Inter-University Research Institute Corporation Research Organization of Information and Systems

National Institute of Polar Research Japan 2011 - 2012 National Institute of Polar Research Japan 2011 - 2012 C o n t e n t s

Foreword ...... 3 Polar Programs ...... 18 Activities ...... 4 ¡Center for Antarctic Programs ...... 19 Organization ...... 5 ¡Arctic Environment Research Center ...... 20 Research Staff ...... 6 International Affairs Section ...... 21 Data ...... 7 Library / Archives Section ...... 22 History ...... 8 Public Relations Section / Intellectual Property Section ...... 23

Research and Education ...... 9 Graduate Education ...... 24 ¡Space and Upper Atmospheric Sciences Group / ¡The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) / Meteorology and Glaciology Group ...... 10 The Department of Polar Science ...... 24 ¡Geoscience Group / Bioscience Group ...... 11 ¡Special Collaborative research Fellows / Joint Graduate School ...... 24 ¡Polar Engineering Group / Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center ...... 26 Advanced Scientific Research Group ...... 12 ¡Project ...... 13 Antarctic Activities ...... 27 ¡Collaborative Research ...... 14 ¡Transportation to the Antarctic andSetting Up Research Stations ...... 28 ¡Research Stations ...... 28 Polar Information ...... 15 ¡Research Observation Activities ...... 30 ¡Polar Data Center ...... 16 ¡Expedition Activity Topics ...... 30 ¡Polar Science Resources Center ...... 17 ¡Environmental Protection ...... 31

0 2 F o r e w o r d

The National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) was founded in 1973 as an inter-university research institute to carry out comprehensive scientific research and observations in polar regions. Since 2004, as one of the research institutes constituting the Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), NIPR has been playing a major role in Japanese Antarctic research programs, while pursuing cutting-edge studies in collaboration with research communities relating to the earth, the environment, life, space and other fields. Furthermore, NIPR is opening up new frontiers in interdisciplinary research under the framework of the Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center (TRIC) at ROIS and various other inter- university research programs. Japanese Antarctic research programs have the history of more than 50 National Institute of Polar Research Japan 2011 - 2012 years and observations in polar regions are becoming increasingly important for monitoring earth environment. NIPR involves in wide range of activities in the Antarctic research programs both temporally and spatially through C o n t e n t s research by using advanced method, long-term monitoring observations and field and ocean observations in extensive areas. Arctic research is drawing attention in recent years in particular, along with growing interest in global warming. NIPR steadily implements the Arctic Climate Change Project as one of Green Network of Excellence (GRENE) programs in collaboration with various research communities. NIPR further develops research in other areas of polar science not only in Arctic but also in bipolar areas. Katabatic wind that blow down These studies are planned and implemented under international Yamato mountains. frameworks. Having participated in activities of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), the Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS) and international joint observations with legacy of International Polar Year 2007-2008 (IPY2007-2008), NIPR plays an important role in international global observations. The training of the researchers is a big task of the institute, too. As a parent institute of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), NIPR accommodates a 5-year doctoral course for graduate students in the Department of Polar Science, School of Multidisciplinary Sciences and is involved in fostering promising researchers with high-level research capabilities and skills for field science. Utilizing the findings of observations and research in polar regions, NIPR promotes outreach activities for schools using INTELSAT satellite communication system. In addition, Polar Science Museum opened in the Tachikawa campus in 2010, is used as the information center to transmit history and current status of polar research and its achievement. We ask all of you for understanding and support in our activities.

Kazuyuki SHIRAISHI Director-General, National Institute of Polar Research

0 3 Activities

NIPR was founded on April 1, 2004, by the Inter-University Research Institute Corporation as a Research Organization of Information and Systems in accordance with Article 5-2 of the National University Corporation Law to carry out multidisciplinary scientific research into the polar regions and conduct polar observations.

As the main center for Japanese polar research, NIPR undertakes multidisciplinary research and observations in the polar regions. Recognizing that polar science is an advanced, multidisciplinary earth systems science that includes earth science, Research environmental science, solar-terrestrial physics, space and planetary science, biological science. etc., NIPR conducts joint research projects with researchers from various universities and institutions.

As an Inter-University Research Institute, NIPR provides the infrastructure and Collaborative scientific materials and information required for research in the Antarctic and Arctic Research to researchers from universities, research institutes, etc.

As a parent institute of the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), NIPR provides doctoral education and research guidance. In 2006, Graduate NIPR began accepting students in 5-year integrated doctoral course with the aim of Education developing researchers who have a broad, international perspective and a high level of creativity. When requested, NIPR assists with education in graduate schools of the other universities.

As the main institute for carrying out the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE), NIPR develops and carries out comprehensive research and observation Antarctic projects related to science in the polar regions. NIPR also maintains and operates Research observation station facilities in the Antarctic. In addition, NIPR organizes research Activities expeditions, conducts training, obtains the equipment required for research projects, plans logistics and other tasks, and gathers and maintains the scientific materials and data obtained in the course of observations.

Front of NIPR

0 4 Organization

Inter-University Research Institute Corporation, Research Organization of Information and Systems

President Nomination Committee Auditors (2 part-time) National Institute of Polar Research 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo President Board of Directors Executive Directors 4 or less (Consists of President and Genshiro KITAGAWA Executive Directors) National Institute of Informatics Management Council Education and Research Council The Institute of Conference of Directors-General Statistical Mathematics Executive Directors Masao SAKAUCHI Tomoyuki HIGUCHI National Institute of Genetics Yuji KOHARA Mitiko GOU Auditors Yoshifumi YASUOKA Hitoshi TERAO Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center

Database Center for Life Science General Planning Office Intellectual Property Center Administration Office Planning Division

National Institute of Polar Research

Director-General Kazuyuki SHIRAISHI Administrative Council

Vice Director-General Natsuo SATO Yoichi MOTOYOSHI Takashi YAMANOUCHI

Division for Research and Education

Space and Upper Atmospheric Sciences Group Leader Takuji NAKAMURA

Meteorology and Glaciology Group Leader Hideaki MOTOYAMA

Geoscience Group Leader Hideyasu KOJIMA

Bioscience Group Leader Tsuneo ODATE

Polar Engineering Group Leader Yoichi MOTOYOSHI

Advanced Scientific Research Group Leader Hideaki MOTOYAMA

Center for Antarctic Programs Director Yoichi MOTOYOSHI Deputy Director (for Research) Kokichi KAMIYAMA

Deputy Director (for JARE Management) Manager of Planning Unit Takuya OKAMOTO Takuya OKAMOTO＊

Manager of Logistics Unit Kenji ISHIZAWA

Arctic Environment Research Center Director Hiroyuki ENOMOTO Deputy Director Hiroshi MIYAOKA

Polar Science Resources Center Director Yoichi MOTOYOSHI

Polar Data Center Director Akira KADOKURA

Public Relations Section Head Mamoru KAWAKUBO

Library Director Tsuneo ODATE

International Affairs Section Head Kentaro WATANABE

Intellectual Property Section Head Takashi YAMANOUCHI

Archives Section Head Takashi YAMANOUCHI ＊concurrent post

NIPR/ISM Joint Administration Office

National Institute of Polar Research NIPR/ISM Joint Administration Office The Institute of Statistical Mathematics

