DOCSLIB.ORG

Sustainable Conservation of Endangered Alpine Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Nardostachys Grandiflora DC. Through Top Edge Cutting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sustainable Conservation of Endangered Alpine Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Nardostachys Grandiflora DC. Through Top Edge Cutting International Journal for Environmental Rehabilitation and Conservation ISSN: 0975 6272 XI (SP2): 64 — 74 www.essence-journal.com Original Research Article Sustainable conservation of endangered alpine medicinal and aromatic plant nardostachys grandiflora DC. through top edge cuttings using plant growth regulators (PGR’s) Dobhal, Pradeep; Purohit, Vijay Kant and Chauhan, Jaidev High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand Corresponding Author: [email protected] A R T I C L E I N F O Received: 4 July 2020 | Accepted: 20 August 2020 | Published Online: 30 September 2020 EOI: 10.11208/essence.20.11.SP2.128 Article is an Open Access Publication This work is licensed under Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) ©The Authors (2020): Publishing Rights @ MANU—ICMANU and ESSENCE—IJERC. A B S T R A C T Nardostachys grandiflora DC. (Jatamansi) is a small herbaceous species of family Caprifoliaceae (previously Valerianaceae) commonly known as Jatamansi, Indian nard or spikenard. It is a perennial, dwarf, hairy, rhizomatous medicinal and aromatic herb, grows in steep, moist, rocky, undisturbed grassy slopes in higher Himalayan region. The causative aim of our designed study was preparative and conservative point of view, prior producing the large number of plants using the top edge cuttings obtained from plants at uprising senescence and investigating the effect on N. grandiflora, of different concentrations were tried to stimulate sprouting and rooting of IAA, IBA NAA and BAP respectively. The cuttings were dipped in different concentration of PGRs for 24 hours and planted in Styrofoam trays at Greenhouse condition (21.5 ± 3.30°C while night temperature was 8.60 ± 2.45 °C and the relative humidity was between 65-80% during the experiment) containing mixture of Soil, Sand, Farm Yard Manure (FYM), and Forest Litter (FL) at the ratio of 1:1:1:1. The study reveals that IBA (50 µM) showed better result compared to other PGRs. Experiments indicated that the large number of N. grandiflora plants can be obtained through using top edge cuttings (upper part of shoot portion) without damaging the plants before senescence period. K E Y W O R D S Nardostachys grandiflora DC | Top edge cuttings | Vegetative propagation | Plant Growth Regulators | Conservation C I T A T I O N Dobhal, Pradeep; Purohit, Vijay Kant and Chauhan, Jaidev (2020): Sustainable Conservation of Endangered Alpine Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Nardostachys grandiflora DC. Through Top Edge Cuttings using plant growth regulators (PGR’s). ESSENCE Int. J. Env. Rehab. Conserv. XI (SP2): 64 — 74. https://eoi.citefactor.org/10.11208/essence.20.11.SP2.128 64 ESSENCE—IJERC | Dobhal et al. (2020) | XI (SP2): 64 — 74 Introduction of rhizomes for medicinal and aromatic use, habitat degradation and other biotic Nardostachys grandiflora DC. One of the interferences, the species has become highly economical species commonly known critically endangered depending on habitats as jatamansi. It is a perennial rhizomatous (Airi et al., 2000; Nautiyal et al., 2003). medicinal and aromatic herb growing in Hence emphasis was given on its subalpine/alpine areas of the north western conservation and multiplication by several Himalayan region of Pakistan, India, Nepal, workers (Chauhan and Nautiyal, 2005; China and Tibet, mostly grows in immerse, Chauhan et al., 2008). Effective conservation, moist, stony, slopes between 3000-5000 m asl management and recovery of rare and in higher Himalayan region. It is traditionally endangered species can be deliberated used for its incense, perfume and in ethno through variability analysis (Chauhan et al., medicine as well as modern medicine 2011). A single plant species generally (Chauhan and Nautiyal, 2005). In different consists of genetically differentiated parts of India. The species has been declared populations that are outcomes of the as ‘Endangered’ in Arunachal Pradesh, interactions among natural selection, gene Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh, ‘Critically flow and genetic drift (Suichi, 2003). There Endangered’ in Uttarakhand and Kashmir are several reports available on distribution district, (Kaul, 2001) and ‘Vulnerable’ in pattern, medicinal properties (Purohit et al., Nepal during Conservation Assessment and 2017), etc. The Governments is making Management Plan (CAMP) workshop held in serious effort to promote conservation and the year 2001 (Bhattarai et al., 2002). It is cultivation