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The Effect of Cultural Heritage Tourism on Tourist Word of Mouth: the Case of Lok Versa Festival, Pakistan

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The Effect of Cultural Heritage Tourism on Tourist Word of Mouth: the Case of Lok Versa Festival, Pakistan sustainability Article The Effect of Cultural Heritage Tourism on Tourist Word of Mouth: The Case of Lok Versa Festival, Pakistan Muhammad Hasnain Abbas Naqvi 1,*,† ID , Yushi Jiang 1,†, Mishal Hasnain Naqvi 2,*,† ID , Miao Miao 1,*,†, Changyong Liang 3,† and Shafaqat Mehmood 3,† ID 1 School of Economics and Management, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; [email protected] 2 Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China 3 School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (S.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.H.A.N.); [email protected] (M.H.N.); [email protected] (M.M.); Tel.: +86-151-0280-3474 (M.H.A.N.); +86-158-2845-1440 (M.H.N.); +86-132-8122-6179 (M.M.) † All Author contributed equally and share the first equal authorship rights. Received: 23 May 2018; Accepted: 5 July 2018; Published: 9 July 2018 Abstract: Festivals are the most viable source of tourism promotion and provide recognition to different cultures and communities. This paper proposed and examined a holistic model of festival word of mouth (WOM), which is influenced by authenticity, promotion, loyalty, quality, and satisfaction. Accordingly, the current paper investigated the effect of the proposed model with reference to Lok Virsa handicrafts, the most famous festival of the Islamabad region in Pakistan. The findings revealed that the festival quality has direct impact on WOM and promotion. Promotion has a positive influence on loyalty, satisfaction, and WOM. Festival authenticity strongly influences promotion, quality, satisfaction, and WOM. Festival satisfaction is positively related to WOM and loyalty. Whereas, festival loyalty and WOM are significantly associated. The results suggest that festival organizers should deliver the claims and promises in the festival that they have made with tourists. This technique will harvest positive WOM and increase tourist re-visitation to upcoming festivals. Keywords: festival promotion; festival word of mouth; festival quality; authenticity of festival; festival satisfaction; festival loyalty 1. Introduction Festivals and events propound enormous advantages to local people and are marked as a key attribute of cultural tourism [1–3]. In fact, they are considered a most persuasive technique to attain economic, cultural, and marketing benefits [2,4]. Festivals have become the core concern of many scholars as this phenomenon is growing promptly in terms of popularity, volume, and distinctiveness [3,5,6]. A large number of festivals have been held widely by diversified communities with the aim of promoting domestic tourism [7–9] such as local customs, cultural heritage [6,10], and ethnic backgrounds [11]. Cultural tourism has received much recognition and eminence in different regions. For instance, the Middle East, Egypt, Jordan, and North Africa. Though most of these countries have been encountering political uncertainty and turmoil, these factors are not considered barriers for the prosperity of the tourism sector in such countries [12–14]. Pakistan is a well renowned country in Sustainability 2018, 10, 2391; doi:10.3390/su10072391 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2018, 10, 2391 2 of 21 the Asian region and keeps a substantial probability to develop its tourism sector by organizing distinguished cultural festivals for potential tourists. Indeed, Pakistan is enriched with a cultural heritage based on diversified provinces that hold a variety of local festivals each year at the beginning of the spring season. The intentions of these local events are to promote and regain the local heritage. Popular festivals, which include handicrafts, cuisines, Skiing, desert rallies, and so on, have gained the attention of both existing and potential tourists [15–17]. Similarly, these festivals have a significant effect on the economy [18–20], increasing the destination life cycle and image [21] as well as improving the community image [2,12]. Likewise, the Punjab region of Pakistan is supposed to be very lucrative as the capital city of Islamabad is located in this region. Many popular festivals are organized in this city and among these, the handicrafts festival arranged by Lok Virsa are the most popular [16,17,22]. The National Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage (Lok Virsa) was established in 1974 with the mandate of the preservation and promotion of the tangible and intangible heritage of Pakistan. The traditional festival Lok Mela has fascinated massive crowds from every walk of life. The 10-day festival is held at the National Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage, more