0 5 Research Staff

Space and Upper Atmospheric Sciences Group Project Researcher Professor Natsuo SATO Aurora Physics Kazue SUZUKI Polar Climatology Professor Hisao YAMAGISHI Upper Atmosphere Physics Tetsuo MOTOBA Upper Atmosphere Physics Professor Takuji NAKAMURA Atmospheric Dynamics Jun’ichi OKUNO Solid Earth Geophysics Associate Prof. Hiroshi MIYAOKA Plasma Physics Kenji HORIE Isotopic Geochemistry Associate Prof. Akira KADOKURA Magnetospheric Physics Motohiro HIRABAYASHI Analytical Chemistry Associate Prof. Masaki TSUTSUMI Atmospheric Physics Hidehiko SUZUKI Upper Atmosphere Physics Associate Prof. Akira YUKIMATSU Magnetospheric Physics Hisashi OIWANE Marine Geology Associate Prof. Masaki OKADA Plasma Physics Chikako TAKAMURA Atmospheric Science Lecturer Yasunobu OGAWA Ionospheric Physics Takurou KOBASHI Paleoclimatology Assistant Prof. Yoshihiro TOMIKAWA Middle Atmosphere Science Tomomi TAKAMURA Chemical Oceanography Assistant Prof. Mitsumu EJIRI Upper Atmosphere Physics Tomonori KOSHIDA Space Plasma Physics Taehee KIM Geophysics, Geodesy Meteorology and Glaciology Group Makiko KOSUGI Plant Physiology Professor Takashi YAMANOUCHI Atmospheric Science Motohiro ITO Behavioral Ecology, Ecology Professor Kokichi KAMIYAMA Geochemistry Professor Hideaki MOTOYAMA Snow Hydrology, Glaciology Project Researcher Professor Hiroyuki ENOMOTO Glaciology, Climatology, Takahiro SEGAWA Glacier Microbiology Remote Sensing Engineering Fumio NAKAZAWA Glaciology Associate Prof. Masataka SHIOBARA Atmospheric Physics Koji NISHIMURA Instrumentation Engineering Associate Prof. Kumiko GOTO-AZUMA Glaciology Jun UETAKE Glacier Microbiology Associate Prof. Shuji FUJITA Snow Hydrology, Glaciology Tetsuto HIMENO Mathematical Statistics Associate Prof. Shuki USHIO Polar Oceanography Satoshi KOBAYASHI Molecular Ecology,Forest Ecology Associate Prof. Shinji MORIMOTO Atmospheric Physics Associate Prof. Kenji KAWAMURA Paleoclimatology Project Faculty Member Assistant Prof. Naohiko HIRASAWA Climatology Project Prof. Hiroshi KANDA Plant Taxonomy Assistant Prof. Teruo FURUKAWA Glaciology Project Prof. Nobuo ONO Glaciology, Polar Oceanography Assistant Prof. Gen HASHIDA Polar Marine Biogeochemistry Project Associate Prof. Shogo NISHIKAWA Power and Energy Engineering Project Assistant Prof. Yoshimasa TANAKA Upper Atmosphere Physics Geoscience Group Project Assistant Natsumi MIURA Information and Communications Systems Professor Kazuo SHIBUYA Solid Earth Geophysics Project Assistant Dallmayr Remi Steve Analytical Instrument Engineer Professor Hideyasu KOJIMA Meteoritics Rugg Gregory Paul Lecture for English Presentation, Professor Yoichi MOTOYOSHI Geology Cell Biology Associate Prof. Minoru FUNAKI Rock Magnetism Associate Prof. Yoshifumi NOGI Solid Earth Geophysics Visiting Staff Associate Prof. Keiji MISAWA Cosmochemistry Visiting Prof. Giichiro OHNO Antarctic Medical Associate Prof. Koichiro DOI Geodesy Visiting Prof. Naomasa NAKAI Astronomy Associate Prof. Tomokazu HOKADA Geology, Petrology Visiting Prof. Kaoru SATO Atmospheric Dynamics, Associate Prof. Masaki KANAO Seismology, Solid Earth Geophysics Middle Atmosphere Sciences Assistant Prof. Hideki MIURA Quaternary Geology Visiting Prof. Makoto ABO Laser Remote Sensing Assistant Prof. Naoya IMAE Meteoritics Visiting Prof. Takashi ISHIMARU Marine Ecology,Planktology Assistant Prof. Akira YAMAGUCHI Meteoritics Visiting Prof. Mitsuru EBIHARA AnalyticalChemistry,Cosmochemistry Assistant Prof. Hiroshi KAIDEN Mineralogy, Meteoritics Visiting Prof. Seiji TSUBOI Seismology Assistant Prof. Yuichi AOYAMA Geodesy Visiting Prof. Hiroyuki KONISHI Precipitation Physics Assistant Prof. Yusuke SUGANUMA Quaternary Geology, Visiting Prof. Takashi ICHIKAWA Astronomy Paleomagnetism, Rock magnetism Visiting Prof. Hitosh FUJIWARA Upper Atmosphere Physics Visiting Prof. Masahiko HAYASHI Meteorology Bioscience Group Visiting Associate Prof. Hitomi MIYAMOTO Meteorology Professor Mitsuo FUKUCHI Marine Ecology Visiting Associate Prof. Ayako ABE Paleoclimatology, Professor Tsuneo ODATE Biological Oceanography Climate and Ice Sheet Modeling Professor Kentaro WATANABE Marine Ecology Visiting Associate Prof. Masayuki YAMATOMO Upper Atmosphere Physics, Ionospheric Physics Professor Satoshi IMURA Plant Taxonomy Associate Prof. Sakae KUDOH Aquatic Ecology Foreign Researcher Associate Prof. Akinori TAKAHASHI Animal Ecology Visiting Prof. Hartwig Gernandt Atmospheric Physics, Logistics Assistant Prof. Masaki UCHIDA Microbial Ecology Visiting Associate Prof. Jan Tobias Nilsson Space Geodesy Assistant Prof. Takahiro IIDA Satellite Oceanography Assistant Prof. Yuuki WATANABE Marine Zoology Assistant Prof. Kunio TAKAHASHI Marine Ecology

Polar Engineering Group Assistant Prof. Masayuki KIKUCHI Plasma Physics Assistant Prof. Koui KIM Cold Regions Engineering (As of October 1, 2011)

0 6 Data

Research Organization of Information and Systems National Institute of Polar Research Fourth period Administrative Council member Term of office: April 1, 2010 - March 31, 2012 (As of October 1, 2011)

Name Institution Title

Tadayuki IMANAKA College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University Professor Isao KOIKE University of the Ryukyus Auditors Akira KOUCHI Cloud Science Research Group, Hokkaido University Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Professor Shuhei TAKAHASHI Kitami Institute of Technology Toshitaka TSUDA Research Institute for Sustainnable Humanosphere, Kyoto University Director-General / Professor Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Studies, Director / Professor Takakiyo NAKAZAWA Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University Yoshikuni HIROI Faculty of Science, Chiba University Graduate School Professor Toshio FUKUSHIMA National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Director / Professor Ryoichi FUJII Nagoya University Trustee / Vice-President Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences / Professor Ken FURUYA Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University Masaji MATSUYAMA Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology President Takeaki MORI Kanagawa Institute of Technology Vice-President Natsuo SATO National Institute of Polar Research Professor / Vice Director-General (Research and Education) Takashi YAMANOUCHI National Institute of Polar Research Professor / Vice Director-General / Head of Intellectual Property Section / Head of Archives Section Kokichi KAMIYAMA National Institute of Polar Research Professor / Deputy Director of Center for Antarctic Programs (for Research) Professor / Vice Director-General / Director of Center Antarctic Programs / National Institute of Polar Research Yoichi MOTOYOSHI Director of Polar Science Resources Center Hideyasu KOJIMA National Institute of Polar Research Professor Kazuo SHIBUYA National Institute of Polar Research Professor Kentaro WATANABE National Institute of Polar Research Professor / Head of International Affairs Section

Number of Staff (As of October 1, 2011) Facilities Vice Extra Staff (As of October 1, 2011) Director- Associate Assistant Technical Administrative categories Director- Professor Lecturer for Antarctic Total General Professor Professor Staff Staff General Expeditions Tachikawa Site Director-General 1 1 Site Area Vice Director-General (3) (3) 62,450m2 (total of 3 institutes) Research and Education 14 19 1 17 51 Floor Space Center for Antarctic Programs (4) (3) 6 5 37 48(7) 54,071m2 (total of 3 institutes) Arctic Environment Research Center (1) (4) (1) (2) (5) (13) ¡Exclusive area for NIPR 17,336m2 Polar Science Resources Center (3) (6) (3) (12) ¡Common-use area for Polar Data Center (1) (2) (3) 1 1(6) 3 institutes 11,112m2 Public Relations Section (1) 2 2(1) Research Building Library (1) 1 1(1) 48,105m2 (total of 3 institutes, International Affairs Section (1) (1) RC, 6 floors and 1 basement) Intellectual Property Section (1) (1) (2) ¡Exclusive area for NIPR Archives Section (1) (1) 12,515m2 NIPR/ISM Joint Administration Office 14 1 15 ¡Common-use area for 2 Total 1 (3) 14(14) 19(15) 1(1) 17(8) 23(6) 7 37 119(47) 3 institutes 10,733m

The figures in parentheses indicate the number of the concurrent offices. Polar Expedition Building 4,043m2 (S, 3 floors)

Budget (As of October 1, 2011) Polar Science Museum 1,109m2 (Total of 3 institutes) FY Funding for Operations Commissioned Research Payments Self Income Total ¡Exclusive area for NIPR 2 2011 3,302,147 11,977 4,686 3,318,810 778m ¡Common-use area for (unit: thousand yen) 3 institutes 331m2 Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research