of this species through different listed in CITES (Convention on International promotional schemes. In this context, effect Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora of various growth regulators was assessed for and Fauna) appendix II and the Red Data effective propagation of this species. Book of Indian Plants (Nayar and Sastry, Vegetative propagation assists in sustaining 1988; Mulliken, 2000). It is widely used for genetic identity of medicinal plants and safe the hair related problems like hair loss, guarding the populations from destruction and greyness, growth and nervous system deterioration (Kharkwal et al., 2008). Plant disorders i.e., insomnia, epilepsy, learning growth regulators are known their role in and memory disorders (Yadav et al., 2011; growth and other lively activities in plants. Rahman et al., 2011; Singh et al., 2013). In Auxins are the group of hormones (IBA, IAA, Ayurveda it is used for cure various elements NAA etc), which stimulates the sprouting and related disorder as Medhya (brain tonic), rooting in cuttings, promotes cell elongation Rasayana (Rejuvenative to the mind), and growth by synthesized in young shoot tips Nidrajnana (promotes sleep) and and transported to different tissues and are Manasrogaghna (alleviates mental diseases) widely used in vegetative propagation of (Sharma et al., 2001). It is also useful in plants. Whereas, cytokinins play an important antibacterial, antifungal, nematicidal, anti- role in cell division. In this experiment auxins malarial and mosquito repellent activity group of hormones (IBA, IAA and NAA) and (Singh et al., 2013). Due to over-exploitation 65 ESSENCE—IJERC | Dobhal et al. (2020) | XI (SP2): 64 — 74 BAP were used and stock solutions (mg/mL) the cuttings were treated with different of Indole-3-acetic acid (M.W. 175.2), Indole- concentrations of PGRs i.e. IAA, IBA NAA 3-butyric acid (M.W. 203.2), and and BAP (50, 100, 150 and 200 µM) for 24 Naphthalene acetic acid (M.W. 186.2) and hours treated cuttings were planted in Benzylaminopurine (M.W. 225.3) were Styrofoam trays containing mixture of soil, prepared. Hormone solutions such as 50 µM sand, FYM, and FL at the ratio of 1:1:1:1. All 100 µM, 150 µM and 200 µM were prepared the Styrofoam trays containing cuttings were from the stock solutions. In this context, effect kept inside the greenhouse condition at of various growth regulators was assessed on Srinagar (550 m asl) for further observations. vegetative propagation for effective Recording of cuttings parameters conservation of this species. Statistical analysis Material and Methods Data analysis: One-way ANOVA was Plant materials performed to find out the variance among the Top edge cuttings of N. grandiflora were treatments, further Duncan Multiple Range collected from nursery of Tungnath (TN): an Test (DMRT) was applied to find out the alpine zone (3400 m asl) located between variance within groups. Regression plots were 30◦14' N latitude and 79◦13' E longitude in plotted for all PGRs, different concentrations Rudraparyag district of Garhwal, Uttarakhand of PGRs used as predictor and growth Himalaya, India. After collection top edge percentage of morphological parameters as cuttings was tested to propagate the species response variable. Growth performance was under polyhouse conditions at Srinagar calculated for number of leaves, plant height, Garhwal (550 m asl), Uttarakhand (29◦26’-31 stem diameter, leaf area and fresh biomass 28’ N and 77 49’-80 6’ E), India. using the following formula: Preparation of top edge cuttings (Last observation- First The top edge cuttings (7.11 ±1.69 cm Length; % observation) = 4.34 ±1.59 mm Diameter; 2.93±1.29gm Growth weight), prepared from five-year-old plants Last observation×100 grown in nursery at Tungnath. The top edge or above ground biomass which totally dries during winter months was used for formation First observation was taken after 30 DAP and of new plants. The top edge (twigs) collected last observations after 150 DAP. Readings after complete seed formation and collection were taken on the monthly basis (30 days’ at the level of soil were brought to Srinagar in interval). Dry weight, number of roots, length the first week of December. After that the of roots and diameter of roots were recorded application was composed of 3 replications only once so growth rate for these variables (45 number in each treatment) were washed was not calculated. carefully with tap water to remove soil particles followed by distilled water after that 66 ESSENCE—IJERC | Dobhal et al. (2020) | XI (SP2): 64 — 74 Sprouting Percentage Number of cutting survive Survival The total number of top edge cuttings that Percenta = sprouted under each treatment were counted Total number of cutting ge (%) and expressed as sprouting percentage: planted ×100 Number of cutting sprouted