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Triassic Rocks of Texas TED GAWLOSKI Creative Thinking Is More Important Than Elaborate

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Triassic Rocks of Texas TED GAWLOSKI Creative Thinking Is More Important Than Elaborate Triassic Rocks of Texas TED GAWLOSKI Creative thinking is more important than elaborate FRANK CARNEY, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY BAYLOR UNIVERSITY 1929-1934 Objectives of Training at Baylor The training of a geologist in a university covers but a few years; his education continues throughout his active life. The purposes of train­ ing geologists at Baylor University are to provide a sound basis of understanding and to foster a truly geological point of view, both of which are essential for continued professional growth. The staff considers geology to be unique among sciences since it is primarily a field science. All geologic research in­ cluding that done in laboratories must be firmly supported by field observations. The student is encouraged to develop an inquiring ob­ jective attitude and to examine critically all geological concepts and principles. The development of a mature and professional attitude toward geology and geological research is a principal concern of the department. THE BAYLOR UNIVERSITY PRESS WACO, TEXAS f BAYLOR GEOLOGICAL STUDIES BULLETIN NO. 41 Stratigraphy and Environmental Significance of the Continental Triassic Rocks of Texas Ted Gawloski BAYLOR UNIVERSITY Department of Geology Waco, Texas Spring 1983 Baylor Geological Studies EDITORIAL STAFF Jean M. Spencer Jenness, M.S., Editor environmental and medical geology O. T. ward, Ph.D., Advisor, Cartographic Editor what have you Peter M. Allen, Ph.D. urban and environmental geology, hydrology Harold H. Beaver, Ph.D. stratigraphy, petroleum geology Rena Bonem, Ph.D. paleontology, paleoecology William Brown, M.S. structural tectonics Robert C. Grayson, Ph.D. stratigraphy, conodont biostratigraphy and sedimentary petrology Don M. Greene, Ph.D. physical geography, climatology, earth sciences Don F. Parker, Ph.D. igneous geology, volcanology, mineralogy, petrology Ker Thomson, D.Sc. W. M. Keck Foundation Chair in Geophysics STUDENT EDITORIAL STAFF C. Elaine Cartographer, Student Editor The Baylor Geological Studies Bulletin is published by the Department of Geology at Baylor University. The Bulletin is specifically dedicated to the dissemination of geologic knowledge for the benefit of the people of Texas. The publication is designed to present the results of both pure and applied research which will ultimately be impor­ tant in the economic and cultural growth of the State. ISSN 0005-7266 Additional copies of this bulletin can be obtained from the Department of Geology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798. $1.05 postpaid. CONTENTS Page Abstract 5 Introduction 5 Purpose 5 Location 7 Procedures 8 Previous works 8 Acknowledgments Descriptive Geology Regional geologic setting 12 Regional structural elements Distribution and Character of the Eagle Mills Formation Geologic setting Thickness .15 Lithology 16 Distribution and Character of the Sycamore Formation Introduction Regional geologic setting contacts 18 Lithology of the Sycamore conglomerate Outcrop regions of Sycamore conglomerate 20 Distribution and Character of the Dockum Group Introduction Geologic setting Stratigraphic contacts 22 Lithology of Dockum rocks 23 Distribution and Character of the Bissett Formation 27 Introduction 27 Interpretive geology 27 Sedimentary History of the Eagle Mills Formation 27 Depositional environment 27 Paleotectonic implications of origin 27 Ancient depositional models 32 Sedimentary History of Sycamore Rocks 33 Suggested depositional models for Sycamore sedimentation 34 Sedimentary History of Dockum Rocks 37 Tecovas Formation 37 Trujillo Formation 37 Depositional systems 38 Sedimentary history 38 Provenance area 40 Depositional models 40 Sedimentary History of the Bissett Formation 41 Age determination Depositional environment 41 Comparison of the Continental Triassic Rocks of Texas 41 Conclusions 43 Appendix 44 References 45 Index 48 ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE Page 1. Index map of wells penetrating Eagle Mills Fm., NE Texas 6 2. Outcrop and locality map, Sycamore rocks, central Texas 7 3. Outcrop and locality map, Dockum rocks, W Texas 8 4. Structural map of Texas during Triassic deposition 9 5. Outcrop and locality map, Bissett Fm., SW Texas 9 6. Physiographic map of Texas with outcrops of Triassic rocks 7. Map of Interior Mesozoic Basin and Ouachita Tectonic Belt 8. Late Triassic paleogeography of Texas 9. Thickness of Eagle Mills Fm 10. NW-SE cross-section of Eagle Mills Fm., S Arkansas 16 11. W-E cross-section of Eagle Mills Fm., central and E Texas 16 12. Slab of coarse-grained red sandstone, Titus Co 17 Slab of Eagle Mills conglomerate, Titus Co 17 14. Slab of Werner Fm., Titus Co 18 15. Slab of Werner Fm., Titus Co 18 16. Loc. 5. Sycamore Fm. overlying Pennsylvanian rocks 19 17. Loc. 14. Fluvial point-bar deposits of Travis Peak Fm., Lampasas Co 19 Loc. 19. Slab of Sycamore conglomerate 19 19. Loc. 3. Slab of Sycamore conglomerate 20 20. Loc. 18. Sycamore conglomerate at Elliot Creek 20 21. Loc. Exposed caliche zone between Sycamore and Cretaceous