FY Amount of Money Number of Adoption

2011 214,310 thousand yen 31

0 7 History

May 1961 The Science Council of Japan recommended April 1983 Elimination of the Polar Meteorology Research to the government the establishment of the Section of the Research Division. Establishment “Institute of Polar Research” (tentative name) of the Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Remote as an organization of Ministry of Education, Sensing Research Section. Science and Culture for the cataloging, storage, and research of materials obtained April 1984 Meteorite Research Section added to as a result of Japanese Antarctic Research Research Division. Aurora Science Data Expedition. Section added to the Data Collection and Processing Division. April 1962 “Polar Department” of the National Science June 1990 Arctic Environment Research Center and Museum established. Information Science Center established. Data Analysis Section eliminated from Data April 1965 The “Polar Department” is expanded and Collection and Processing Division. renamed the “Polar Division,” and is divided into the No. 1 and No. 2 Polar Sections. April 1993 Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Remote Sensing Research Section eliminated from Research April 1966 The National Science Museum is reorganized Division and Polar Atmospheric Material Cycle and the “Polar Division” is also reorganized into Research Section established. The Department the “Polar Research Division”. The Division is of Polar Science, the School of Mathematical divided into the Polar Laboratories No. 1 and and Physical Science created as a program of No. 2. postgraduate study in the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI). NIPR April 1970 Evolution of the “Polar Research Division” became a parent institute of SOKENDAI. continues, and the Division becomes the nucleus of Japanese Antarctic Research June 1994 Establishment of the Crustal Activity Evolution Expedition as the “Polar Research Center”. Research Section to Research Division. The Center is divided into the Polar Operations Establishment of the Center for Antarctic Division, Polar Research and Materials Division, April 1995 Environmental Monitoring as one of the and the Administration Section. research facilities. August 1970 Moves from Ueno to Itabashi, to the location May 1996 Reorganization of the Center for Antarctic formerly occupied by the Japanese Imperial Environmental Monitoring and elimination of Army’s No. 2 Tokyo Arsenal. the Inorganic Materials Group from the Data Collection and Processing Division. September 29, Establishment of the National Institute of Polar Research. The institute has four sections April 1997 Reorganization of the Arctic Environment 1973 in the Division for Research (Geoscience, Research Center and the Center for Antarctic Glaciology, Ecology, Polar Region Engineering), Environmental Monitoring. two sections in the Data Collection and Processing Division (Biology, Inorganic April 1998 Antarctic Meteorite Research Center Materials), two sections and six groups in established as a research facility. Environmental the Administrative Office, and one section Impact Section of the Operational Office and two groups in the Operational Office. established. Meteorite Research Section Syowa Station has become the base for NIPR (research fellows group) eliminated from the observational activities in the Antarctic. Research Division, and Meteorite Collection Section eliminated from the Data Collection and Processing Division. April 1974 Establishment of the Cold Region Construction Section to the Research Division, the Data April 2004 NIPR was established by the Inter-University Analysis Section to the Data Collection Research Institute Corporation as a Research and Processing Division, the Collaborative Organization of Information and Systems. Observation Section to the Operational Office, At the same time, the Graduate University and the Library. for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) was established by the National University April 1975 Addition of the Geology Research Section, Corporation. The School of Mathematical and Cryobiology Research Section to the Research Physical Science was renamed the School of Division, and the Low-Temperature Materials Multidisciplinary Sciences, and incorporates Section to the Data Collection and Processing the departments of Statistical Science, Polar Division. Science, and Informatics. April 1978 Addition of the Polar Meteorology Research October 2006 The research framework is regrouped to include Section and the Polar Minerals and Mining the Polar Data Center and the Polar Science Research Section to the Research Division, Resources Center in the Division for Polar and the establishment of the new No. 1 and Information. The Center for Antarctic Programs No. 2 Cryobiology Research Section. within the Division for Polar Programs is reorganized into the Antarctic Operation Center. Reorganization of the Upper Atmosphere April 1979 The Office of Polar Expeditions and the Physics Research Section of the Research April 2009 Antarctic Operation Center are merged as the Division into the No. 1 and No. 2. The Cold Center for Antarctic Programs. Region Construction Section is renamed the Antarctic Logistics and Polar Region May 2009 NIPR relocates from Kaga, Itabashi Ward, Engineering Research Section. Tokyo to the new campus in Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo. April 1981 The Meteorite Collection Section to the Data Collection and Processing Division established. July 2010 Joint Administration Office consolidated along Establishment of Mizuho Station. with the Institute of Statistical Mathematics.

0 8 Research and Education

NIPR fulfills its purpose as an Inter-University Research Institute to undertake multidisciplinary scientific research of the polar regions and polar observation. All members of the NIPR faculty belong to one of the five research groups (Space and Upper Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology and Glaciology, Geoscience, Bioscience, Polar Engineering) of Division for Research and Education, carry out research, and participate in a variety of duties, in addition to project research and Antarctic expedition. The Advanced Scientific Research Group also takes part in special promotion research projects. Apart from research by staff members who have their sights on a broad range of global environments particularly to do with the natural surroundings of the polar regions, an important role of the Inter-University Research Institute is carrying out cooperative research based on proposals from researchers nationwide. NIPR has made considerable advances through cooperative research with researchers from various countries. As a forum for announcing findings and discussing research items, various research and education groups invite researchers from home and abroad each year to hold symposia and publish the results in their scientific publications. Furthermore, since polar expeditions are conducted as part of a cooperative international project, NIPR researchers have participated in foreign expeditions and Arctic expeditions in addition to Japan’s own expedition to the Antarctic to further their knowledge of the polar science.

The aurora which shines over the Antarctic continent, the opposite shore of Syowa Station 0 9 Research and Education

Space and Upper Atmospheric Sciences Group nationwide through project researches organized by NIPR and other collaborative scientists for further analysis and study. The group is also active in the development of ground- The polar regions are windows into the space, filled based optical instruments, unmanned instruments operated with magnetic field lines stretching out into the terrestrial in Antarctica, satellite and balloon-borne instruments, magnetosphere and interplanetary space, and outstanding and large-aperture atmospheric radars, as well as graduate upper-atmospheric phenomena such as aurora are observed education at the Department of Polar Science, the Graduate there. The Syowa Station is located directly beneath University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI). the southern-hemisphere auroral zone, and auroras and magnetic fields there been continuously monitored since the commencement of Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. Taking advantage of this ideal location, the Space and Upper Atmospheric Sciences Group studies energy flow of solar winds into the earth’s magnetosphere, magnetosphere- ionosphere couplings, and effects of the ionospheric and the lower atmospheric phenomena on the middle and the upper atmospheres, etc. using state-of-the-art instruments. We take part in global network observations by collaborating with other antarctic stations, arctic stations in Svalbard Islands, Norway, Sweden, as well as Iceland which is located at the Antennas and transmitter/receiver modules of the large-aperture geomagnetic conjugate point of Syowa Station. The observed atmospheric radar, PANSY, tested in Kyoto University MU radar site data and results are provided to collaborative researchers in Shigaraki.

Meteorology and Glaciology Group aerosols in summer; research to estimate the exchange volume of gases and other substances in the ocean biosphere and the lower atmosphere using JARE research ship, Shirase, The Meteorology and Glaciology Group collects and the training and research vessel of Tokyo University materials (aerosols and gases in the atmosphere, ice cores, of Marine Science and Technology, Umitaka Maru; and etc.) and data (ice radar data, weather data, etc.) through research into the formation mechanism of polynya which observations and surveys in the polar regions, such as are in sea ice and their role in global climate and ocean Antarctica, Greenland, Ny-Ålesund etc. and conducts cycles. Research is also carried out to understand global analysis on them. It tries to identify what is currently environmental and climatic changes by analyzing satellite happening in the atmosphere, cryosphere and the ocean; data from the polar region. what were the earth’s environment and climate like in the past; and how they will change in the future by examining the cause of changes. The polar regions are heat sink area least influenced by human activity. As such, the information obtained can give insight about earth’s evolution. Some of the main research projects conducted recently include research to recreate past environments using an ice core sample from a depth of 3,035m collected at the Dome Fuji Station; joint research with Sweden to study the internal structure and surface deposition of an ice sheet conducted by means of a 3,000km inland trip; joint research with Germany A balloon and gondola for measuring global warming gas using aircrafts to examine the behavior of atmospheric concentrations in the stratosphere

1 0 Geoscience Group the Earth’s crust and sea surface today.

Antarctic Continent, which carries the Antarctic ice sheet, comprises a substratum formed by changes over a history of 4 billion years. The face of this rock is exposed on the outer edges of the ice sheet. The rock areas and surrounding sea bed contain geological formations and deposits that record the accretion and erosion of the ice sheet. The land mass and ice sheet interact with each other allowing the unique solid Earth geophysics phenomena to be observed. This type of correlation between the history of the Earth’s crust and the ice sheet can also be seen in Greenland. Moreover, meteorites containing information on the creation of our solar system can be found in the Antarctic ice sheet. These events and phenomena are studied with geological science and mineralogy, geomorphology and quaternary research, and geodesy and solid Earth geophysics to reveal the history of the universe, the changes in the evolution of the Earth’s crust from the beginning of time until today, changes in the quaternary environment accompanying Studying up list of the Earth’s crust with GPS observation at accretion and erosion of the ice sheet, as well as changes in Rundvågshetta

Bioscience Group environmental reconstruction from lake sediment samples and response mechanisms in lake ecosystems to global environmental change. The Arctic ecosystem in particular The fundamental task of this group is to establish how has been conducted for more than 10 years accumulating the organisms have adapted and survived in the extremely ecophysiological data on soil microbial respiration and harsh environments of polar region. The group also studies photosynthetic production. the sensitive response mechanisms of marine and terrestrial communities to global environmental changes. Its studies extend into the production process in marine low trophic levels, behavior of marine predators and terrestrial biology. ❶ Biological Oceanography: Research focuses on mechanisms of ecosystem variability in association with environmental change in the Southern Ocean using in situ and satellite observation. In particular, focus on plankton variability in the Indian Sector, we have been conducted corroborative research on analysis of long-term data with Australian scientists. ❷ Foraging strategies of top predators: Data loggers with sensors are fitted to animals to identify foraging strategies, energy balances and other biological aspects.

