THE 24 RUNES of the ELDER FUTHARK ETERNAL PRESENT Axis OF

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

THE 24 RUNES of the ELDER FUTHARK ETERNAL PRESENT Axis OF

THE 24 RUNES OF THE ELDER FUTHARK ETERNAL PRESENT ETERNAL AXis OF SHAMANIC OR ABORIGINAL CAP 60º-90º N AC CA SHAMANIC PAUSE AC EXTRA-HIERATIC LEAF CA (NORTH) 30º-60º N AC CA HIERATIC PAUSE CA E T A AC A L A T P E M L HIERATIC LEAF T A G E A N N R L (NORTH) 0º-30º N I T P I R C I C P AC R A S E N O M R CA R EQUATORIAL O M O R U OR A S U SYNTHETIC W R N CA T I U A O N I PAUSE M S T C AC I M E A F R I R P C HIERATIC LEAF U P L A E A L - (SOUTH) 0º-30º N P A T O T E R AC E F CA A ANT-HIERATIC PAUSE AC CA EXTRAHIERATIC LEAF (SOUTH) 30º-60º S AC CA ANT-SHAMANIC PAUSE CA AC ANT-ABORIGINAL CAP 60º-90º S GENERAL DIRECTION OF PSI CURRENTS DIRECTION OF EARTHS ROTATION WEEK 1. AFRO-EURASIAN PLATE WEEK 3. AMERICAN PLATE Day 1: FEHU is Flaming Abundance that initiates the Throne. Day 15: EIHWAZ is the Cosmic Tree that transforms the Throne. Day 2: URUZ is the Power of Shaping that initiates the Avatar. Day 16: PERTHRO is the Well of Memory that transforms the Avatar. Day 3: THURISAZ is the Sacred Struggle that initiates the Mystery. Day 17: ELHAZ is the Act of Making Sacred that transforms the Mystery. Day 4: ANSUZ is the Breath of Votan that initiates the Initiation. Day 18: SOWILO is the Solar Ray that transforms the Initiation. Day 5: RAIDHO is the Solar Ring that initiates the Timespace. Day 19: TIWAZ is the Power Making Scepter that transforms the Timespace. Day 6: KENNAZ is the Light-searing torch that initiates the Transcendence. Day 20: BERKANO is Fruitfulness that transforms the Transcendence. Day 7: Cube Power of 7—Cubes the Afro-Eurasian Plate Day 21: Cube Power of 21—Cubes the American Plate by the power of Fehu-Kennaz. by the Power of Eihwaz-Berkano. WEEK 2. PACIFIC PLATE WEEK 4. ATLANTIC PLATE Day 8: EHWAZ is the Union of Horse & Rider that refines the Throne. Day 22: GEBO is the Gift that ripens the Throne. Day 9: MANNAZ is the Whole Human that refines the Avatar. Day 23: WUNJO is Joy that ripens the Avatar. Day 10: LAGUZ is the Water Forming that refines the Mystery. Day 24: HAGALAZ is the Crystal that ripens the Mystery. Day 11: INGWAZ is the Seed Enclosed that refines the Initiation. Day 25: NAUTHIZ is the Testing that ripens the Initiation. Day 12: DAGGAZ is the Daybreak Meditation that refines the Timespace. Day 26: ISE is the Concentrated Will that ripens the Timespace. Day 13: OTHALA is the Mother Realm that refines the Transcendence. Day 27: JERA is the Law of Alternation that ripens the Transcendence. Day 14: Cube Power of 14—Cubes the Pacific Plate Day 28: Cube Power of 28—Cubes the Atlantic Plate by the Power of Ehwaz-Othala. by the Power of Gebo-Jera. FOUNDATION FOR THE LAW OF TIME WWW.LAWOFTIME.ORG.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Elder Futhark Runes (1/2) (9 Points)
Ozclo2015 Round 1 1/15 <1> Elder Futhark Runes (1/2) (9 points) Old Norse was the language of the Vikings, the language spoken in Scandinavia and in the Scandinavian settlements found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from the 700’s through the 1300’s. Much as Latin was the forerunner of the Romance languages, among them Italian, Spanish, and French, Old Norse was the ancestor of the North Germanic languages: Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Old Norse was written first in runic alphabets, then later in the Roman alphabet. The first runic alphabet, found on inscriptions dating from throughout the first millennium CE, is known as “Elder Futhark” and was used for both proto- Norse and early Old Norse. Below are nine Anglicized names of Old Norse gods and the nine Elder Futhark names to which they correspond. Listed below are also two other runic names for gods. The names given below are either based on the gods’ original Old Norse names, or on their roles in nature; for instance, the god of the dawn might be listed either as ‘Dawn’ or as Delling (his original name). Remember that the modern version of the name may not be quite the same as the original Old Norse name – think what happened to their names in our days of the week! Anglicized names: Old Norse Runes: 1 Baldur A 2 Dallinger B 3 Day C 4 Earth 5 Freya D 6 Freyr E 7 Ithun F 8 Night G 9 Sun H I J K Task 1: Match the runes to the correct names, by placing the appropriate letter (from A to K) for the runic word corresponding in meaning to the anglicized name in the first table.