rocks ... .21 22. Loc. 5. Weathered conglomerate exposed at Pedernales Falls 21 23. Lithologic-stratigraphic relationships of High Plains sediments 22 24. Loc. 5. Channel sand of the Dockum Gp., W Texas 23 25. Loc. 1. Shales of the lower Dockum Gp., Co 23 26. Loc. 8. Slab of Dockum intrabasinal conglomerate 24 27. Loc. 6. Slab of Dockum extrabasinal conglomerate 24 28. Loc. Outcrop of Tecovas Fm., Garza Co 24 29. Loc. 4. Outcrop of Tecovas sandstone 24 30. Loc. 7. Tecovas exposures, Garza Co 25 Loc. 14. Tecovas shales, Palo Duro Canyon 25 32. Loc. 5. Massive sandstone channel 25 33. Loc. 5 Outcrop of Trujillo Fm 26 34. Loc. 12. Sigmoidal foreset cross strata 26 35. Loc. 14. North rim of Palo Duro Canyon 26 36. Orientation of cross-beds in Dockum sandstone 26 37. Pennsylvanian to Cretaceous lithofacies-environment maps 28 38. Postulated Precambrian basin margin of the Gulf of Mexico 29 39. Late Mesozoic sea-floor spreading of Pangaea 29 40. Map of the pre-Mesozoic to Middle Jurassic Gulf Coast region 41. Generalized W-E cross-section, E Texas basin 32 42. Map of Gulf Coast region during Louann deposition 32 43. Facies development of upper Rotliegendes in NW Europe 33 44. Map of Llano Uplift 34 45. Plan and cross-section of Van Horn alluvial fan system 35 46. Map of Gorak Shep alluvial Eureka Valley, Calif 36 47. Caliche zone in upper Sycamore conglomerate, Lampasas Co 37 48. 19. Topography of present day Sycamore Fm 37 49. Loc. 5. Distributary channel-fill 38 50. Loc. 5. structure, Dockum deposits 38 Facies developed at high and low stand depositional phases 39 52. Map of Triassic Intertropical Convergence Zone and climate regions 43 53. Map of Upper Triassic climate-sensitive sedimentary rocks 43 Stratigraphy and Environmental Significance of the Continental Triassic Rocks of Texas Ted Gawloski ABSTRACT The continental Triassic rocks of Texas are repre­ fan deltas, and lakes. The coarse sandstone and conglom­ sented by four distinct but similar rock groups, which erate are products of high-energy, short duration depo- exist both in outcrop and in the subsurface and include: sitional events. the Eagle Mills Formation (south-central and northeast Sedimentation was greatly affected by alternating Texas), Sycamore Formation (central Texas), Dockum matic conditions that produced changes in base level, Group (west Texas), and Bissett Formation (southwest water depth, lake area and the type of streams that flowed Texas). They are clearly terrigenous in nature, derived into the depositional basins. Character of the rock groups principally from older Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. strongly suggests semi-arid to arid deposition typical of The rock groups are composed in part or entirely of the low latitude desert regions of today. Thus, the rocks mudstone, siltstone, medium- to coarse-grained sand­ forming the Eagle Mills, Sycamore, Dockum, and Bissett stone and pebble- to boulder-conglomerate (intrabasinal Formations appear to be continental clastic products and extrabasinal). The sediments were deposited in allu­ deposited during a major semi-arid to arid climatic epi­ vial fans, braided and meandering streams, lobate deltas, sode, such as that of Late Triassic time. PURPOSE of the Interior Gulf Coast Basin and consists of as much The continental Triassic rocks of Texas are repre­ as 7000 ft of alternating sequences of coarse red sand­ sented by four distinct but similar rock groups: 1. the stone, siltstone, and conglomerate deposited as bed-load Eagle Mills Formation of northeast Texas, 2. the Syca­ to mixed-load streams on alluvial fans, which extended more Formation of central Texas, 3. the Dockum Group from the Ouachita Tectonic Belt southeastward into sub­ of west Texas, and 4. the Bissett Formation of southwest siding grabens. Texas (Table 1). The Sycamore Formation of central Texas is a highly The Upper Triassic Eagle Mills Formation accumu­ locahzed, poorly sorted, coarse conglomerate consisting lated in an arcuate pattern bordering the eastern edge of of pebbles and cobbles of hard limestone, dolomite, and the Ouachita Tectonic Belt from Falls and Robertson chert in a matrix of coarse quartz sand. It is a distinctive Counties in south-central Texas northeastward through unit in that it differs in composition and character from Bowie County and eastward into Arkansas and Missis­ the underlying Paleozoic rocks and the overlying basal sippi (Fig. 1). It is a subsurface unit, now buried beneath Cretaceous deposits. Rocks of the Sycamore Formation thousands of feet of Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments. were deposited upon an erosional surface characterized The Eagle Mills formation represents the initial deposits by a series of valleys and divides that extend north, thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the M.S. degree in Geology, Baylor University, 6 BAYLOR GEOLOGICAL STUDIES TABLE 1. NOMENCLATURE CHART, UPPER TRIASSIC eastern New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, far ROCKS OF TEXAS. western portions of Kansas and Oklahoma. It com­ posed of up to 2000 ft of complexly interrelated terrigen­ ous clastic facies ranging from mudstone to conglomer­ CENTRAL TEXAS EAST TEXAS SOUTHWEST TEXAS WEST TEXAS ate (McGowen et 1979, p.
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