❸ Terrestrial biology: Research focuses on the origins Deepwater monitoring of water temperature and salinity carried out and establishment of Antarctic lake biota, paleo- on the Umitaka Maru cruise

1 1 Research and Education

Polar Engineering Group

The Polar Engineering Group conducts research into logistics for observation activities and robotic exploration technology in the polar regions. Logistical activities in support of observation in the polar regions cover an extensive range from general living to, on occasions, observation methods. They rely on a technological capacity based on an extensive technical understanding of almost every facet of science and engineering as well as life sciences. Many of Japan’s technologies cannot be applied without modification in the logistics required by the harsh polar environment and there are still many problems that must be resolved in this area. The research group is currently involved with the following main issues. ❶ Development of small wind turbines and grid integration systems ❷ Research and development on polar robot exploration ❸ Development of transport system for inland traverse ❹ Studies and research to improve efficiency in energy use ❺ Designing of a new inland station Wind turbines undergoing a battery of tests in Japan

Advanced Scientific Research Group ice core, and analyze the Dome Fuji and NEEM ice cores and the geologic samples to acquire the basic information necessary for the above aims. The research group will NIPR launched the new flagship project (advanced also hold a workshop to provide venues for researchers in scientific research project) entitled “Approaching Earth Japan and abroad to present their findings and exchange System Dynamics through the Past Polar Changes: information. Reconstruction of Quaternary Polar Environmental and Global Atmospheric Changes with High Accuracy and High Temporal Resolution”, on April 1 2008. The ultimate goal of this project is to contribute to improving future climate prediction through better understanding of the climate system. Toward this goal, the project members analyze the Dome Fuji ice core from Antarctica and the North Greenland Eemian ice core (NEEM core), and conduct field surveys in a broad region from the Antarctic continent to the Southern Ocean sea floor. The new data, together with existing paleoenvironmental data from polar and other regions, are analyzed for reconstructing the Quaternary histories of bipolar climate, atmospheric greenhouse gases, Antarctic ice sheet and Southern Ocean environment. In fiscal year 2010, the members will conduct field surveys, obtain Antarctic geological samples and the NEEM Components of the global environment system and research regions

1 2 Projects

Advanced Project Principle Period Number Project Title Investigator (FY) Inside NIPR Outside NIPR Approaching Earth System Dynamics Through the Past Polar Changes: Reconstruction of Quaternary Polar Hideaki MOTOYAMA 2008 - 2012 21 61 Environmental and Global Atmospheric Changes with High Accuracy and High Temporal Resolution

Project Research Research that is distinctive and contributes to the furthering of pioneer studies. Principle Period Number No. Project Title Investigator (FY) Inside NIPR Outside NIPR KP-2 Variabilities and coupling processes in the middle and upper atmosphere in the polar regions Takuji NAKAMURA 2010 - 2015 8 14 A study on minor constituents in the polar lower atmosphere. KP-3 Makoto WADA 2010 - 2015 6 16 ---Analysis of the previous data and new instruments for future observations KP-4 Change of marine system in the eastern Antarctic Ocean Mitsuo FUKUCHI 2010 - 2015 7 10 Interhemispheric conjugacies of the polar ionospheric and magnetospheric responses KP-5 Hisao YAMAGISHI 2010 - 2015 13 38 to solar wind energy input KP-6 The origin and evolution of solar material Hideyasu KOJIMA 2010 - 2015 6 24 KP-7 Solid earth dynamics explored from polar regions Yoichi MOTOYOSHI 2010 - 2015 12 42 KP-8 Responses of polar ecosystems to environmental change Satoshi IMURA 2010 - 2015 8 12 International collaborative studies on the arctic upper and middle atmosphere KP-9 Hiroshi MIYAOKA 2010 - 2015 12 24 based on the EISCAT radar and ground-based observations KP-10 Preliminary Study of Warming in the Arctic Takashi YAMANOUCHI 2010 - 2012 9 16 KP-11 Study of Arctic terrestrial ecosystem and environmental change Masaki UCHIDA 2010 - 2015 5 7 KP-12 Development of infrared and terahertz astronomy at the dome Fuji base Naomasa NAKAI 2010 - 2015 2 8 KP-13 Human Biology and Medical Research in Extreme Environment of Antarctica Giichiro ONO 2010 - 2015 2 17

[Project No. KP-2] Rayleigh Lidar System which measures temperature and clouds in the stratosphere and the mesosphere.

1 3 Research and Education

Collaborative Research

General Collaboration Projects Collaboration Agreements Collaborative research into the polar regions is carried NIPR participates in collaboration projects under out at NIPR’s facilities by NIPR staff members working agreements with other organizations for the purpose of together with individuals or groups of researchers from mutual use of R&D capacities and resources and to work outside the institute. Outside researchers, otherwise referred closely together to combine strengths with a view to fulfilling to as co-researchers, are given access to NIPR facilities and the important role of advancing research and education and experimental and analysis instruments such as the Polar personnel training. Data Center, Polar Science Resources Center and the low- temperature room. They are selected from applicants and are ■Collaboration Agreement with assigned to any one of the Space and Upper Atmospheric Kitami Institute of Technology Sciences, Meteorology and Glaciology, Geoscience, Concluded on April 7, 2010 with the aim of furthering Bioscience and Polar Engineering groups. 106 co-researchers research into polar science and cold region engineering. have been invited in fiscal 2010.

■Recent Collaboration Project Practical wear for the Antarctic expedition with an outstanding design was developed in a recent collaboration project based on an ergonomic apparel design and attuned to cold-climate and the design was registered. The outfits have been tested out in Antarctica and research is in progress to further upgrade their performance.

Koichi Ayuta, President of Kitami Institute of Technology (right) and Dr. Yoshiyuki Fujii, Director-General of NIPR (left) at the signing ceremony

■Collaboration Agreement with Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University Concluded on September 14, 2010 with the aim of furthering research into polar science and the solar-terrestrial environment.

Outfit designed with functionality and style as its concept

Research Workshop A small workshop was convened to deliberate the direction, methodology and results of research projects at Yutaka Matsumi, Director of Solar-Terrestrial Environmental Laboratory (the third from the right), Dr. Yoshiyuki Fujii, Director- NIPR. 23 projects were selected from applications to be General of NIPR (the fourth from the right) and person concerned implemented in fiscal 2010. at the signing ceremony

1 4 Polar Information

NIPR has enormous amounts of data and samples from its expeditions to the Arctic and the Antarctic. Besides organizing and releasing these resources to support collaborative research scientists in Japan and overseas, it also undertakes various tasks in maintaining the information infrastructure so that the data on the polar regions can be utilized widely by scientists and the general public.

Syowa Station 1 5 Polar Information

Polar Data Center Database ■Science Database Data from the Arctic and Antarctic regions are collected, With rapid improvement and development in technology archived and made available via Internet by the polar science for earth observation by satellites and ground-based data library system (POLARIS). The system functions as observation networks both in the Arctic and the Antarctic, an NADC and is linked to the Arctic/Antarctic Master large quantities of observation data are being generated Directory of NASA/GCMD and the IPY portal. Efforts in the field of polar science. The Polar Data Center are underway to expand the online database and to set up a assumes the twofold task of developing and operating the public database. information infrastructure, and managing and supplying a database, so that observation data are processed and utilized ■World Data Center for Aurora effectively. All scientific data obtained from the Antarctic The World Data Center (WDC) for Aurora was established Research Expedition must be made public as prescribed by on the recommendation of the International Council for the Antarctic Treaty. Each member country is required to Science (ICSU). It is responsible for collecting, organizing establish a National Antarctic Data Center (NADC) and and disseminating mainly auroral optical observation Japan’s NADC is the Polar Data Center. materials and other related space and upper atmospheric observation data. Science Information Infrastructure ■Computer System The computer system at the center comprises a polar science supercomputer for numerical modeling and processing data from the polar regions, a polar science integrated data library system (the polar science data library system, POLARIS) for storing and presenting data, and networks between the institute’s laboratories and Syowa Station.

■Intelsat Satellite Link NIPR and the Antarctic Syowa Station are networked via an Intelsat satellite Intelsat satellite communications system link (upgraded to 2 Mbps in 2009).

■Multipurpose Satellite Data Receiving System The S/X band satellite data receiving station equipped with an 11m-diameter antenna receives data from various earth observation satellites (MOS, ERS, JERS, ADEOS-II) including the aurora observation satellite, Akebono (EXOS-D). It is currently being used in reception of the Innovative-technology Demonstration Experiment, Reimei (INDEX) and VLBI (very long baseline interferometry). An L/S/X band system is also in operation to automatically receive data from NOAA, DMSP, Terra and Aqua satellites.

