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West Nile Virus Bibliography, 1965-2004 May Be Viewed As One Complete Publication File Below Or by Individual Sections at Westnilebib.Htm NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY ARCHIVED FILE Archived files are provided for reference purposes only. This file was current when produced, but is no longer maintained and may now be outdated. Content may not appear in full or in its original format. All links external to the document have been deactivated. For additional information, see http://pubs.nal.usda.gov. West Nile Virus NOTE: West Nile Virus Bibliography, 1965-2004 may be viewed as one complete publication file below or by individual sections at westnilebib.htm United States Department of West Nile Virus Bibliography, 1965-2004 Agriculture February 2003, Updated December 2004 Agricultural West Nile Virus Fact Sheet Research Service National Gregg Goodman Laudie Baer* Agricultural Barbara Buchanan The College of Information Studies Library Jean Larson University of Maryland, College Park Animal Welfare Information Center U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Animal Welfare National Agricultural Library Information 10301 Baltimore Avenue Center Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 Telephone: (301) 504-6212 Fax: (301) 504-7125 Contact us: http://awic.nal.usda.gov/contact-us Website: http://awic.nal.usda.gov *Updates for 2003 through May 2004 were completed as an independent study requirement for a Masters Degree in Information Management. Web Policies and Important Links Information on how to request materials that are included in the collection of the National Agricultural Library (NAL) may be found on the Collection Services Branch Website at http://www.nal.usda.gov/borrow-materials. Please read carefully as there are certain restrictions on media and document types. Bibliography 2004 / 2003 / 2002 / 2001 / 2000 / 1999 / 1998 / 1997 / 1996 / 1995 / 1994 / 1993 / 1992 / 1991 / 1990 / 1989 / 1988 / 1987 / 1986 / 1985 / 1984 / 1983 / 1982 / 1981 / 1980 / 1979 / 1978 / 1977 / 1976 / 1975 / 1974 / 1973 / 1972 / 1971 / 1970 / 1969 / 1968 / 1967 / 1966 / 1965 Introduction In 1999, an exotic disease emerged in the middle of New York City. It killed several humans and thousands of native crows. Viral testing determined that the illness in both humans and animals was caused by the West Nile virus. http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/westnile/westnilebib2.htm[4/6/2015 10:12:50 AM] West Nile Virus This particular virus is an arbovirus that is endemic in the old world especially Africa. Until 1999, it had never been observed in the Western hemisphere. In its native lands, it seldom causes death in either humans or animals. For some reason, the strain that emerged in New York City is a more deadly strain often causing death via encephalitis in susceptible individuals— the very young, the very old, the sick, and the immune compromised. For others, the symptoms of the disease are typically mild. It has been determined that some species of mosquitoes—especially Culex and Aedes—can spread the disease from wild birds to other species including many mammals including humans. The virus is able to winter over in temperate climates in those species of mosquitoes that survive in winter temperatures. Migratory wild birds often play a role by acting as reservoir of the virus. Since the birds migrate over great distances, they are proving to be very effective distribution agents. Infected birds land and feed, they are often bitten by the local mosquito populations and if the mosquito is one that can in turn transmit the virus, then the virus becomes established in a new geographical area. As a result of this effective disease transmission pattern, the disease has expanded rapidly to other parts of North America since 1999. Since West Nile virus is an important emerging and rapidly expanding disease of humans and animals, it was decided to compile a bibliography of both the current literature and historical data going back to 1965. The focus of the scientific literature of this bibliography deals with the virus, its effects on animals, how the mosquito harbors and maintains the virus, how the virus is maintained over the seasons and how disease spreads. The major topics include: techniques of viral isolation and purification, viral genetics and strain differentiation, mosquito vector biology and behavior, transmission factors, animal species susceptible to the disease, animals as disease sentinels, disease reservoirs, surveillance programs, vector control programs, etc. There are many other resources available from the biomedical community that deal with the pathobiology of the disease in humans. Those topics are not addressed in this document. 2004 Abutarbush, Sameeh M.; O'Connor, Brendan P.; Clark, Chris; Sampieri, Francesca; Naylor, Jonathan M. Clinical West Nile virus infection in 2 horses in western Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal / La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne. 2004 Nov; 45(4): 315-317. ISSN: 0008-5286. NAL call no.: 41.8 R3224 Descriptors: horses, West Nile virus infection, ataxia, recumbency, detected by polymerase chain reaction. Abstract: Two horses had a history of ataxia and weakness or recumbency. One recovered and was diagnosed with West Nile virus (WNV) infection by serologic testing. The other was euthanized; it had meningoencepha lomyelitis, WNV was detected by polymerase chain reaction. West Nile virus infection is an emerging disease. Year 2002 is the first year in which cases have been seen in Saskatchewan. Anonymous. Equine WNV cases drop. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2004 Apr; 24(4): 142-143. ISSN: 0737- 0806. NAL call no.: SF951.J65 Descriptors: USDA approved vaccine--West Nile Innovator/Encephalomyletis combination, Fort Dodge Animal Health, effective in horses, effective disease prevention, horses, West Nile virus, 13 million protected with vaccine, forecast fewe r cases due to prevention via vaccine. Anonymous. Getting out into the field, and forest. Editorial. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2004; 4(3): 127. ISSN: 1473- 3099. Descriptors: influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome, rabies virus, Ebola virus, West Nile virus. Anonymous. Recombinant DNA vaccine technology. Edited from Merial literature. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2004; 24(2): 64-67. ISSN: 0737-0806. NAL call no.: SF951.J65 Descriptors: animals, horses, Aedes, Culicidae, Diptera, Equidae, Chordata, Flaviviridae, antibodies, disease vectors, experimental infection, genetic engineering, immunity, recombinant DNA, recombinant vaccines, seroconversion, vaccination, vaccine development, vaccines, West Nile fever. Anonymous. West Nile virus vaccine. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2004 Jan; 24(1): 12-13. ISSN: 0737-0806. http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/pubs/westnile/westnilebib2.htm[4/6/2015 10:12:50 AM] West Nile Virus NAL call no.: SF951.J65 Descriptors: West Nile virus, horses, vaccine for equines. Anonymous. West Nile virus 2003. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2004 Mar; 24(3): 100-101. ISSN: 0737-0806. NAL call no.: SF951.J65 Descriptors: West Nile virus, horses, epidemiology, levels of the disease in equines. Apperson, Charles S.; Hassan, Hassan K.; Harrison, Bruce A.; Savage, Harry M.; Aspen, Stephen E.; Farajollahi, Ary; Crans, Wayne; Daniels, Thomas J.; Falco, Richard C.; Benedict, Mark; Anderson, Michael; McMillen, Larry; Unnasch, T homas R. Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2004 Spring; 4(1): 71-82. ISSN: 1530-3667. NAL call no.: RA639.5.V43 Descriptors: mosquitos, vector capacity, degree of vector and vertebrate reservoir contact, host feeding habits of vectors, vector feeding preferences, serological and polymerase chain r eactions for host–feeding patterns, 21 mosquito species, vector species for West Nile virus may prefer certain avian hosts, mammalophilic mosquito species, New Jersey, New York. Abstract: An important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of mosquito species for arthropod-borne infections is the degree of contact of the vector and the vertebrate reservoir . This parameter can be estimated by examining the host-feeding habits of vectors. Serological and polymerase chain reaction based methods have been used to study th e host-feedings patterns of 21 mosquito species from New York, New Jersey, and Tennessee, 19 of which previously have been found infected with West Nile virus. Mammalophilic mosquito species in New Jersey and New York fed primarily upon white-t ailed deer, while those from Memphis, Tennessee, fed mainly upon domestic dogs. A total of 24 different avian host species were detected among the avian-derived blood meals. American Robin, Northern Cardinal, North ern Mockingbird, Tufted Titmouse, and Brown-headed Cowbird were common avian hosts, while blood meals derived from the American Crow were relatively rare. Although the majority of common host species were poten tially among the most abundant birds at each location, the proportion of blood meals from the most commonly fed upon avian species was greater than was predicted based upon the likely abundance of these species alone. These findings suggest that vector species for West Nile virus may preferentially feed upon certain avian hosts. Austgen, Laura E.; Bowen, Richard A.; Bunning, Michel L.; Davis, Brent S.; Mitchell, Carl J.; Chang, Gwong-Jen J. Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004 Jan; 10(1): 82-86. ISSN: 1080-6040. NAL call no.: RA648.5.E46 Descriptors: dogs and cats readily infected with WNV, viremia peak titers, carnivores infected by eating WNV infected prey, no-clinical sign of disease, oral transmission. Abstract: Domestic dogs and cats were infected by mosquito bite and evaluated as hosts for West Nile virus (WNV). Viremia of low magnitude and short durati on developed in four dogs but they did not display signs of disease. Four cats became viremic, with peak titers ranging from 10(3.0) to 10(4.0) PFU/mL. Three of the cats showed mild, non-neurologic signs of disease. WNV was not isolated from saliva of either dogs or cats during the period of viremia. An additional group of four cats were exposed to WNV orally, through ingestion of infected mice. Two cats consumed an infected mouse on three consecutive days, and two cats ate a single infected mouse.
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