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A Review on Biological Activities and Conservation of Endangered Medicinal Herb Nardostachys Jatamansi

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A Review on Biological Activities and Conservation of Endangered Medicinal Herb Nardostachys Jatamansi Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants, ISSN 2249 – 4340 REVIEW ARTICLE Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 113-124, March 2013 A review on biological activities and conservation of endangered medicinal herb Nardostachys jatamansi Uma M. SINGH1, Vijayta GUPTA2, Vivekanand P. RAO3, Rakesh S. SENGAR3, Manoj K. YADAV3 1Department of Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand-263145, India. 2Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh-226015, India. 3Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabh-bhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technolo- gy, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh-250110, India. Article History: Received 6th December 2012, Revised 23rd January 2013, Accepted 25th January 2013. Abstract: Nardostachys jatamansi DC also known as Indian Spikenard or Indian Valerian, is a valued medicinal plant of family Valerianaceae. This rhizome bearing plant is native of the Himalayas of India and Nepal and preferably found from 2200 m to 5000 m asl in random forms. The extract of rhizome is widely used in the formulation of traditional Ayurvedic medicines as well as modern herbal preparations for curing several ailments. In some parts of their range ow- ing to overharvest for medicinal use and trade, habitat degradation and other biotic interferences leads plant into threat category. In India the observed population of jatamansi declines of 75-80% and classified as Endangered in Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh and Critically Endangered in Uttarakhand. Realizing the high level of threat CITES has notified N. jatamansi for its schedule care to ensure the conservation. Hence, emphasis should be given on proper conservation and apply biotechnological tools for sustainable use which in turn help to save it from extinction. In view of immense importance in the present review an attempt has been made to focus on the distribution, medicinal value and conservation aspects of this valuable plant. Keywords: Conservation; Diversity; Endangered; Medicinal Plant; Nardostachys; Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Introduction anti-asthmatic and anti-estrogenic activity (Rahman et al. 2011a). Apart from this it is also Nardostachys jatamansi DC is a small, per- used for the treatment of hair loss, growth and ennial, rhizomatous, herb which grows in steep, luster (Bagchi et al. 1991), and several nervous moist, rocky, undisturbed grassy slopes of India, disorders such as epilepsy, neurosis, insomnia, Nepal, China, Tibet and Bhutan from 2200 m to excitation, alzheimer's disease, learning and 5000 m above sea level (Ghimire et al. 2005). It memory disorders (Joshi and Parle 2006; is commonly known as jatamansi, Indian nard, Rahman et al. 2011a). Their extracts also pos- balchar or spikenard. Its rhizomes are used in sess antispasmodic and stimulant properties traditional medicines in different medicinal sys- which are useful in the treatment of fits and tem (Yang 1996). Jatamansi has been widely heart palpitations and it can also be used to reg- used for medicine and in perfumery for centu- ulate constipation, urination, menstruation and ries in India. It is valued for many medicinal digestion (Anon 1993). properties such as anti-lipid peroxidative, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, Due to several medicinal properties, overex- sedative, tranquilizing, antihypertensive, anti- ploitation has been carried out continuously and inflammatory, antidepressant-like activity, anti- now the plant has entered in endangered status. convulsant activity and hypotensive properties, Conservation Assessment and Management Plan *Corresponding author: (E-mail) mkyadav711 <@> gmail.com http://www.openaccessscience.com © 2013 Copyright by the Authors, licensee Open Access Science Research Publisher. [email protected] This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC- ND 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) 114 Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants Nardostachy Jatamansi: An indispensible medicinal plant (CAMP) workshops in India reported that ob- nucleosomal DNA content of about 3.49 (pg)2 served population declines of 75-80% and clas- (Hidalgo et al. 2010). sified jatamansi in different threatened catego- ries. Hence, such a multitude utility medicinal herb needs conservation of biodiversity to main- Current Status tain their population. Reports suggest that the species has become endangered due to over-exploitation of rhizomes for its high medicinal value, habitat degradation Origin and geographical