1 6 Polar Science Resources Center Antarctic Meteorite Research Center The Antarctic Meteorite Research Center manages some 16,836 Antarctic meteorites recovered by JARE. The Polar Science Resources Center manages ice sheet These represent more than 30% of the meteorites core, meteorite, rock, and biological specimens collected discovered around the world, making it one of the world’s in the polar regions, and publishes data catalogues so that leading meteorite collections, and include meteorites they can be made available for collaborative projects with from the moon and Mars, and numerous other extremely researchers in Japan and overseas, as well as to educators and rare samples. These meteorites are distributed as research the general public. specimens and are used in collaborative research projects. Hand specimens and thin sections of the meteorites are Ice Core Laboratory available on request for exhibition or education as part of The Ice Core Laboratory (henceforth, ICL) conducts NIPR’s outreach activities. The laboratory also conducts management on ice cores drilled from ice sheets and petrological and mineralogical studies, and isotopic analyses glaciers in the Antarctic and Arctic. The ICL also using SHRIMP (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe) conducts basic analysis for the ice cores. The core samples in order to reveal the evolutionary are preserved in the cold storage in NIPR. When ice processes of planetary materials. cores are analyzed, they are first processed in the low- temperature room. And then, various analyses are carried Yamato 000593 nakhlite meteorite from out using instruments such as the mass spectrometer, Mars weighing 13.7kg. The cube is 1 cm liquid scintillation counter, ion chromatograph, laser on each side. particle counter and ICP mass spectrometer. Recently, the ICL has focused on the analysis of a Biological Specimen Archive 3,035m ice core drilled at Dome Fuji Station in Antarctica. NIPR collects, lists and manages biological specimens The laboratory publishes monthly reports, providing collected by JARE and Arctic surveys conducted by Japan details on equipment and instrument operation status, and other countries. NIPR loans those specimens to a sample analysis updates and other information. wide range of organizations not only in Japan, but also in various overseas countries. Plant specimens, mainly comprising bryophytes (mosses), have been a part of World Public Herbaria with the code “NIPR” by the International Association of Plant Taxonomy since 1979. There are approximately 40,000 specimens on file for physiological and genetic research. The databases are made public to facilitate research with these specimens and to improve the understanding of polar organisms. Ice core treatment in the low-temperature room Plants around Syowa Station Rock Specimen Archive Since the first Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE), we have collected and preserved some 12,000 rock and mineral specimens. These specimens are organized according to collected year and region and are recorded in a database. Moss: Bryum pseudotriquetrum Green algae: Usnea sphacelata The archive covers rocks and minerals not only from Antarctica, but also from Sri Lanka, India and Africa as part of its international scientific research. These are also important for geological comparisons and studies into the earth’s crust and mantle materials constituting the Gondwana supercontinent. Cyano bacteria: Cyanothece sp. Lichen: Usnea sphacelata

1 7 Polar Programs

Both polar regions are important research and observation fields for discovering the role they play in global climatic changes, and for studying the history of the earth, biodiversity in extreme environment, long term observation of the global environment and space observation. NIPR established the Division for Polar Programs comprising the Center for Antarctic Programs and the Arctic Environment Research Center to effectively promote observation and research in the polar regions. The Center for Antarctic Programs plays a particularly important role in the process of formulating, implementing and assessing expedition programs approved by the Headquarters of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition under the direction of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. While providing a range of support for on-site observations by Japan’s polar researchers, the Division for Polar Programs also acts as an information center for researchers in Japan and abroad and holds symposiums on observations and logistics. Furthermore, it works with the International Affairs Section in promoting international collaborative observations, and also makes the necessary adjustments to comply with international and social frameworks relating to the polar regions such as the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP), the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), and the Antarctic environment laws under the Antarctic Treaty.

1 8 Looking out over Antarctica from Syowa Station Polar Programs

Center for Antarctic Programs

The Center for Antarctic Programs was launched on April 1 2009 following reorganization of NIPR with a view to offering a safer and more efficient promotion framework. The research and clerical staff were integrated into a single group so that the center can maximize its function as the core organization of NIPR’s Antarctic research activities. Staff members are allocated into teams to perform various tasks including planning programs with researchers in Japan and overseas, maintaining the bases in Antarctica, organizing and dispatching expeditions, arranging transportation and implementing safety and environment protection measures. Ice sheet at Sør Rondane Mountains For the smooth-running of Antarctic operations, a temporary task teams have also been set up to respond promptly to various issues in collaboration with groups of the Division for Research and Education.

Organization for Implementing Antarctic Programs

Headquarters for Japanese Antarctic Planning and Research Expedition Coordination Team (Secretariat: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology [MEXT]) Manager for Planning Unit

Administrative Council JARE Management Planning Committee Support Team for Antarctic Programs (with Sub-Committees Director-General of NIPR and Working Groups) Clerical Support Team

Deputy-Director (for JARE Management) Committee for Antarctic Programs Transport Support Team

Director of the Center Manager for Logistics Unit Supply Support Team (for Antarctic Programs, also Vice Director-General of NIPR)

Living Support Team Program Coordinators (Each in charge of Antarctic Program) Deputy-Director (for Research) Team(s) for Special Task (temporary)

1 9 Polar Programs

Arctic Environment Research Center

The Arctic is one of the most important areas for investigating the state and changes in the global climate and environment. Field investigations have been conducted to clarify the change in global environment, the forcing mechanism of the change and its impact on ecological systems. The disciplines involved are lower atmospheric science, glaciology, marine science, terrestrial biology and upper atmosphere physics. The Arctic Environment Research Center (AERC) was established in the National Institute of Polar Research in June 1990. The aim of the center is to organize frameworks for cooperative research as the core organization of Japan’s Arctic Research for the management and administration (handling applications for use, disseminating of station information, implementing safety measures, etc.) of the Ny-Ålesund Station and the NIPR office at Svalbard University Centre in Longyearbyen (UNIS). Furthermore the centre affords the facilities for pursuing the cooperated regions such as conjugate aurora observatory station in Iceland, EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter), NEEM project (an international ice core research project in North-West Greenland), Arctic data collection, website management (http://www-arctic.nipr. ac.jp/) and Arctic Research Directory editing (issued by Science Council of Japan).

Ny-Ålesund Station Arctic research village in Ny-Ålesund The Ny-Ålesund Station was set up in collaboration with the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1991 in the village of Ny-Ålesund on Spitsbergen Island, Svalbard archipelago (lat. 79° N, long. 12° E). The facilities, fixtures and equipment are maintained to offer user’s easy-to-use environment including high-speed Internet connection etc. Projects that are currently in progress focus on the field of atmosphere science such as greenhouse gas, ozone, radiation and aerosol observations, as well as predictions on the impact of global warming by monitoring plant distribution and ecological net production.

UNIS in Longyearbyen (The University Centre in Svalbard)

Japanese station in Rabben, Ny-Ålesund

2 0 International Affairs Section

The International Affairs Section deals specifically with (refer a figure below for acronyms). international issues to do with scientific research in polar Many international collaborative research projects regions. Any matters relating to (1) international treaties including legacy projects of International Polar Year 2007- and conferences, (2) cooperative research and scientific 2008 are underway and the Section has been entrusted agreements with foreign institutions, and (3) international with the task of setting the institute’s direction and policies scientific exchanges are handled by the Section with the for these items. On the other hand, with greater emphasis assistance of the International Affairs Committee. Since polar placed on the globalization of research institutes, there is a research is conducted overseas, international frameworks are growing need for promotion of international exchange among indispensable. The Section works for preparation of reports scientists and revitalization of research. The Section offers on the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition required assistance in these areas and is called upon to deliberate and by the Antarctic Treaty in collaboration with governmental propose a broad range of international strategies for polar bodies and relevant scientists. It also deals with issues and research and make arrangements for their implementation in deposits documents relating to CCAMLR, as well as various collaboration with those agencies concerned. international bodies as SCAR, COMNAP, IASC and AFoPS

International Scientific Research Organization Explanatory Notes Organization which elects Research Program members from NIPR Antarctic Treaty System Non Government Intergovernmental Organization Organization

ATCM Antarctic Treaty Consultative ICSU International Council for Science Meeting

IGU SCAR CEP International Committee for Environmental Scientific Committee on Geographical Union Protection Antarctic Research IUBS SCOSTEP International Union of CCAMLR Scientific Committee on Biological Science Convention on the Conservation of Solar- Terrestial Physics Antarctic Marine Living Resources IUGG International Union of SCOR Scientific Committee on Geodesy and Geophysics IOC Oceanic Research Intergovernmental IUGS UNEP Oceanographic Commission International Union of United Nations Geological Sciences Environment Programme IASC WMO International Arctic Science World Meteorological Committee IPCC WG Organization Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group IGCP SCAR Scientific Research Programmes International Geological COMNAP AFoPS ACE Antarctic Climate Evolution Correlation Council of Managers of Asian Forum for SALE Subglacial Antarctic Lake Environments Programme National Antarctic Programs Polar Sciences EBA Evolution and Biodiversity in Antarctica AGCS Antarctica & the Global Climate System AAA Astronomy and Astrophysics form Antarctica FARO International Arctic Science Committee - Forum of Arctic Research Operators IGBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme AOSB Arctic Ocean Sciences Board GCTE Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems GLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics IGAC International Global Atmospheric Chemistry JGOFS Joint Global Ocean Flux Study PAG PAGES Past Global Changes SOLAS Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study Pacific Arctic Group

