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Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Antonio Ive Marinheiro Guerra dos lugares, territorialização da produção e desenvolvimento regional: três fatores dissociados no caso da instalação da Ford na BA. MESTRADO EM GEOGRAFIA SÃO PAULO 2013 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC-SP Antonio Ive Marinheiro Guerra dos lugares, territorialização da produção e desenvolvimento regional: três fatores dissociados no caso da instalação da Ford na BA. MESTRADO EM GEOGRAFIA Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de MESTRE em Geografia, sob a orientação da Profª. Dra. Marísia Margarida Santiago Buitoni SÃO PAULO 2013 Banca Examinadora À Dulcimara, Gabriel e Isabela, pela graça de uma vida compartilhada e pela prova de que todo trabalho, mesmo aquele individual, nunca é realizado de maneira solitária. Agradecimentos Esta página é dedicada a todos aqueles que de maneira direta ou indireta, contribuíram para a realização desse trabalho. São pessoas e instituições, sem as quais esta pesquisa não teria se concretizado: À CAPES pelo apoio financeiro imprescindível para levar a termo o presente projeto. À minha orientadora, Profª Dra. Marísia Margarida Santiago Buitoni, que nos momentos difíceis apontou caminhos. Ao Prof. Dr. Fábio Betioli Contel, da Universidade de São Paulo, e ao Prof. Dr. João Evangelista de Souza Lima Neto, da PUC-SP, pelas valorosas contribuições no exame de qualificação. Aos professores do Programa de Mestrado em Geografia da PUC-SP, Profª. Dra. Marcia Maria Cabrera Monteiro de Souza, Prof. Dr. Douglas Santos, Prof. Dr. Gustavo de Oliveira Coelho de Souza e Prof. Dr. Edson Cabral, pelas contribuições ao longo do curso. À Zeíra Mara Camargo, economista da Subseção do DIEESE – Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do ABC, pela disponibilização do acervo e pelas valiosas sugestões. À Rosiane Reis e Clécio Aguiar, do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos de Camaçari, pelo compartilhamento de dados e informações atualizadas. À Ilvanita Barbosa de Souza, Lucas Vieira Carvalho e Guilherme Jaime Castro, pela revisão gramatical e ortográfica. À Dulcimara Lugoboni Marinheiro, que pelo fato de já ter percorrido esse caminho, tornou meu caminhar mais confortável. Resumo Esta dissertação teve o objetivo de investigar se programas de incentivos fiscais, adotados por governadores e prefeitos no Brasil, sobretudo nos anos 1990 e 2000, foram capazes de ancorar políticas de desenvolvimento econômico regional. Com o foco na implantação da Ford, na cidade baiana de Camaçari, analisamos se a população de regiões anfitriãs de novas indústrias tem sido beneficiada com o crescimento econômico, fruto das atividades das plantas industriais que foram atraídas por meio de benefícios fiscais. A relevância desse tema emerge do grande impacto que as políticas públicas baseadas na renúncia fiscal têm provocado na sociedade brasileira, tanto nas áreas industrializadas, como a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, quanto naquelas que não possuem tradição industrial. Baseados em autores que se debruçaram sobre esse assunto e por meio da análise de dados socioeconômicos do município de Camaçari, averiguamos que a melhoria nas condições de vida da população não foi proporcional ao crescimento das atividades econômicas. Alguns fatores que contribuíram para esse quadro foram o acelerado processo de urbanização, insuficientes investimentos em serviços públicos, baixos salários pagos pelas indústrias locais, entre outros. Palavras-chaves: Ford, renúncia fiscal, desenvolvimento regional, indústria automobilística, crescimento econômico, urbanização. Abstract This work aimed to investigate whether tax incentive programs, adopted by governors and mayors in Brazil, especially in the years 1990 and 2000, were able to anchor regional economic development policies. Focusing on the implementation of Ford, in the city of Bahia Camaçari, we analyzed the population of regions host of new industries has benefited from economic growth as a result of the activities of the industrial plants that were attracted by tax benefits. The relevance of this theme emerges from the huge impact that public policies based on tax breaks have caused in Brazilian society, both in industrialized areas, such as the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, as those who have no industrial tradition. Based on authors who have studied this subject and through analysis of socioeconomic data Camaçari, then used to establish that the improvement in the living conditions of the local population was not proportional to the growth of economic activities. Some factors contributing to this situation are the accelerated process of urbanization, inadequate investment in public services, low wages paid by local industries, among others. Keywords: Ford, tax breaks, regional development, automobile industry, economic growth, urbanization. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO.............................................................................................................14 1. DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO E A INDÚSTRIA AUTOMOBILÍSTICA NA ERA DA PRODUÇÃO FLEXÍVEL..................................................................18 1.1. A teoria dos polos de desenvolvimento econômico e a guerra dos lugares.........18 1.2. A Guerra dos Lugares e a Indústria Automobilística...............................................26 1.3. Novo Regime Automotivo ..........................................................................................39 2. INDÚSTRIA AUTOMOBILÍSTICA: NOVAS ESTRATÉGIAS...............................42 2.1. Indústria Automobilística: uma cadeia produtiva cada vez mais internacionalizada .......................................................................................................42 2.2. Projeto Amazon: a reestruturação produtiva da Ford no Brasil .............................48 2.3. Os trabalhadores do Complexo Industrial Ford Nordeste ......................................66 3. O IMPACTO DA INDUSTRIALIZAÇÃO NO MUNICÍPIO DE CAMAÇARI APÓS OS ANOS 2000...........................................................................................................76 3.1. Localização geográfica do município de Camaçari.................................................76 3.2. A produção do espaço de Camaçari a partir da segunda metade do século XX.................................................................................................................................77 3.3. Camaçari e seus indicadores de crescimento econômico (1998-2006). ..............85 3.4. Camaçari e seus indicadores de desenvolvimento social (1998-2006). ...............92 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS.......................................................................................103 BIBLIOGRAFIA..........................................................................................................107 APÊNDICES..............................................................................................................116 Apêndice A ................................................................................................................116 Apêndice B ................................................................................................................118 LISTA DE FIGURAS DE FIGURAS Figura 1 - Anúncio publicitário do governo da Bahia ....................................... 28 Figura 2 - Protestos de Trabalhadores da Ford SBC contra Guerra Fiscal ..... 31 Figura 3 - Comunicado do governo gaúcho à população sobre a Ford ........... 35 Figura 4 - Layout do Complexo Industrial Ford Nordeste ................................ 59 Figura 5 - Mapa da Região Metropolitana de Salvador.................................... 76 Figura 6 - Layout do Polo Industrial de Camaçari............................................ 83 Figura 7 - Índice de Desenvolvimento Econômico de Camaçari (1998 – 2006)86 Figura 8 - Índice de Infraestrutura de Camaçari (1998 – 2006) ....................... 88 Figura 9 - Índice de Qualificação de Mão de Obra de Camaçari (1998 – 2006)89 Figura 10 - Índice de Produto Municipal de Camaçari (1998 – 2006)................ 90 Figura 11 - Índice de Desenvolvimento Social de Camaçari (1998 – 2006) ...... 93 Figura 12 - Índice de Nível de Saúde de Camaçari (1998 – 2006) .................... 94 Figura 13 - Índice de Nível de Educação de Camaçari (1998 – 2006) .............. 95 Figura 14 - Índice de Nível de Serviços Básicos de Camaçari (1998 – 2006) ... 96 Figura 15 - Índice de Renda Média dos Chefes de Família de Camaçari.......... 97 LISTA DE QUADROS Quadro 1 - Dotação de Fatores Naturais (Grupo 1)............................................ 51 Quadro 2 - Polo Automotivo (Grupo 2) ............................................................... 51 Quadro 3 - Consolidação da Ford (Grupo 3) ...................................................... 52 Quadro 4 - Oportunidades à Curto Prazo (Grupo 4)........................................... 52 Quadro 5 - Sistemistas do Complexo Industrial Ford Nordeste.......................... 53 Quadro 6 - Cadeia Totalmente Integrada da Indústria Automobilística .............. 62 Quadro 7 - Distribuição Geográfica da Indústria Automobilística 2012............... 64 Quadro 8 - Unidades Industriais Automobilísticas Anunciadas .......................... 65 Quadro 9 - Principais Greves no Complexo Industrial Ford Nordeste ................ 73 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 - Relação Emprego, Produção e Faturamento da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira (1990 – 2011) ..................................................66
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