commonly known as Lok Virsa. The festival intends to showcase the work and creativity of approximately 700 artists representing the traditions and heritage of Pakistan. Special events have been arranged for each day, rejoicing the diversified cultural provinces of Pakistan such as Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The festival featured exhibits of artisan work, a stunning amalgamation of provincial cultural stalls, and an exotic bazaar (market) containing many cultural products. The success of the (Lok Mela) Handicrafts festival can be perceived from the variety of people it attracted. People belonging to different walks of life joined the festival, including professionals, craft experts, artists, celebrities, diplomats, and media officials. More than 20,000 tourists have visited this festival on an annual basis. The purpose behind the success is that apart from the provision of healthy entertainment, the festival actually associates with the local people, expressing the local history, distinctiveness, and culture. From buzzing bazaars (markets) occupied with traditional arts and crafts such as ornaments, bags, pottery, clothes, and vases, to traditional food kiosks with delicious food (such as Sajji, Biryani, Chappli Kabab, Saag, Khorma), the Lok Mela festival is likely to be a triumph event. By understanding the antecedents and relationships affecting festival WOM, festival organizers can entice ample festival goers, consequently engendering monetary benefits, increasing the sustainability of the festivals based on loyalty, authenticity, promotion, and quality and, in doing so, creating positive WOM of each festival. Since festivals have been an interesting vehicle to retain quality [6,12,23–27], ensuring festival authenticity [28–30] achieves festival loyalty [27,31–34] and festival satisfaction [6,25,34–37]. These ingredients could only be accomplished by spreading positive WOM about the festival among the attendees [38–41]. Different scholars have contributed to measuring the antecedents of WOM in the existing literature of festivals and examined the impact of festival authenticity, festival promotion, festival quality, festival loyalty, and festival satisfaction in a WOM context. Subsequently, this study adopted a holistic approach and proposed a more comprehensive model of authenticity, quality, satisfaction, loyalty, and promotion as key predictors of WOM for a given festival. The purpose of this is to examine the popular culture festival of Pakistan and to measure a unique association between variables experienced by visitors. However, no study has measured the effect of these predictors with WOM as a whole. Furthermore, the present study has taken the advantage to calculate the effect of promotion on loyalty, satisfaction, as well as WOM for a given festival. The successes of festivals are based on customer experiences. Despite the popularity and growth of cultural festivals both in theoretical and practical perspectives, little research has been undertaken on festival loyalty. However, in tourism research, loyalty seems to be a significant factor of the success of festivals. Having knowledge about the determinants of festival loyalty may provide practitioners and organizers a number of opportunities to improve the festival credibility among visitors. This unique Sustainability 2018, 10, 2391 3 of 21 association contributes in the existing body of literature and provides novel insights both from a theoretical and strategic perspective. 2. Literature Review and Research Hypothesis The present study adopts a consumer oriented approach, which provides an integrated framework for tourist behavior about particular festival [42]. From the viewpoint of the service sector, the interface between promotion activities and the consumer is a thorough process that develops a consumer’s attitude towards the marketing offer. Hence, as per this definition, the beliefs and attitude of the consumer is the basis to forming a liking or disliking behavior about the product authenticity [43]. The use of this consumer perspective theory is parallel with the notion that authentic festivals and events are perceived as a tool of promotion activity for heritage tourism [44,45]. Based on these empirical evidences, it is clear that a festival’s quality has a strong potential to increase loyalty, promotion, and satisfaction, which results in festival WOM. Keeping in view the above explained logic an integrative layout of these variables has been proposed in the form of the conceptual framework, which is supported by the existing body of literature. 2.1. Festival Authenticity The notion of authenticity is based on three key attributes, existence, truth, and validity, and they can be associated with a country’s customs and culture [46–49]. Three kinds of authenticity are perceived by tourists as per
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