[Show full text]
Meanings of the Elder Futhark Runes
Meanings of the Elder Futhark Runes Fehu (F: Domestic cattle, wealth.) Possessions won or earned, earned income, luck. Abundance, financial strength in the present or near future. Sign of hope and plenty, success and happiness. Social success. Energy, foresight, fertility, creation/destruction (becoming). Fehu Reversed or Merkstave: Loss of personal property, esteem, or something that you put in effort to keep. It indicates some sort of failure. Greed, burnout, atrophy, discord. Cowardice, stupidity, dullness, poverty, slavery, bondage. Uruz: (U: Auroch, a wild ox.) Physical strength and speed, untamed potential. A time of great energy and health. Freedom, energy, action, courage, strength, tenacity, understanding, wisdom. Sudden or unexpected changes (usually for the better). Sexual desire, masculine potency. The shaping of power and pattern, formulation of the self. Uruz Reversed or Merkstave: Weakness, obsession, misdirected force, domination by others. Sickness, inconsistency, ignorance. Lust, brutality, rashness, callousness, violence. Thurisaz: (TH: Thorn or a Giant.) Reactive force, directed force of destruction and defense, conflict. Instinctual will, vital eroticism, regenerative catalyst. A tendency toward change. Catharsis, purging, cleansing fire. Male sexuality, fertilization. (Thorr, the Thunder god, was of Giant stock.)Thurisaz Reversed or Merkstave: Danger, defenselessness, compulsion, betrayal, dullness. Evil, malice, hatred, torment, spite, lies. A bad man or woman. Rape? Ansuz: (A: The As, ancestral god, i.e. Odin.) A revealing message or insight, communication. Signals, inspiration, enthusiasm, speech, true vision, power of words and naming. Blessings, the taking of advice. Good health, harmony, truth, wisdom. Ansuz Reversed or Merkstave: Misunderstanding, delusion, manipulation by others, boredom. Vanity and grandiloquence. (Odin is a mighty, but duplicitous god.
[Show full text]
2020 Rune Sheet
Ansuz: Truth, Wisdom, Isa: Ice, Freeze, Standstill, Raido: Destiny, The A Insight I Challenge R Journey, Travel, Adventure, Life Berkana: Birth, Growth, Jera: Peace, Reward, Harvest, Sowulo: The Sun, Energy, B Liberty J Year S Strength, Health, Success, Vitality, Vibration C & K : Kenaz: Creativity Laguz: Water, Sea, Level, Flow, Tiwaz: Justice, Honour, C Knowledge, Inspiration L Renew, TRUTH T Leadership, Courage, Discipline, Fellowship D Dagaz: Break-through, Dawn, Mannaz: Friends, Culture, T & H : Thurisaz: Thorn, Awareness M Mankind T Change, Catharsis Ehwas: Horse, Partnership, N Nauthiz: Hardship, Challenge, U Uruz: Strength, Power, Brute E Movement Need, Necessity Force, Presence, Physical Body. Fehu: Wealth, Abundance, F Othala: Goddess, Home, V & W : Wunjo: Joy, peace, Luck. V O Plenty, Property fellowship, pleasure, friendship, honour. G Gebo: Love Pertho: Feminine, Magic, Eihwaz: Yew Tree, Reliability, P Mystery Y Enlightenment, Strength, Stability. H Hagalaz: Change, Loss Inguz: Fertility, Growth, X & Z : Algiz: Protection, Q Common Sense, Critical Sense Z Self Defence, Shield, Spirit Force, Psychic Defence. Hairy Growler A SELECTION OF OGHAM TREE RUNES “The Ogham Trees are sources of wisdom, inspiration and medicine for an untold number of centuries. Each of the native trees have their own particular and personal powers which may be useful in improving magical rituals. Each tree has its own moon cycle span of twenty-eight days and an Ogham letter symbol below to match your birth month.” A selection of Elder Futhark runes handcrafted and recycled from silver two shilling coins. Rune shapes and forms are perfect for carving into silver and stone, and are an intriguing part of Celtic and therefore English story.
