1303 1. Stocks (geology) Arizona. I. Title. II. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 1303. QE611.5.U6C741984 552'.3 84-600064 For sale by the Distribution Branch, Text Products Section, U.S. Geological Survey, 604 South Pickett St., Alexandria, VA 22304 CONTENTS Page Page Geochemistry Continued Introduction 1 Minor elements Continued Geology and petrology 3 Rare-earth elements 23 Schultze Granite 3 Other elements 30 Tea Cup Granodiorite 5 Uranium and thorium 31 Granite Basin Porphyry 6 Hafnium, tantalum, scandium, and zirconium 34 Barium, strontium, cesium, and rubidium 36 Geochemistry 10 Summary 38 Major elements 10 Major elements 38 Minor elements 16 Minor elements 38 Manganese 22 Rare-earth elements 38 Boron, arsenic, zinc, and lead 22 Other elements 39 Copper and molybdenum 22 Conclusions 39 Cobalt and nickel 23 References cited 40 Barium, strontium, and rubidium 23 ILLUSTRATIONS Page PLATE 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Geochemistry and Geochronology of Eocene Forearc Magmatism on Vancouver Island: Implications for Cenozoic to Recent Plate Configurations in the Pacific Basin
    GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOCHRONOLOGY OF EOCENE FOREARC MAGMATISM ON VANCOUVER ISLAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR CENOZOIC TO RECENT PLATE CONFIGURATIONS IN THE PACIFIC BASIN Julianne Kathleen Madsen BSc. Hons. Earth Sciences The University of Victoria, 200 1 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Earth Sciences O Julianne Madsen 2004 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2004 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Julianne Kathleen Madsen Degree: M.Sc. Earth Sciences Geochemistry and geochronology of Eocene forearc magmatsim on Vancouver Island: Title of Thesis: implications for Cenozoic to Recent plate configurations in the Pacific Basin Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Doug Stead Professor Simon Fraser University Dr. Derek J. Thorkelson Senior Supervisor Associate Professor Simon Fraser University Dr. Daniel Marshall Associate Professor Simon Fraser University Dr. Richard Friedman Research Associate (PCIGR) University of British Columbia Dr. Stephen T. Johnston External Examiner Associate Professor Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria Date Approved: December 2,2004 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users.
    [Show full text]