Sprouting percentage was taken after 30 DAP Sprouting cuttings and survivability and rooting Percentage = Total number of cutting percentage was calculated after 150 DAP. Dry (%) planted ×100 weight of cuttings was recorded after drying them in electric oven for 48 hours at 80°C and Rooting Percentage weight was taken by electronic weighing The total number of top edge cutting within balance SARTORIUS (CPA224), in the each treatment which showed the growth of laboratory. Thus eight parameters were root (≥ 1mm) were counted and expressed in determined at the end of the experiment, percentage: namely: Plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), Leaf area (LA), stem diameter (SD), Number of cutting rooted Number of Roots (NR), Length of Roots Rooting (LR), Diameter of Roots (DR), and Dry Percentage = total number of cutting Biomass of Cuttings (DB).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indigenous Use and Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants in Far-West Nepal
    Indigenous Use and Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal Plants in Far-west Nepal Ripu M. Kunwar, Y. Uprety, C. Burlakoti, C.L. Chowdhary and R.W. Bussmann Research Abstract Ethnopharmacological knowledge is common and im- jor part of these therapies. Interest in phytomedicine is port among tribal populations but much of the information also renewed during the last decade and many medicinal is empirical at best lacking scientific validation. Despite plant species are being screened for pharmacological ac- widespread use of plant resources in traditional medi- tivities. The global demand of herbal medicine is growing cines, bioassay analysis of very few plant species have and its market is expanding at the rate of 20% annually in been conducted to investigate their medicinal properties, India (Srivastava 2000, Subrat 2002). The world market and to ascertain safety and efficacy of traditional reme- for herbal remedies in 1999 was worth of U.S.$19.4 bil- dies. The present study analyses indigenous uses of me- lion (Laird & Pierce 2002). dicinal plants of far-west Nepal and compares with earlier ayurveda studies, phytochemical assessments and phar- Numerous drugs have entered into the international mar- macological actions. A field study was carried out in Baita- ket through exploration of ethnopharmacology and tradi- di and Darchula districts of far-west Nepal. Group discus- tional medicine (Bussmann 2002) with extensive uses of sions, informal meetings, questionnaire surveys and field medicinal plants. It is estimated that 25% of prescription observations were employed for primary data collection. drugs contain active principles derived from higher plants (Tiwari & Joshi 1990). The first compound derived from Voucher specimens were collected with field notes and herbal remedies to enter the international market was codes and deposited at Tribhuvan University Central Her- ephedrine, an amphetamine like stimulant from Ephed- barium (TUCH), Kathmandu.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Biological Activities and Conservation of Endangered Medicinal Herb Nardostachys Jatamansi
    Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, ISSN 2249 – 4340 REVIEW ARTICLE Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 113-124, March 2013 A review on biological activities and conservation of endangered medicinal herb Nardostachys jatamansi Uma M. SINGH1, Vijayta GUPTA2, Vivekanand P. RAO3, Rakesh S. SENGAR3, Manoj K. YADAV3 1Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263145, India. 2Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226015, India. 3Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabh-bhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technolo- gy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh-250110, India. Article History: Received 6th December 2012, Revised 23rd January 2013, Accepted 25th January 2013. Abstract: Nardostachys jatamansi DC also known as Indian Spikenard or Indian Valerian, is a valued medicinal plant of family Valerianaceae. This rhizome bearing plant is native of the Himalayas of India and Nepal and preferably found from 2200 m to 5000 m asl in random forms. The extract of rhizome is widely used in the formulation of traditional Ayurvedic medicines as well as modern herbal preparations for curing several ailments. In some parts of their range ow- ing to overharvest for medicinal use and trade, habitat degradation and other biotic interferences leads plant into threat category. In India the observed population of jatamansi declines of 75-80% and classified as Endangered in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh and Critically Endangered in Uttarakhand. Realizing the high level of threat CITES has notified N. jatamansi for its schedule care to ensure the conservation. Hence, emphasis should be given on proper conservation and apply biotechnological tools for sustainable use which in turn help to save it from extinction.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Taxonomy of Dipsacales, with Special Reference to Sinadoxa and Tetradoxa (Adoxaceae)