[Show full text]
Elder Futhark Rune Poem and Some Notes RYKHART: ODINSXRAL
Elder Futhark Rune Poem and some notes RYKHART: ODINSXRAL Dedication Mysteries ancient, Allfather found Wrested from anguish, nine days fast bound Hung from the world tree, pierced by the spear Odin who seized them, make these staves clear 1 Unless otherwise specified, all text and artwork within ELDER FUTHARK RUNE POEM and some notes RYKHART: ODINSXRAL are copyright by the author and is not to be copied or reproduced in any medium or form without the express written permission of the author Reikhart Odinsthrall both Reikhart Odinsthrall and RYKHART: ODINSXRAL are also both copyright Dec 31, 2013 Elder Futhark Rune Poem by Reikhart Odinsthrall is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Based on a work at http://odinsthrall.co.uk/rune-poem.html. 2 F: Fehu : Cattle / Wealth Wealth is won and gold bestowed But honour's due to all men owed Gift the given and ware the lord For thy name's worth noised abroad U: Uruz : Aurochs / Wild-ox Wild ox-blood proud, sharp hornéd might On moorland harsh midst sprite and wight Unconquered will and fierce in form Through summer's sun and winter's storm X: Thurisaz : Thorn / Giant / Thor Thorn hedge bound the foe repelled A giant's anger by Mjolnir felled Thor protect us, fight for troth In anger true as Odin's wrath A: Ansuz : As / God / Odin In mead divine and written word In raven's call and whisper heard Wisdom seek and wise-way act In Mimir's well see Odin's pact R: Raidho : Journey / Carriage By horse and wheel to travel far Till journey's
[Show full text]
Pursuing West: the Viking Expeditions of North America
East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 5-2015 Pursuing West: The iV king Expeditions of North America Jody M. Bryant East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Bryant, Jody M., "Pursuing West: The iV king Expeditions of North America" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2508. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2508 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pursuing West: The Viking Expeditions of North America _____________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in History _____________________ by Jody Melinda Bryant May 2015 _____________________ Dr. William Douglas Burgess, Jr., Chair Dr. Henry J. Antkiewicz Dr. John M. Rankin Keywords: Kensington Rune Stone, Runes, Vikings, Gotland ABSTRACT Pursuing West: The Viking Expeditions of North America by Jody Bryant The purpose to this thesis is to demonstrate the activity of the Viking presence, in North America. The research focuses on the use of stones, carved with runic inscriptions that have been discovered in Okla- homa, Maine, Rhode Island and Minnesota. The thesis discusses orthographic traits found in the in- scriptions and gives evidence that links their primary use to fourteenth century Gotland.
