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THE DAKOTA AQUIFER NEAR PUEBLO, COLORADO: FAULTS and FLOW PATTERNS by Edward R. Banta U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources

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THE DAKOTA AQUIFER NEAR PUEBLO, COLORADO: FAULTS and FLOW PATTERNS by Edward R. Banta U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources THE DAKOTA AQUIFER NEAR PUEBLO, COLORADO: FAULTS AND FLOW PATTERNS By Edward R. Banta U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4186 Lakewood, Colorado 1985 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVfcY i Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report write to: may be purchased from: Open-Ffile Services Section Colorado District Western Distribution Branch U.S. Geological Survey, MS 415 U.S. Geological Survey, MS 306 Box 25046, Denver Federal Center Box 25425, Federal Center Lakewood, CO 80225 Denver, CO 80225 Telephone: (303) 236-7476 CONTENTS Page Abstract----------- _________________________________________ ________ j Introduction------------------------------ ------- - ______________ j Geology of the Dakota Sandstone, the Purgatoire Formation, and associated rocks-------------- ------------------------------------- 4 Stratigraphy-- --- -------------------__---- ________________ 4 Structure---------- --------- ______ __________ ______________ 9 Hydrology with respect to faults and flow patterns------- ------------- 12 Water-bearing properties of the formations------------------------- 12 Ground-water flow------------------------------- ----- __________ 13 Recharge and discharge areas--------------- _______________ 13 Flow-net analysis---------------- --------------------------- 16 Water quality-- ------------ - _____________ ________________ 17 Effect of fault offset on flow patterns----------------------- --- 20 Conclusions----- ----------------------------------- _________________ 21 References-------------- --- ---------------------- --- ____ ______ 22 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Location of study area-------------------------------------- 2 2-5. Maps showing: 2. Generalized geology----------------------------------- 3 3. Altitude and configuration of the top of the Dakota Sandstone------- --------------------------- 5 4. Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface and flow net for the Dakota aquifer--------- 6 5. Thickness of the Dakota Sandstone and Purgatoire Formation--------- ---------------- ______________ 7 6. Stratigraphy of the Dakota Sandstone, Purgatoire Formation, and associated rocks--------------------- ---- 8 7. Geologic section A-A 1 ------------------- ________-_-------_ n 8. Map showing transmissivity of the Dakota aquifer------------ 14 9. Geologic section B-B f 15 10. Map showing specific conductance of water in the Dakota aquifer-- --- -- -------- - ______________________ 19 TABLE Table 1. Specific-conductance data for water from aquifers other than the Dakota aquifer in the study area---------- ------------ 18 iii METRIC CONVERSE)NS The inch-pound units used in this report may be converted to SI (International System of Units) by use of the following conversion factors: Multiply By To obtain acre-foot (acre-ft) 1,233 cubic meter acre-foot per year (acre-ft/yr) 1,233 cubic meter per year cubic foot per day (ft3 /d) 0.02832 cubic meter per day foot (ft) 0.3048 meter foot per mile (ft/mi) 0.1894 meter per kilometer mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer square mile (mi 2 ) 2.590 square kilometer square foot per day (ft2 /d) 0.09290 square meter per day Temperature in degree Celsius (°C) may be converted to degree Fahrenheit (°F) by use of the following formula: 5F = 9/5 °C+32 The following term and abbreviation also is u sed in this report microsiemens per centimet sr (pS/cm) i.v THE DAKOTA AQUIFER NEAR PUEBLO, COLORADO: FAULTS AND FLOW PATTERNS by Edward R. Banta ABSTRACT The Lower Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and underlying Purgatoire Formation (Dakota aquifer) form a broad outcrop at the southeastern margin of the Canon City Embayment just west of Pueblo, Colorado. Five large faults and several small faults, all apparently of high angle, have been found to affect ground- water flow patterns in the Dakota aquifer and adjacent strata. Analysis of lithology, structure, ground-water levels, and water quality indicates areas of restricted flow and of interformational flow. The transmissivity of the Dakota aquifer is extremely variable, but in most of the study area it ranges from 50 to 200 square feet per day. Net recharge in the outcrop area is estimated to be about 920 acre-feet per year, as calculated by a flow-net analysis. INTRODUCTION The Lower Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone and Purgatoire Formation (Dakota aquifer) supply water for domestic, stock, irrigation, and municipal purposes in much of southeastern Colorado as well as other areas of the Great Plains physiographic province. In Colorado, recharge to the Dakota aquifer occurs primarily in the