    PHYLOGENY AND PHYLOGENETIC TAXONOMY OF DIPSACALES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SINADOXA AND TETRADOXA (ADOXACEAE) MICHAEL J. DONOGHUE,1 TORSTEN ERIKSSON,2 PATRICK A. REEVES,3 AND RICHARD G. OLMSTEAD 3 Abstract. To further clarify phylogenetic relationships within Dipsacales,we analyzed new and previously pub- lished rbcL sequences, alone and in combination with morphological data. We also examined relationships within Adoxaceae using rbcL and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. We conclude from these analyses that Dipsacales comprise two major lineages:Adoxaceae and Caprifoliaceae (sensu Judd et al.,1994), which both contain elements of traditional Caprifoliaceae.Within Adoxaceae, the following relation- ships are strongly supported: (Viburnum (Sambucus (Sinadoxa (Tetradoxa, Adoxa)))). Combined analyses of C ap ri foliaceae yield the fo l l ow i n g : ( C ap ri folieae (Diervilleae (Linnaeeae (Morinaceae (Dipsacaceae (Triplostegia,Valerianaceae)))))). On the basis of these results we provide phylogenetic definitions for the names of several major clades. Within Adoxaceae, Adoxina refers to the clade including Sinadoxa, Tetradoxa, and Adoxa.This lineage is marked by herbaceous habit, reduction in the number of perianth parts,nectaries of mul- ticellular hairs on the perianth,and bifid stamens. The clade including Morinaceae,Valerianaceae, Triplostegia, and Dipsacaceae is here named Valerina. Probable synapomorphies include herbaceousness,presence of an epi- calyx (lost or modified in Valerianaceae), reduced endosperm,and distinctive chemistry, including production of monoterpenoids. The clade containing Valerina plus Linnaeeae we name Linnina. This lineage is distinguished by reduction to four (or fewer) stamens, by abortion of two of the three carpels,and possibly by supernumerary inflorescences bracts. Keywords: Adoxaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacales, ITS, morphological characters, phylogeny, phylogenetic taxonomy, phylogenetic nomenclature, rbcL, Sinadoxa, Tetradoxa.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Environmental Variations on the Phenolic Compound Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Two Medicinal Patagonian Valerians (Valeriana Carnosa Sm
    AIMS Agriculture and Food, 6(1): 106–124. DOI: 10.3934/agrfood.2021007 Received: 11 November 2020 Accepted: 11 December 2020 Published: 15 December 2020 http://www.aimspress.com/journal/agriculture Research article The influence of environmental variations on the phenolic compound profiles and antioxidant activity of two medicinal Patagonian valerians (Valeriana carnosa Sm. and V. clarionifolia Phil.) Nicolas Nagahama1,2,3,*, Bruno Gastaldi2,3, Michael N. Clifford4, María M. Manifesto5 and Renée H. Fortunato2,5 1 Estación Experimental Agroforestal Esquel, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Esquel, Chubut, Argentina 2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) 3 Laboratorio de Investigación de Plantas Aromáticas y Medicinales Nativas (LIPAM), FCNyCS, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina 4 School of Bioscience and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia 5 Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, CIRN- INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina * Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: (+54) 2945451558. Abstract: Valeriana carnosa and V. clarionifolia stand out as principal elements in the indigenous pharmacopeias of Patagonia; however, their phytochemical characterization is unknown. This study constitutes the starting point of a general project that aims to characterize secondary metabolites in these species. The variability of phenolic compounds in root ethanolic extracts was analyzed and compared for thirteen populations of V. carnosa and two of V. clarionifolia from the south of Argentinean Patagonia. Phenolic content was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the putative phenolic compound profiles were investigated using HPLC-UV-MS.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Plant Conservation