WCRP World Climate Research Programme NySMAC Ny-Ålesund Science GEWEX Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Managers Committee SPARC Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate CLIVER Climate Variability and Predictability CliC Climate and Cryosphere The XXXIII Antarctic Treaty

Consultative Meeting. Address by IODP World Climate Research Mr. José Mujica, the President of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. SAS Science Advisory Structure

2 1 Library

As an Inter-University Research Institute, NIPR serves Publications as a science information center for the polar science field. It The NII Scholarly and Academic Information Navigator maintains a large collection of scientific journals, books and (CiNii) provides a keyword search function with free access expedition reports regarding polar research. These materials to scientific journals published by the NIPR Library in PDF are provided to researchers in the open-shelf library and format from the first to the latest issue. Furthermore, back requests are also accepted from non-visitors for copies to be issues for the following publications are available free of delivered by mail. In addition, NIPR publishes many scientific charge (with exceptions) and can be requested as required. journals, including the Antarctic Record. Please contact the following email address: Since November 1996, the library is networked with the [email protected] National Institute of Informatics (NII: formerly, National ¡Antarctic Record (Nankyoku Shiryô)(Japanese and English) Center for Academic Information Systems) so that its books, (Published 3 times a year, currently up to Vol.54-2) journals and data collection are registered in a comprehensive ¡Polar Science (English)(Distributed for a charge) national catalog. As of March 31, 2010, the library has a total (Published 4 times a year in partnership with Elsevier B.V., first of 20,610 books and 3,490 journals recorded in the catalog published in 2007, currently up to Vol. 4) including Japanese and foreign-language publications. These ¡Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research (Irregular: Series A-F, Special Issue) books and journals are made available via the Internet and can ¡JARE Data Reports (Irregular: Currently up to No.317) be searched using keywords. The contents of the 5 English ¡NIPR Arctic Data Reports (Irregular: Currently up to No.7) scientific journals published by NIPR can all be searched the ¡Antarctic Geological Map Series last edition, 2006 using keywords from the very first edition (Irregular: Currently up to Sheet 39) released in 1988 using the library’s administration system, and ¡Special Map Series (Irregular: Currently up to No.7) the text is supplied in PDF format. ¡Gazetteer of eastern Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica Furthermore, the Arctic & Antarctic Regions Database ¡Antarctica: East queen Maud Land-enderby Land Glaciological Folio is available through via an internet with LAN terminals at NIPR. It is containing 1.05 million reference materials Books and Other Publications (As of April 1, 2010) relating to polar science. Japanese 7,989 Books 23,432 Foreign 15,443 Japanese 1,922 Booklets 3,496 Facilities Foreign 1,574 The reading room, rare books room, shelves for single- Japanese 2,872 Bound journals 24,857 volume books, magazine stands and the library office are Foreign 21,985 on the first floor. There are 26 reading desks complete with Total 51,785 wireless LAN access. The library is open 24 hours a day to NIPR staff. The library offers a range of copying services. Subscription Collection E-journals Maps of the area around Prince Olav Coast compiled from Japanese 344 900 0 past expeditions are displayed and distributed at Library by Foreign 575 2,889 6,510 staff. Total 919 3,789 6,510

Archives Section

The Archives Section was established in April 2010 used in research activities by the institute Generally, the with the relocation of NIPR to Tachikawa. The section term "archive" denotes records created by organizations and collects, organizes, stores and manages unofficial documents individuals in the course of their activities that are of value as (inactive corporate documents) containing historical records, information and evidence and need to be preserved or utilized publications, photographs, illustrations, drawings, audio and on a permanent basis. In particular, it refers to documents video references, electronic records, observation equipment, that indicate the historical assessment of the activities of an logistic apparatus, tools, clothing and personal documents organization and fulfills its social accountability.

2 2 Public Relations Section

NIPR performs a various of publicity work on Japanese research activities in the Antarctic and Arctic.

Polar Science Museum Publication of PR Journals The Polar Science Museum is NIPR’s new window NIPR produces a variety of pamphlets for distribution for widely disseminating information on the frontiers besides issuing the quarterly NIPR News. In June 2009, it of Japan's polar science research, as well as the current released a new journal on polar research for general readers status, achievements and history of Arctic and Antarctic called “Kyoku”, which means polar regions. observations. Its objective is to become an information center for polar science research activities by introducing the latest study results and activities. http://www.nipr.ac.jp/science-museum/

New journal, Kyoku

Loans of Items for Display Museum NIPR lends out films and images and specimens of biological samples, meteorites and rocks for lectures by former Antarctic Classes expedition members and special exhibitions in museums. About 20 to 30 times a year, Antarctic Classes are held by linking Syowa Station with elementary and junior high Polar Archives schools in Japan via real-time satellite communications. NIPR stores and manages some 10,000 items that have Coming directly into contact with expedition members been collected to date over the past 50 years ever since Japan’s carrying out research in the harsh Antarctic conditions helps first expedition in 1956. children understand the importance of Antarctic research activities and of the global environment.

Intellectual Property Section

The Intellectual Property Section was established in April their copyrights. The section is also in charge of providing 2008. The section mainly deals with discoveries and research incentives for employee inventions, intellectual property- results, in other words, intellectual property, acquired through related personnel training, preparation of guidelines for use of polar expeditions, joint research activities and other projects. trademarks and industry-academia-government collaborative Its duties include filing patent and trademark registration projects in close cooperation with the headquarters of applications for claiming and utilizing research results as Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS). well as releasing and publicizing intellectual properties and

2 3 Graduate Education

Since 1993, NIPR accepts students for 5-year full- term and 3-year second-term doctoral courses through the Department of Polar Science, the School of Multidisciplinary Sciences, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI). Sixteen students are currently enrolled in the course. It also accepts graduate students as special collaborative research fellows and operates joint graduate schools in collaboration with graduate schools of other universities.

The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Auroral optical observation instrument maintenance at Syowa Station The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) was established as Japan’s first national graduate school to exclusively offer doctoral courses in October 1988 (National University Corporation since 2004). Apart from the School of Cultural and Social Studies, all other schools at the University change over to 5-year doctoral courses in 2006 and 2007. The university currently consists of 6 schools with the assistance of 18 parent institutes. The university undertakes doctoral education and research in close collaboration with its parent institutes, making full use of their highly capable personnel and superior research environments. It fosters researchers with a broad, international perspective and a high level of creative thinking so that they can take the lead in responding to new trends in academic research. In addition, the university promotes original, international Collecting rock specimens in Brattnipene, academic research that transcends conventional academic Sør Rondane Mountains, Antarctica fields and pioneers new disciplines. Special Collaborative research Fellows ■The Department of Polar Science In accordance with the Article 29-1-3 of the National The Earth is the only habitable planet with abundant water University Corporation Law, the Inter-University Research in our solar system. It is home to many kinds of organisms, Institute Corporation accepts graduate students at the request including mankind. A better understanding of its origin and of universities and cooperates with university education. changing environments is essential if we are to maintain Every year since 1981, NIPR has accepted graduate students sustainable development on this planet. It has recently become in polar science and related fields as special collaborative apparent that environmental changes on the Earth, whether research fellows. In 2009, NIPR accepted fifteen students. in the ionosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, or biosphere, first appear in the two polar regions. The objective Joint Graduate School of the Department of Polar Science is to identify the primary In July 2006, NIPR and the Graduate School of Social cause and interaction between these individual changes and Cultural Studies at Kyushu University entered into the within Earth’s overall system. Polar Science is rooted firmly Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation in Education and in fieldwork. Therefore, great importance is attached to Research between the National Institute of Polar Research, education and study concerning practical methodologies for Research Organization of Information and Systems and the carrying out research. The department fosters researchers who Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu have the ability to carry out a broad range of earth science University. From October 1 of the same year until March 31, studies in a flexible and creative way. 2011, the two institutes have joined hands in offering graduate education in the field of polar environment studies.