outcrop areas, because the overlying Graneros Shale (Upper Cretaceous) and underlying Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic), typically effective confining beds, greatly retard interformational flow. The presence of faults in, and downgradient from, the outcrops causes the question to arise: Do the faults affect the hydraulic flow regime to such a degree that they hinder or enhance the rates of recharge or control the direction of flow? The question of how ground-water flow is affected here as well as in other areas where equivalents of the Dakota and Purgatoire are faulted is of impor­ tance to the Central Midwest Regional Aquifer System Analysis, a U.S. Geo­ logical Survey project concerned with the geohydrology of the Dakota aquifer and underlying aquifers of the Great Plains physiographic province. A 12-township area in Pueblo and Fremont Counties near Pueblo, Colo., was selected for the purpose of exploring this question (see fig. 1). Here the Dakota Sandstone and Purgatoire Formation, due to generally gentle dip, form broad outcrop areas (fig. 2) in contrast to the more common hogback-shaped outcrops found along the mountain flanks where the strata dip steeply. Scott and others (1978) and Stout (1958) have mapped several high-angle faults which have stratigraphic offsets as much as 250 ft in places. 105° Colorado Springs SsSSi/Precambrian rocks I PUEBLO COUNTY 38° ^^ Study Area HUERFANO COqNTY / ANIMAS 10 20 30 MILES i I I 10 20 30 KILOMETERS Figure 1. Location of s tudy area. R. 67 W. R. 66 W. 104°45' Pueblo West Ku Subdivision 38° 15' - 38°00' - Sources of Information: Scott, 1964,1969,1972a, b, c, and 1973; Johnson, 1969; Scott and Taylor, 1973; Taylor and Scott, 6 KILOMETERS 1973; and Scott and others, 1978. EXPLANATION Ku POST DAKOTA SANDSTONE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (UPPER CRETACEOUS) Kdp DAKOTA SANDSTONE AND PURGATOIRE FORMATION, UNDIVIDED (LOWER CRETACEOUS) pK PRE-CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTARY AND CRYSTALLINE ROCKS CONTACT 1 FAULT Bar and ball on downthrown side LINE OF GEOLOGIC SECTION See figures 7 and 8 Figure 2. Generalized geology. 3 Data used to infer the effects of geologic controls on the ground-water flow patterns were stratigraphic and lithologic descriptions, water levels in wells, and specific conductance of ground water. The geologic controls analyzed in this report are in two categoriesd Lithology and structure (fault-associated). Stratigraphic descriptions in published and unpublished reports and lithologic descriptions from water-well drillers' logs and one oil test well log provided the basis for the lithologic characterization of the strata of the Dakota Sandstone, the Purgatoire Formation, and adjacent units. The map showing the structure of the top of tlie Dakota Sandstone (fig. 3) was drawn using altitudes of "tops" interpreted from water-well drillers' logs and outcrop altitudes of the Dakota Sandstone and younger units. This map was used to estimate the magnitude of the offset along the various faults (fig. 4). Water-level data were obtained from water-well drillers' logs and U.S. Geological Survey ground-water files. The effects of pumping from the aquifer on water-level data were minimized by'selecting water-level data recorded before the extensive development of the aquifer. With ground-water pumping at a negligible level, the ground-wat^r flow characteristics in the Dakota aquifer primarily were affected by geologic factors. Water-level contours were derived from water levels in selected wells. Specific- conductance data, obtained from U.S. Geologic4l Survey ground-water files and a report by Crouch and others (1982), were uscid as an indication of the concentration of dissolved solids in the grourfd water. The configuration of the potentiometric surface and the distriblition of dissolved solids were used to infer ground-water flow patterns in tl: e Dakota aquifer. The geology and the flow patterns were compared in order to infer a cause-and-effect relation between the geologic controls and the ground-water flow patterns. GEOLOGY OF THE DAKOTA SANDSTONE, THE, PURGATOIRE FORMATION, AND ASSOCIATED RO CKS Stratigraphy The thickness of the Dakota Sandstone and underlying Purgatoire Formation ranges from less than 200 ft in the east-central part of the mapped area to 340 ft in the west-central part (fig. 5). Sedimentary rocks ranging from fluvial sandstones and conglomeratic sandstones to marine shales are found within this sequence. For descriptive purposes, the rocks are divided into three major units in ascending order: The Lytle Sandstone and Glencairn Shale Members of the Purgatoire Formation, and the I akota Sandstone (fig. 6). The Purgatoire Formation is underlain by the Jurassic Morrison Formation, a series of sandstone, argillaceous limestone varicolored shale, and siltstone, all lenticular in nature (Malek-As] tani, 1952) that is over 300 ft thick. The Graneros Shale overlies the Dakota Sandstone and is approximately 105 to 115 ft thick
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