    MEDICINAL Medicinal Plant PLANT SPECIALIST GROUP Conservation Silphion Volume 13 Newsletter of the Medicinal Plant Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission Chaired by Danna J. Leaman Chair’s Note . 2 Silphion revisited – Monika Kiehn . 4 Taxon File On the history, botany, distribution, uses and conservation aspects of Nardostachys jatamansi in India – Niranjan Chandra Shah. 8 A dogmatic tradition posing threat to Bombax ceiba - the Indian Red Kapok Tree – Vartika Jain, S.K. Verma & S.S. Katewa. 12 Estudio de mercado y sustentabilidad de la recolección silvestre de bailahuén, una planta medicinal chilena – Hermine Vogel, Benita González, José San Martín, Iván Razmilic, Pablo Villalobos & Ernst Schneider . 15 Conferences and Meetings Coming up – Natalie Hofbauer. 21 CITES News – Uwe Schippmann . 22 CITES medicinal plant species in Asia – treasured past, threatened future? – Teresa Mulliken & Uwe Schippmann . 23 Reviews and Notices of Publication. 31 List of MPSG Members . 33 ISSN 1430-95X 1 December 2007 our future membership-building efforts in Africa, Aus- Chair’s Note tralia-New Zealand, the Pacific, and the Middle East. Table 1. Changes in MPSG membership by region, 1995- Danna J. Leaman 2007 Looking back Region 1995 % 2007 % % change As this 13th volume of Medicinal Plant Conservation is Africa 9 28 7 8 -20 prepared, I am looking back to the first volume, a slen- Asia 5 15 25 29 +14 der eight pages, published in April 1995, one year after Australia-NZ 1 3 2 2 -1 the Medicinal Plant Specialist Group was established within
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Diversity Analysis of Nardostachys Jatamansi DC, an Endangered Medicinal Plant of Central Himalaya, Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Markers
    Vol. 12(20), pp. 2816-2821, 15 May, 2013 DOI: 10.5897/AJB12.9717 African Journal of Biotechnology ISSN 1684-5315 ©2013 Academic Journals http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB Full Length Research Paper Genetic diversity analysis of Nardostachys jatamansi DC, an endangered medicinal plant of Central Himalaya, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers Uma M. Singh1, Dinesh Yadav2, M. K. Tripathi3, Anil Kumar4 and Manoj K. Yadav1* 1Department of Biotechnology, SVP University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut 250 110, India. 2Department of Biotechnology, DDU University, Gorakhpur, India. 3Department of Biochemistry, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India. 4Department of MBGE, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India. Accepted 18 April, 2013 The genetic diversity analysis of eight populations of Nardostachys jatamansi DC. collected from different altitude of Central Himalaya has been attempted using 24 sets of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. These sets of RAPD marker generated a total of 346 discernible and reproducible bands across the analysed population with 267 polymorphic and 75 monomorphic bands. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis revealed three distinct clusters: I, II and III. The cluster I was represented by N. jatamansi population collected from Panwali Kantha (3200 m asl) and Kedarnath (3584 m asl), India together with Jumla (2562 m asl) from Nepal. Cluster II included collections from Har Ki Doon (3400 m asl) and Tungnath (3600 m asl) from India while Cluster III was represented by collections from Munsiyari (2380 m asl), Dayara (3500 m asl) and Valley of Flowers (3400 m asl) from India.
    [Show full text]
  • IUCN Red Listed Medicinal Plants of Siddha
    REVIEW ARTICLE IUCN Red Listed Medicinal Plants of Siddha Divya Kallingilkalathil Gopi, Rubeena Mattummal, Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana*, Sathiyarajeshwaran Parameswaran Siddha Central Research Institute, (Central Council for Research in Siddha, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India), Arumbakkam, Chennai 600106, India. *Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Introduction: Siddha system which aims at both curative and preventive aspects is a holistic treatment methodology using herbals, metals, minerals and animal products. Medicinal plant conservation is one of global concerns because the consequence is loss of many species useful in the primary healthcare of mankind. These natural resources are dwindling, as nearly 80 to 85% of raw drugs are sourced from the wild. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it. IUCN congresses have produced several key international environmental agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) etc. It is noted that raw drugs for making a good number of Siddha formulations are derived from plants falling under IUCN’s rare, endangered and threatened (RET) category. The current study is aimed at exploring the RET status of medicinal plants used in Siddha. Method: The data of medicinal plants used in various Siddha formulations and as single drugs were collected and the IUCN status of the plants was checked in the Red list. Result: Siddha medicinal plants like Aconitum heterophyllum, Aquilaria malaccensis, Adhatoda beddomei, Nardostachys jatamansi are some of the examples of critically endangered species of plants facing threat due to continuous exploitation from wild.