distribution and other biotic interferences in its distribution Valerianaceae the family of order ranges. Low level of viabilities in seeds, germi- Dipsacales contains 400 species and is mainly nation and storage of this plant under natural distributed in temperate regions (Donogue et al. condition also play an important role in threat 2003). The suggested number of genera varies status of this plant. Conservation Assessment from one to sixteen (Graebner 1906) but recent and Management Plan (CAMP) workshops in investigation comprises eight genera (Eriksen India reported that observed population declines 1989). Nardostachys is a primitive genus having of 75-80% and classified jatamansi as endan- restricted geographical distribution in India gered (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Hima- (Jain and Rao 1983), South West China (Anon chal Pradesh) and Critically Endangered 1987), Nepal (Shrestha and Joshi 1996), Bhutan (Uttarakhand) (Mulliken and Crofton 2008). (Pradhan 1993), Sikkim (Chauhan 1999), My- Jatamansi was assessed to be vulnerable at a anmar, Afghanistan and Pakistan (Anon 1997). CAMP workshop in Nepal in 2001 (Anon Previously the genus Nardostachys comprised 4 2001). Due to the high level of threat, Conven- species i.e. Nardostachys jatamansi, N. tion on International Trade of Endangered Spe- grandiflora, N. chinensis and N. gracilis but cies (CITES) has notified jatamansi for its currently Nardostachys chinensis, N. schedule care. Studies on the viability, germina- grandiflora and N. gracilis are considered as tion and storage of jatamansi seeds were done to synonyms of N. jatamansi (Jain 1994; Lange minimize some pressure on the survival of this and Schippmann 1999). The herbs are widely critically endangered medicinal plant (Chauhan distributed on undisturbed slopes (2200–5000m and Nautiyal 2007). asl) of alpine regions of Himalayas (Amatya et al. 1995). It grows well on open, stony and grassy slopes with a 25° - 45° slope. The exist- Morphology and physiological description ing status of the species and variations in its per- Jatamansi is a perennial, dwarf, hairy, formance in different habitats were studied in rhizamatous herb, densely covered with fibrous selected sites in Uttarakhand, West Himalaya. or lamellar remains of old sheaths. Its flowering Dripping moss-laden rocks and moist boulders stems are 5-50 cm tall. Rosulate leaves narrowly are the most preferred habitats of this plant. The spatulate or linear-oblanceolate, 3-25 cm long, mean density in two contrasting slopes differed, 0.5-2.5 cm wide, with 3 parallel veins, glabrous showing relatively higher density on west- or sparsely puberulous, base attenuate into peti- facing slopes. Study reports that several biologi- ole nearly equal to leaf blade in length, margin cal and environmental features decide the favor- entire, apex obtuse. Leaves are cauline, lower able site of this plant and their abundance (Airi ones elliptic to obviate; upper ones sessile, et al. 2000). oblanceolate to lanceolate, sometimes sparsely serrate. Capitula of cymes, terminal, 1.5-2 cm broad; main inflorescence rachises and lateral Ploidy level rachises sometimes elongated; involucral bracts Jatamansi is a natural deploid species indig- 4-6, lanceolate; bracts narrowly ovate to ovate, enous to the Indian Himalaya. It has basic nearly equal to flowers in length; bracteoles 2, chromosome number X= 13 and the diploid small. Its calyx are 5-lobed; lobes semiorbicular chromosome number 2n=26. It has total to triangular-lanceolate, enlarged in fruit, usual- http://www.openaccessscience.com Singh et al. [email protected] 115 Int. J. Med. Arom. Plants Nardostachy Jatamansi: An indispensible medicinal plant ly ciliate. Corolla purple-red, campanulate, 4.5- Phytochemistry 9 mm, 5-lobed; lobes broadly ovate to oblong, Phyto-chemical investigations have reported 2-3.8 mm, outside hairy, occasionally glabrous, the presence of esters, phenolic compounds, white villous. Stamens are nearly equal to corol- terpenic ketone, valeranone, valeranal, nardol, la in length, and generally 4 in number; fila- calavenol, nordostechone, n-hexacosanyl ments villous. Style nearly equal to stamens in arachidate, n-hexacosanol, calrene, jatamansin, length; stigma capitate. Achenes obovoid, 3-4 β-sitosterol, iridoid (Pai et al. 1971). Terpenic mm, totally or only above white hispid, to en- ketones have 9 monoterpenes (1.7%), 25 tirely glabrous; persistent calyx with lobes del- sesquiterpenes (43.9%) and non terpenic com- toid to ovate, 1.5-2.5 mm, obviously reticulate pounds (24.7%), jatamansone semicarbazone, veined, margin usually white hispid, apex acu- spirozatamole (Bagchi 1990), jatamole A and B minate, rarely acute. The leaves are pinnatisect, (Bagchi et al. 1991), nardostachysin (Chatterjee without stipules. The flower is cluster, and usu- et al. 2000), calarenol. Jatamansone and α- ally has
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