2 4 The Graduate University for Advanced Studies Organization

School Department Inter-University Research Institute Inter-University Research Institute Corporation

Regional Studies National Museum of Ethnology Comparative Studies School of Cultural and Japanese Studies International Research Center for Japanese Studies National Institutes for the Humanities Social Studies Doctor’s course 3 years Japanese History National Museum of Japanese History Cyber Society and Culture Center of ICT and Distance Education the Open University of Japan

Japanese Literature National Institute of Japanese Literature

Structural Molecular Science Institute for Molecular Science Functional Molecular Science

School of Physical Sciences Astronomical Science National Astronomical Observatory of Japan National Institutes of Nature Science Doctor’s course 5 years Fusion Science National Institute for Fusion Science Doctor’s course 3 years Space and Astronautical Science Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Accelerator Science Accelerator Laboratory-Applied Research Laboratory School of High Energy Accelerator Science Materials Structure Science Institute of Materials Structure Science High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Doctor’s course 5 years Particle and Nuclear Physics Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies Doctor’s course 3 years Statistical Science The Institute of Statistical Mathematics School of Multidisciplinary Sciences Polar Science National Institute of Polar Research Research Organization of Information and Systems Doctor’s course 5 years Informatics National Institute of Informatics Doctor’s course 3 years Genetics National Institute of Genetics

School of Life Science Basic Biology National Institute for Basic Biology Doctor’s course 5 years Physiological Sciences National Institute for Physiological Sciences Doctor’s course 3 years Biosystems Science Education and research is provided by a closely linked National University Corporation School of Advanced Sciences cooperative framework comprised of the above The Graduate University for Advanced Studies 18 Inter-University Research Institute Headquarter (HAYAMA Campus) Doctor’s course 5 years Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems Doctor’s course 3 years

Location

Oahu

Maui

National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (Hawaii Observatory, Subaru Telescope) Hawaii Island

National Institute of Polar Research National Astronomical Observatory of Japan National Astronomical Observatory of Japan The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (Nobeyama Radio Observatory) (Mizusawa VERA Observatory) National Institute of Japanese Literature National Institute for Fusion Science

International Research Center for High Energy Accelerator Research Organization(Tokai Campus) Japanese Studies High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Hachiouji (Tsukuba Campus) Tachi- National Astronomical kawa Tokyo Observatory of Japan National Museum of Japanese History National Astronomical (Okayama Astrophysical Observatory of Japan Observatory) The Open University of Japan Syowa Station The Graduate University for (National Institute of National Institute of Informatics Advanced Studies Headquarter Polar Research) (Hayama Campus) Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Antarctica National Institute of Genetics National Museum of Institute for Molecular Science Ethnology National Institute for Basic Biology National Institute for Physiological Sciences

2 5 Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center

Prior to April 2004, national universities and research Systematic Analysis for Global Environmental institutes in Japan were operated under the umbrella of Change and Life on Earth (SAGE) a national body governed by the Ministry of Education, The aim of this project is the establishment of the science Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Since of global life system. Therefore the interaction of the global then, oversight has been transferred to a cooperative environmental change and the evolution/ diversification of organization, the Research Organization of Information microorganism should be understood and the mechanism and Systems (ROIS). ROIS was established by combining of adaptive strategy of life under the environmental change the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), the should be clarified. National Institute of Genetics (NIG), the National Institute The study is advanced by 4 research teams focusing on the of Informatics (NII), and the Institute of Statistical following research theme. Mathematics (ISM). The Transdisciplinary Research Integration Center Research theme (TRIC) was established during the same period as ROIS. ❶ Explication of microorganism and creature origin TRIC’s goal is to construct new paradigms in the fields of substance in the ice core. Earth science and life systems. The TRIC program integrates ❷ Ice core study and the relationship between the environmental a vast amount of wide-ranging data, collected by observatory conditions of the early stages of Anthroposphere and networks. TRIC was initiated as a five-year program from creature activity. 2005 and consists of four umbrella projects. The 2nd TRIC ❸ Time series analysis of evolution mechanisms using virus program was started in 2010 with focus on four fields data. of research: 1) life systems, 2) environmental systems, 3) ❹ The diversity of extremophiles and their evolution complexity systems and modeling/information processing, mechanism. and 4) human society. ❺ Explication of the minute biota in the submarine sediment. Five transdisciplinary integration projects have been in ❻ Transition of the global environmental change studied progress since 2010 as 6-year projects. NIPR heads the project from the ice sheet, glacier and the ecosystem in the lakes ‘Systematic Analysis for Global Environmental Change and and ponds. Life on Earth’ Research team (subtitle) ❶ Reconstruction of the global environmental change and the explication of microorganism, virus and creature origin substance from the ice core study. ❷ Diversity and evolution mechanism of extremophile. ❸ Explication of the minute biota in the submarine sediment. ❹ Transition of the global environmental change studied from the Antarctic coastal cryosphere and ecosystem of lakes and ponds.

Benthic moss pillars in Antarctic lakes

Analysis of Greenland ice sheet and dirt material as origin of living The Dome Fuji Station ice core near the bedrock. Left: Black substance matter which may be organic. Right: Trace of what appears to be a water channel

2 6 Antarctic Activities

Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) is a changes by monitoring atmospheric concentration of carbon government-operated program conducted with international dioxide, etc. cooperation in accordance with the Antarctic Treaty. In September 2003, the Science Council of Japan Subsequent to the decision of the cabinet meeting in requested that the Japanese government reaffirm its view 1955, the program started off as part of the International that Antarctic research be an especially important national Geophysical Year (IGY: 1957-1958) and has been in action project deserving of government-wide efforts for continuous for half a century ever since the opening of Syowa Station on implementation and the government take necessary measures January 29, 1957 on East Ongul Island in Lützow-Holm Bay, to continue and enrich the research activities, including the Antarctica. provision of delivery system such as research ship. Japan’s stations serve as outposts for the global The International Council for Science (ICSU) and the observation network and have produced numerous results World Meteorological Organization (WMO) called for by taking constant meteorological observation, discovering concentrated scientific research and observation in earth’s ozone holes, acquiring the world’s largest collection of polar regions between March 2007 and March 2009 as the meteorites including those from the moon and Mars through International Polar Year (IPY) 2007-2008. Japan made research projects, unveiling climatic changes over the past its contribution to the international scientific research several hundred thousand years by analyzing ice cores and observations through active participation with JARE obtained from drilling ice sheets, and studying environmental activities.

Council of Managers of National Organization for Implementing JARE Antarctic Programs COMNAP Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting ATCM Experts Meeting

Advice demand SCAR Subcommittee Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research Science Council of Japan SCAR International Council for Science ICSU

Headquarters Members Ministry of Internal Affairs National Institute of Information (Ionospheric Physics) for the JARE and Communications and CommunicationsTechnology

Research and Ministry of Foreign Affairs Development Bureau Ministry of Ministry of Finance Japanese Antarctic Education, Culture, Research Members Sports, Science Ministry of Education, Culture, National Institute of Observation, Research Expedition and Technology Sports, Science and Technology Polar Research Logistics, JARE Members Training Ministry of Health, national university etc. Labour and Welfare Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries Agency Antarctica Forestry and Fisheries Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Geospatial Information Members Ministry of Land, (Geodesy) Infrastructure and Transport Authority of Japan Japan Meteorological Members (Meteorology) Agency Members Research Ship Japan Coast Guard Bathymetry, Tide obsenation Shirase Ministry of the Environment Private engineers, etc. Members (Extra Staff for Antarctic Expeditions of NIPR) Ministry of Defense (Transportation)

Academic Experts Commission of members

Looking out over Antarctica from Iwa-jima Island 2 7 Antarctic Activities

Transportation to the Antarctic Research Stations and Setting Up Research Stations

Cargo shipments to Syowa Station, some 14,000 km Syowa Station away from Tokyo in a straight line, are carried on ships. In Construction of Syowa Station was begun by the 1st the early days of Antarctic research, from the 1st expedition Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition ( JARE) on January in 1956 to the 6th expedition in 1962, supplies were carried 29, 1957. The station is located on East Ongul Island in by Japan Coast Guard aboard its research ship, Soya. A Lützow-Holm Bay, about 4 km west from the coast of East new vessel called Fuji was put in service when research Antarctica and it serves as the mother station for Japan’s was resumed in 1965 for the 7th expedition and from then Antarctic research activities. The facilities are built directly onward, the task of transporting cargo was entrusted to the on the bedrock. The operations building, powerhouse, Defense Agency (now Ministry of Defense). Fuji transported sleeping quarters, science building, environmental protection 500 tons of supplies each year until 1982. Ice conditions are building, satellite signals receiving building, stores, etc., particularly bad around Lützow-Holm Bay where Syowa are about 6,820 m2 in total area. The station has supplies Station is located, even for the Antarctic. Soya was often and equipment for a full year of research activities by about trapped in the icy waters; even Fuji, which boasted top-level thirty people. It is powered by diesel generators as well as by ice-breaking capabilities for ships of its time, struggled with photovoltaic generators that utilize natural energy sources. the thick sea ice. By 1983, Fuji had become quite worn out The temperature at the station is higher and the katabatic and was replaced by Shirase capable of carrying 1,000 tons wind from the continent is weaker than in the interior of the of cargo to introduce large observation fixtures and devices continent. However, since the station is located in a coastal and modernize the facilities. However, Shirase too ended area, it is subject to the effects of atmospheric depressions and its service on its final return trip in 2007. Since 2009 a new experiences blizzards about 57 days a year on average. research ship, also named Shirase, has been put in service. ¡Average temperature -10.5°C Helicopters on board Shirase will be used for field ¡Maximum temperature 10.0°C (January 21, 1977) observations and cargo transportation during summer. Long ¡Minimum temperature -45.3°C (September 4, 1982) inland survey trips and winter coastline survey trips, on the ¡Average wind speed 6.5 m/s other hand, are performed using snow mobiles and sleds from ¡Maximum gust wind speed 61.2 m/s (May 27, 1996) ¡Average sea-level pressure 986.6 hPa Syowa Station. ¡Location 69°00'22"S and 39°35'24"E 29.18 m above sea level