    [Show full text]
  • Spikenard, Safety Data Sheet
    Safety Data Sheet Section 1: Identification Product Name: Spikenard Oil Botanical Name: Nardostachys jatamansi Synonyms: Nardostachys grandiflora, Nardus indica, Patrinia jatamansi, Valeriana jatamansi, Valeriana wallichii, Nardostachys chinensis, Nardostachys gracilis INCI Name: Nardostachys chinensis root oil CAS #: 8022-22-8 Country of Origin: Nepal Company: Soapgoods Inc Address: 1824 Willow Trail Pkwy, Ste 200. Norcross. GA 30093 Phone: (404) 924-9080 E-Mail: [email protected] Emergency Phone: Chemtrec: 1-800-424-9300 Recommended Use: Personal Care Section 2: Composition/Information on Ingredients Chemical Identification: Oil, spikenard UN No. 2319: Terpene hydrocarbons, n.o.s. Packaging Group: III Class: 3 Section 3: Hazard(s) Identification Carvacrol. Section 4: Physical and Chemical Properties Appearance: Golden yellow to greenish color slightly viscous liquid. Odor: Characteristic earthy pleasant woody odor. Solubility: Soluble in alcohol and oils. Insoluble in water. Specific Gravity: 0.930 - 0.98 @ 20°C Optical Rotation: -12.0 - -8.0 @ 20°C Refractive Index: 1.500 - 1.545 @ 20°C Gurjunene: 30 - 65 % Patchoulene: 10 - 30 % Maaliene: 5.0 - 18 % Extraction Method: Steam distillation of the dried root. Contents: Gurjunene, patchoulene, maaliene, aristolone, patchouli alcohol, seychellene, nardol, nardostachone, camphene, pinene, limonene Flash Point: 85 °C Section 5: Fire-Fighting Measures Flash Point: 85 °C Combustible liquid. Will ignite if moderately heated. Section 6: Stability and Reactivity Reactivity: Stable. Decomposition: When heated to decomposition produces toxic and carbon monoxide smoke. Section 7: Toxicological Information/Information Liquid may irritate skin and eyes. Should be avoided during pregnancy. Section 8: Exposure Controls/Personal Protection Spillage: Absorb spills, cover with an inert, non-combustible, inorganic absorbent material, and remove to an approved disposal container.
    [Show full text]
  • 44959350027.Pdf
    Revista de Biología Tropical ISSN: 0034-7744 ISSN: 2215-2075 Universidad de Costa Rica Rondón, María; Velasco, Judith; Rojas, Janne; Gámez, Luis; León, Gudberto; Entralgo, Efraín; Morales, Antonio Antimicrobial activity of four Valeriana (Caprifoliaceae) species endemic to the Venezuelan Andes Revista de Biología Tropical, vol. 66, no. 3, July-September, 2018, pp. 1282-1289 Universidad de Costa Rica DOI: 10.15517/rbt.v66i3.30699 Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=44959350027 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System Redalyc More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Project academic non-profit, developed under the open access initiative Antimicrobial activity of four Valeriana (Caprifoliaceae) species endemic to the Venezuelan Andes María Rondón1, Judith Velasco2, Janne Rojas1, Luis Gámez3, Gudberto León4, Efraín Entralgo4 & Antonio Morales1 1. Organic Biomolecular Research Group. Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis. University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2. Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioanalysis. University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela; [email protected] 3. Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Science. University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela; [email protected] 4. Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Statistics School, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela; [email protected], [email protected] Received 11-II-2018. Corrected 23-V-2018. Accepted 25-VI-2018. Abstract: Valeriana L. genus is represented in Venezuela by 16 species, 9 of these are endemic of Venezuelan Andes growing in high mountains at 2 800 masl.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Conservation Report 2020