[Show full text]
Runic Alphabet 9/27/05 12:00 AM
Runic alphabet 9/27/05 12:00 AM Writing systems: abjads | alphabets | syllabic alphabets | syllabaries | complex scripts undeciphered scripts | alternative scripts | your con-scripts | A-Z index Runic alphabet Origin Little is known about the origins of the Runic alphabet, which is traditionally known as futhark after the first six letters. In Old Norse the word rune means 'letter', 'text' or 'inscription'. The word also means 'mystery' or 'secret' in Old Germanic languages and runes had a important role in ritual and magic. Here are some theories about the origins of runes: The alphabet was probably created independently rather than evolving from another alphabet. Runic writing was probably first used in southern Europe and was carried north by Germanic tribes. The Runic alphabet is thought to have been modelled on the Latin and/or Etruscan alphabet. The earliest known Runic inscriptions date from the 1st century AD, but the vast majority of Runic inscriptions date from the 11th century. Runic inscriptions have been found throughout Europe from the Balkans to Germany, Scandinavia and the British Isles. Notable features The direction of writing in early Runic inscriptions is variable. Later they settled down into a left to right pattern Word divisions were not generally recognised in Runic writing, although one or more dots were occasionally used for this function. Types of runic inscriptions include: 'Kilroy was here' type inscriptions on cliff walls, large rocks and buildings grave stone inscriptions, often with who carved the runes and who was buried, and also who made sure the stone was raised. (Later grave slabs or stone coffins were sometimes inscribed with Christian texts carved in runes) religious/magic inscriptions: prayers and curses, formulas on charms, etc.
[Show full text]
Runes Pdf, Epub, Ebook
RUNES PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Martin Findell | 112 pages | 24 Mar 2014 | BRITISH MUSEUM PRESS | 9780714180298 | English | London, United Kingdom Runes PDF Book By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Runecasting Aspects - When should a rune be read as "reversed" or "merkstave"? If anyone objects to my use of anything on this site, please contact me, and I will take care of it right away. The Uthark theory originally was proposed as a scholarly hypothesis by Sigurd Agrell in Bonfante, The Etruscan Language p. The reduction correlates with phonetic changes when Proto-Norse evolved into Old Norse. Makaev, who presumes a "special runic koine ", an early "literary Germanic" employed by the entire Late Common Germanic linguistic community after the separation of Gothic 2nd to 5th centuries , while the spoken dialects may already have been more diverse. Little is known about the origins of the Runic alphabet, which is traditionally known as futhark after the first six letters. These inscriptions are generally in Elder Futhark , but the set of letter shapes and bindrunes employed is far from standardized. The runes had magical and sacral significance. Notably, more than inscriptions using these runes have been discovered in Bergen since the s, mostly on wooden sticks the so-called Bryggen inscriptions. The names are clearly Gothic, but it is impossible to say whether they are as old as the letters themselves. Nevertheless, it has proven difficult to find unambiguous traces of runic "oracles": although Norse literature is full of references to runes, it nowhere contains specific instructions on divination. History of the alphabet Egyptian hieroglyphs 32 c.
[Show full text]
ALPHABETUM Unicode Font for Ancient Scripts
(VERSION 14.00, March 2020) A UNICODE FONT FOR LINGUISTICS AND ANCIENT LANGUAGES: OLD ITALIC (Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Picene, Messapic), OLD TURKIC, CLASSICAL & MEDIEVAL LATIN, ANCIENT GREEK, COPTIC, GOTHIC, LINEAR B, PHOENICIAN, ARAMAIC, HEBREW, SANSKRIT, RUNIC, OGHAM, MEROITIC, ANATOLIAN SCRIPTS (Lydian, Lycian, Carian, Phrygian and Sidetic), IBERIC, CELTIBERIC, OLD & MIDDLE ENGLISH, CYPRIOT, PHAISTOS DISC, ELYMAIC, CUNEIFORM SCRIPTS (Ugaritic and Old Persian), AVESTAN, PAHLAVI, PARTIAN, BRAHMI, KHAROSTHI, GLAGOLITIC, OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC, OLD PERMIC (ANBUR), HUNGARIAN RUNES and MEDIEVAL NORDIC (Old Norse and Old Icelandic). (It also includes characters for LATIN-based European languages, CYRILLIC-based languages, DEVANAGARI, BENGALI, HIRAGANA, KATAKANA, BOPOMOFO and I.P.A.) USER'S MANUAL ALPHABETUM homepage: http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/jmag0042/alphabet.html Juan-José Marcos Professor of Classics. Plasencia. Spain [email protected] 1 March 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. Intr oduc tion 3 2. Font installati on 3 3. Encod ing syst em 4 4. So ft ware req uiremen ts 5 5. Unicode co verage in ALP HAB ETUM 5 6. Prec ompo sed cha racters and co mbining diacriticals 6 7. Pri vate Use Ar ea 7 8. Classical Latin 8 9. Anc ient (po lytonic) Greek 12 10. Old & Midd le En glis h 16 11. I.P.A. Internati onal Phon etic Alph abet 17 12. Pub lishing cha racters 17 13. Mi sce llaneous ch aracters 17 14. Espe ran to 18 15. La tin-ba sed Eu ropean lan gua ges 19 16. Cyril lic-ba sed lan gua ges 21 17. Heb rew 22 18.