The new Shirase setting out on its maiden voyage from Harumi Pier (November 10, 2009)

2 8 Dome Fuji Station The station was established in 1995 at the highest point of the ice sheet in Dronning Maud Land, about 1,000 km south of Syowa Station. Its facilities comprise buildings such as the powerhouse, sleeping quarters, drilling room, drilling control room and evacuation facility as well as snow caves such as the deep drilling trench and ice core treatment and experiment room. The 36th to 38th JARE wintering party succeeded in deep drilling of the ice sheet to a depth of 2,503 m. The specimen is being examined to uncover global climatic and environmental changes over the past 340,000 years. The 45th to 48th JARE implemented the second-phase ice sheet deep drilling plan during the summer and managed to obtain an ice ¡Average temperature -54.4°C (1995-1997) core from a depth of 3,035 m. It is hoped that this will help ¡Maximum temperature -18.6°C (January 31, 1996) reveal global environmental changes extending back 720,000 ¡Minimum temperature -79.7°C (May 14,1996 / July 8, 1997) ¡Average wind speed 5.8 m/s (1995-1997) years in the past. The station is located in the cold central ¡Average station pressure 598.4 hPa (1995-1997) core, with an extremely low ambient temperature, atmospheric ¡Location 77°19'01"S and 39°42'12"E pressure, and humidity. 3,810 m above sea level

Mizuho Station The station was opened in 1970 about 270 km southeast of Syowa Station on the ice sheet of the Antarctic Mizuho plateau. The facility is buried under the snow. It was used by the 13th to 27th JARE as a winter research station but is now an unmanned observation base which also serves as a relay point to inland stations. The average ambient temperature is about 20°C lower than that at Syowa Station and a katabatic wind blows constantly at 10-20 m/s.

¡Average temperature -32.3°C (1972-1986) ¡Maximum temperature -2.7°C (January 12, 1982) ¡Minimum temperature -61.9°C (July 16, 1985) ¡Average wind speed 11.0 m/s (1972-1986) ¡Average station pressure 732.5 hPa (1972-1986) ¡Location 70°41'53"S and 44°19'54"E 2,230 m above sea level

Asuka Station The station was established in 1985 about 670 km west- southwest of Syowa Station on the ice sheet of Dronning Maud Land. The location is about 155 km from where the research ship Shirase enters Breid Bay. It was used by the 28th to 32nd JARE for winter research. A strong, east-southeast katabatic wind blows all year and there are many blizzards due to its location near the coast. The station is closed down now.

¡Average temperature -18.3°C (1985-1990) ¡Maximum temperature 0.5°C (January 5, 1990) ¡Minimum temperature -48.7°C (August 9, 1987) ¡Average wind speed 12.6 m/s (1985-1990) ¡Location 71°31'34"S and 24°08'17"E 930.5 m above sea level

2 9 Antarctic Activities

Research Observation Activities Research Observations Since the Antarctic is far from the human habitats and the effect of human activity on the region is extremely low, Routine Observations it is an ideal location for catching changes in the global Since the 7th JARE when Antarctic observations environment. Observations and surveys with the high level were resumed, “routine observations” have been defined as scientific objective are conducted in the following form of observations undertaken to obtain basic data essential for research observations: Priority Project Research Observations, scientific research, long-term observations, observations internationally important, selective, concentrated five-year undertaken as part of an international observation network projects based on annual plans; General Project Research and observations with internationally established reporting Observations, comparatively small projects conducted with standards. The Japan Meteorological Agency, the National institutes and researcher organizations in Japan and abroad; Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Monitoring Research Observations with long-term, the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of Japan wide-range monitoring of global environmental trends. Since Coast Guard and the Geospatial Information Authority of there are only a few observation bases in East Antarctica, the Japan are responsible for various routine observations. Syowa continuous flow of data about the region is precious significant Station has been designated as an observation point by the in unveiling trends in global environmental changes. World Meteorological Organization (WMO). As such, its observation data are used worldwide in weather charts and International Cooperative Observations plays an important role in identifying how the ionosphere The Antarctic Treaty limits use of the Antarctic to affects global telecommunications. Various marine studies peaceful purposes. It stipulates that each signatory nation are also conducted aboard the research ship Shirase to obtain carry out observation and research with active international basic data on ocean structure. cooperation. Japan exchange researchers with foreign stations every year. International cooperative observations have been implemented since 1973, when NIPR was founded. Recently, NIPR participated in the Sweden-Japan Antarctic Expedition from November 2008 to February 2009. There is growing trend towards international cooperation in Antarctic expeditions. Japan carried out active participation and contributions to the International Polar Year (IPY) 2007- 2008, and has been strongly promoting collaboration with other Asian countries. Sonde for upper-air observation

Expedition Activity Topics

50th JARE ■Very quiet auroral activity Sunspot number and geomagnetic activity at Syowa Station ■Heavy snow accumulation Sunspot Number (monthly)

K (monthly mean) 500 Because the solar activity was 30 K Total 29 blizzards were recorded at Syowa minimum in 2009, total number of 400 Station in 2009 from 26 January to 29 20 the sunspot zero days is 260, and 300 November. The numbers of the A, B and C auroral activity, which has a close 10 class blizzards were 13, 6, and 10 times, 200 Sunspot Number relationship with the solar activity, 0 respectively. Comparing with the average was also very quiet. Long-term 100 occurrence during 1957-2009, A:5.4; variation of the sunspot number -10 B:9.0; C:11.1, the number of the A class 0 and the monthly averaged daily 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 was remarkably high in 2009. The 13 times Year sum value of the K-index at occurrence of the A class is the top tie Syowa Station from 1965 until 2010 are the station. The geomagnetic variations recording, and the A class rate of 45 % is shown in the attached Figure. K-index is at Syowa are mainly caused by auroral the top recording. A large snow drift and calculated from the difference between activity. From this Figure, it can be said accumulation could be seen in various the maximum and minimum geomagnetic that the auroral activity at Syowa in 2009 places in the station through the year, and variations during each three hours, and was the most quiet in the observation the snow removing work was a very tough is an index of the geomagnetic activity at history. work.

3 0 Environmental Protection Weight of waste brought back 0 50 100 150 200 250 Tons Expedition Waste Management 32 37 33 54 In accordance with The Protocol on Environmental 34 47 Protection to the Antarctic Treaty of January 14, 1998, 35 21 the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE) has 36 38 implemented a number of environmental protection measures. 37 37 JARE has been bringing back over 100 tons of discarded 38 63 waste every year since 1998. Moreover, JARE has brought 39 103 back most of the snow mobiles and other vehicles as well as 40 185 research equipment left by previous expeditions under the 41 195 four-year program to clean-up Syowa Station started in 2004. 42 208 These efforts will be continued in future expeditions. In 43 160 44 168 addition, some of the waste is disposed of on site. For example, 45 152 sewage is treated using septic tanks and some of the burnable 46 215 garbage and kitchen waste is disposed of by incinerator or 47 205 kitchen waste volume reduction devices. 48 218 49 238 50 0 51 165

Consideration for Antarctic Nature To protect the natural surroundings of the Antarctic as much as possible, access to Yukidori Valley in Langhovde, Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No. 41 is restricted and instructions to bring back garbage and leave no human waste even in surveys in exposed rocky areas are thoroughly enforced. Furthermore, at Syowa Station, every effort is made to minimize the consumption of fossil fuels through the use of solar energy and wind power (currently being tested). Discarded snow mobile

51th JARE ■A maiden voyage for “SHIRASE” ■Field operations during the New Antarctic vessel “SHIRASE” its ability in the ice sea. austral summer has joined the mission for Antarctic As field operations during the austral transportation. At the same time, new summer, geology & geomorphological helicopters and transportation systems surveys and meteorite search by means of solid containers were also in the Sør Rondane Mountains, installed. “SHIRASE” has a capacity to inland traverse to Dome-Fuji accept 80 personnel for expeditioners Station, and long-term biological and observers. This season’ mission investigations around Syowa Station was a maiden voyage for “SHIRASE”, were conducted. The search for but exceptionally thick sea ice and meteorite was conducted with snow prevented her ice-breaking in the Belgian Scientists, and 635 pieces of Antarctic Ocean, which resulted in her meteorite were found and they were late arrival at Syowa Station. Multi- brought back to Japan. narrow beam system, which has been “SHIRASE” on her ice-breaking off Syowa installed on “SHIRASE”, demonstrated Station

3 1 Issued: November 1, 2011 Editing / Publication Inter-University Research Institute Corporation Research Organization of Information and Systems National Institute of Polar Research Japan 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan Telephone: +81-42-512-0655 Facsimile: +81-42-528-3105 http://www.nipr.ac.jp E-mail [email protected]

Front cover: Dusk, aurora and stars above the southern sky (Syowa Station, Antarctica) Photographed by Yasuo Takeda, a wintering member of the 50th JARE