    Secretariat of the CBD Technical Series No. 95 Convention on Biological Diversity 4 PLANT CONSERVATION95 REPORT 2020: A review of progress towards the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2020 CBD Technical Series No. 95 PLANT CONSERVATION REPORT 2020: A review of progress towards the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2020 A contribution to the fifth edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook (GBO-5). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the copyright holders concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Secretariat of the Convention and Botanic Gardens Conservation International would appreciate receiving a copy of any publications that use this document as a source. Reuse of the figures is subject to permission from the original rights holders. Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity in collaboration with Botanic Gardens Conservation International. ISBN 9789292257040 (print version); ISBN 9789292257057 (web version) Copyright © 2020, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Citation: Sharrock, S. (2020). Plant Conservation Report 2020: A review of progress in implementation of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2020. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montréal, Canada and Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK. Technical Series No. 95: 68 pages. For further information, contact: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity World Trade Centre, 413 Rue St.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Insecticidal Activity of Nardostachys Jatamansi Essential Oil Against Some Grain Storage Insects
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2014; 2 (4): 335-340 ISS N 2320-7078 JEZS 2014; 2 (4): 335-340 Evaluation of insecticidal activity of Nardostachys © 2014 JEZS Received: 21-06-2014 jatamansi essential oil against some grain storage Accepted: 27-07-2014 insects Xin Chao Liu Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Haidian Xin Chao Liu and Zhi Long Liu District, Beijing 100193, China Abstract Zhi Long Liu Water-distilled essential oil from Nardostachys jatamansi (Caprifoliaceae) roots was analyzed by gas Department of Entomology, China chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-nine compounds, accounting for 98.1% of the Agricultural University, Haidian total oil, were identified. The main components of the essential oil of N. jatamansi were calerene District, Beijing 100193, China (25.9%), patchouol (10.6%), α-gurjunene (7.5%), aristolone (7.1%) and β-maaliene (6.5%) followed by spathulenol (4.3%). The essential oil had higher sesquiternoids content (85.4%) than monoterpenoids 2 (8.5%). It exhibited contact toxicity with LC50 value of 277.05 g/cm and fumigant toxicity with LC50 value of 0.74 mg/l against Liposcelis bostrychophila. The oil exhibited contact toxicity against Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum adults with LC50 values of 70.83 and 45.38 μg/adult, respectively. This oil possessed fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults with LC50 values of 82.13 and 53.29 mg/l. The results indicate that the essential oil of N. jatamansi has potential for development into natural insecticides or fumigants for control of insects in stored grains. Keywords: Nardostachys jatamansi; Liposcelis bostrychophila; Sitophilus zeamais; Tribolium castaneum; Fumigant; Contact Toxicity 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae Based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa
    Systematic Botany (2010), 35(2): pp. 425–441 © Copyright 2010 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa David C. Tank 1,2,3 and Michael J. Donoghue 1 1 Peabody Museum of Natural History & Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, P. O. Box 208106, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 U. S. A. 2 Department of Forest Resources & Stillinger Herbarium, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, P. O. Box 441133, Moscow, Idaho 83844-1133 U. S. A. 3 Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Communicating Editor: Javier Francisco-Ortega Abstract— Previous attempts to resolve relationships among the primary lineages of Campanulidae (e.g. Apiales, Asterales, Dipsacales) have mostly been unconvincing, and the placement of a number of smaller groups (e.g. Bruniaceae, Columelliaceae, Escalloniaceae) remains uncertain. Here we build on a recent analysis of an incomplete data set that was assembled from the literature for a set of 50 campanulid taxa. To this data set we first added newly generated DNA sequence data for the same set of genes and taxa. Second, we sequenced three additional cpDNA coding regions (ca. 8,000 bp) for the same set of 50 campanulid taxa. Finally, we assembled the most comprehensive sample of cam- panulid diversity to date, including ca. 17,000 bp of cpDNA for 122 campanulid taxa and five outgroups. Simply filling in missing data in the 50-taxon data set (rendering it 94% complete) resulted in a topology that was similar to earlier studies, but with little additional resolution or confidence.
    [Show full text]