[Show full text]
Herlitz 4.000 Fonts 2002
Herlitz 4.000 Fonts 2002 by Herlitz alias Solus GmbH alias New Media Agency GmbH alias Susanne Kurschus The shady company "Solus GmbH" in Iserlohn (Germany), also known as "New Media Agency GmbH" in Menden, which is using or appropriating the name "Herlitz" of a company producing stationery (see http://www.herlitz.de) and which is run by Mrs. Susanne Kurschus alias Mr. Sven Kurschus, is producing the worst rip-off typeface collection CD that I have ever seen. The files on this Herlitz CD have been ripped off from private BBS sites which often offer the fonts of commercial foundries after having replaced the original copyright notices by false notices (e.g. by "FREEWARE!", see below). In order to show how the fonts of the Herlitz CD were forged, I wrote a special program that dumps all internal entries of TrueType fonts. In this way a lot of additional data which are usually not seen by the user, are made visible. Examples: AvantGarde-Book Wd Regular AVANTGAW AvantGarde-Book Wd Regular: AvantGarde-Book Wd AvantGarde-BookWd Fantazia Fonts and Sounds shows the source of the Herlitz rip-off fonts. ABCTech Bodoni Wave Regular ABCTEC03 ALLTYPE:Bodoni Regular:MIKE ABCTech Bodoni Wave Converted from U:\HOME\PEARCE\AT\TTFONTS\ST000008.TF1 by ALLTYPE Bodoni shows the subdirectories used by the font rippers. Action Jackson Regular ACTIONJ Frog: ... NO MONEY must ever exchange hands for this font file, without EXPLICIT WRITTEN PERMISSION from the designer. This means you MAY NOT SELL THIS FONT on a font-collection CD shows that Herlitz ripped off fonts not be included on font CDs EurostileExtended-Roman-DTC Regular EUROSTI3 ALLTYPE:EurostileExtended-Roman-DTC Regular:MIKE EurostileExtended-Roman-DTC Converted from D:\FONTTEMP\EUX_____.TF1 by ALLTYPE EurostileExtended- Roman-DTC shows that Herlitz appropriated trademarks registered by others The Herlitz CD contains fonts ripped off from almost all type foundries, and if you click e.g.
[Show full text]
Putting the Elder Futhark Into a Young Spiritualism: a Semantic Analysis of an Odinist Divination Guidebook
Corsetti, A. (2020). Putting the Elder Futhark into a Young Spiritualism: A Semantic Analysis of an Odinist Divination Guidebook. Curiosity: Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Innovation, 1(1). LINGUISTICS Putting the Elder Futhark into a Young Spiritualism: A Semantic Analysis of an Odinist Divination Guidebook Ashton Corsetti, Associates of Science, Bachelor's of English- Professional and Technical Writing Emphasis (in progress)* Keywords: old norwegian, elder futhark, spiritualism, old english, runes Curiosity: Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Innovation Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2020 The Nordic people embodied the Elder Futhark runes—the oldest-known form of the Germanic writing system—with esotericism (knowledge available only to a small group of people), seeing them as a direct line of communication to divinity. This mystical significance has been reintroduced to neopagan groups through guidebooks on runecasting, a divinatory practice in which the runes are interpreted negatively or positively depending on how they land. This analysis checks the interpretations of a popular Odinist writer against secular scholarship, evaluating for both semantic authenticity in the Germanic tradition and runic symbolism within Odinism—a modern religious sect based on pre-Christian roots in Northern Europe. All 24 runes are separated into three groups of eight depending on their relationship to the Old English and Old Norwegian rune poems, both of which are involved in the reconstruction of runic etymology. The findings indicate a range of ideological terminologies that either stem from intellectual obscurity or are anachronistic when compared to Germanic traditions. This illustrates a spiritual appropriation of the runic symbols rather than a return to pre-Christian concepts, thus disqualifying the text as a source of scholarship.
[Show full text]
Thelittle Bookeof Signatures
lzbt uo (1533-1603) Tudor Elizabeth uaithn ruche & hand humanist er,Lr ane (1545-1567) Darnley Lord Henry, ea ouet today. documents legal eiiu pe-ak,srbsadhrls tl sdin used still heralds; and scribes upper-ranks, religious tmhvn ensge.Cmol sdb ig,the kings, by used Commonly signed. been having item ojnto ihproa ae sa niaino an of indication an as names personal with conjunction aeGe (1537-1554) Grey Jane hogotteMdl gsado pt h 60 in 1600s the to up on and Ages Middle the throughout eeused were These written). have (I ruches subscripsi nitrwndSSo U,sodfrteterm the for stood SUB, or SSS intertwined An ak oaisue rw in R rm12-18C. from (R) signs drawn used Notaries rank. eeal ihteiltrt u oeie ihtoeof those with sometimes but illiterate the with generally eas hs eepplri h 01t Century, 10-11th the in popular were These petals. L omr ope in odigi col,dt and dots scrolls, in doodling signs complex more to (L) (1542-1587) iioh nIei sdeeyhn rmsml crosses simple from everything used Iberia in Visigoths ayQeno Scots of Queen Mary Earlyon,drawnsignswereusedtoidentifypeople.The in Sigils. & Signs dadV (1537-1553) VI Edward AcknowledgementsandFurtherResources. The LittleBooke ofSignatures. Foraquickwaytohandwritesomething,printitout This booklet aims to provide you with assistance in inasuitablefont,thenuseawindoworlightboxto developingaperiod-stylesignaturethatsuitsyou. traceovertheletterswithapen.Fromthere,youcan The earliest personal signatures appear in Europe buildupconfidenceandlearnformalcalligraphic around the 6th Century, and even then it took another styles.Seeascribeforthat! thousandyearsbeforetheyovertookusingseals,ringsor katherinekerr:http://webcentre.co.nz/kk/ tokens, x or cross signs, or even complex drawn symbols Historicalfonts(forpurchase),AlexMoseley: as personal identifiers. Knowing what is appropriate for http://www.crazydiamond.co.uk/ youisanicewaytoaddtoyourpersona.
[Show full text]
Visual Complexity in Orthographic Learning: Modeling Learning Across Writing System Variations Li-Yun Changa, David C
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES OF READING http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2015.1104688 Visual complexity in orthographic learning: Modeling learning across writing system variations Li-Yun Changa, David C. Plautb, and Charles A. Perfettic aNational Taiwan Normal University; bCarnegie Mellon University; cUniversity of Pittsburgh ABSTRACT The visual complexity of orthographies varies across writing systems. Prior research has shown that complexity strongly influences the initial stage of reading development: the perceptual learning of grapheme forms. This study presents a computational simulation that examines the degree to which visual complexity leads to grapheme learning difficulty. We trained each of 131 identical neural networks to learn the structure of a different orthography and demonstrated a strong, positive association between net- work learning difficulty and multiple dimensions of grapheme complexity. We also tested the model’s performance against grapheme complexity effects on behavioral same/different judgments. Although the model was broadly consistent with human performance in how processing difficulty depended on the complexity of the tested orthography, as well as its relationship to viewers’ first-language orthography, discrepancies provided insight into important limitations of the model. We discuss how visual complexity can be a factor leading to reading difficulty across writing systems. Introduction The study of reading development across writing systems has focused primarily on the principles governing mapping between graphemes and various linguistic units such as phonemes, syllables, and morphemes. Grapheme encoding itself has received relatively less attention. Graphemes are the basic units that distinguish among a language’s written morphemes (e.g., single letters and letter combinations in alphabets/abjads, akshara in alphasyllabaries/syllabaries, and characters in morpho- Downloaded by [David Plaut] at 15:56 01 December 2015 syllabaries).
[Show full text]