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Abundância, Uso Do Habitat E Interações Ecológicas Da Jaguatirica Em Áreas Protegidas Da Mata Atlântica

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Abundância, Uso Do Habitat E Interações Ecológicas Da Jaguatirica Em Áreas Protegidas Da Mata Atlântica UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS (UFMG) PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA, CONSERVAÇÃO E MANEJO DE VIDA SILVESTRE (PPG-ECMVS) Abundância, uso do habitat e interações ecológicas da jaguatirica em áreas protegidas da Mata Atlântica (Abundance, habitat use and ecological interactions of the ocelot in Atlantic forest protected areas) Rodrigo Lima Massara Belo Horizonte, 2016 Rodrigo Lima Massara Abundância, uso do habitat e interações ecológicas da jaguatirica em áreas protegidas da Mata Atlântica (Abundance, habitat use and ecological interactions of the ocelot in Atlantic forest protected areas) Tese apresentada ao programa de Pós- Graducação em ecologia, conservação e manejo de vida silvestre (PPG-ECMVS) da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia. Orientador: Dr. Adriano Garcia Chiarello Co-orientadores: Dra. Larissa L. Bailey e Dr. Paul F. Doherty Jr. Belo Horizonte, 2016 À Aninha por estar presente em todos os momentos e processos de desenvolvimento da tese. Por ser minha grande companheira, amiga, mulher e incentivadora. Amor, esta é uma conquista nossa e, com certeza, não teria conseguido sem o seu apoio. Te amo muito! Acknowledgements (Agradecimentos) Ao meu orientador Dr. Adriano Garcia Chiarello e co-orientadores Dra. Larissa Bailey e Dr. Paul Doherty. Muito obrigado pelos ensinamentos, paciência, disponibilidade, amizade e pelo exemplo de pesquisadores éticos, responsáveis e comprometidos com seus trabalhos frente às questões biológicas. Aprendo e me inspiro muito em vocês; Ao CNPq e Capes pela bolsa concedida a mim. Ao CNPq e à FAPEMIG pelo financiamento do projeto, o qual resultou, entre outros produtos, nessa tese de doutorado. Ao amigo Dr. André Hirsh pelo auxílio nas análises espaciais; Aos auxiliares de campo e amigos (as) Sr. Jairo (FMA), Sr. Jairo e Sra. Aparecida (MS), Sr. Roberto (FMA), Sr. Canário (FM), Sr. Dominguinhos (SS), Sr. Chico da Mata (SB), Sr. Ronaldo (RD) e Sr. Perpétuo (RD), por tornarem as coletas possíveis e ainda mais agradáveis; Aos queridos amigos e professores da Colorado State University, especialmente ao Dr. Kevin Bestgen, Dr. Bill Kendall, Dr. Barry Noon, Dr. David Otis, Dr. Gary White, Dr. David Anderson, Dr. Ken Burnham e Dr. Ken Wilson, os quais compartilharam comigo seus conhecimentos, criatividade, sabedoria e companheirismo durante o período que estive nesta universidade; Aos meus queridos amigos e colegas da Colorado State University, especialmente à Mark Peterson, Alicia Peterson, Jeremy Dertien, Audrey Dertien, Brittany Mosher, Danny Martin, Laura Martin, Wendy Lanier, Adam Green, Jeff Carroll, Courtney Larson, Brian Brost, Brian Gerber, Franny Buderman, Kevin Clair, Brendan Bombaci, Sara Bombaci, Cooper Farr, Emily Hamblen, Anna Mangan, Shane Robert e Rekha Warrier, por terem feito minha estadia em Fort Collins ainda mais agradável e inesquecível. Obrigado também pelas dicas, apoio e sugestões. Vocês são demais!; Aos amigos e professores da UFMG, especialmente ao Dr. Adriano P. Paglia, Dr. Flávio H. Guimarães Rodrigues e Dr. José Eugênio C. Figueira, por reverem versões anteriores dos capítulos da tese, e me retornarem com sugestões pertinentes, as quais melhoraram a versão final dos manuscritos; Aos amigos do Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservacão (LEC) do ICB/UFMG, por todas as dicas e sugestões ao longo da apresentação; Aos amigos Fred e Cris da secretaria do programa (ECMVS), os quais me auxiliaram com as questões burocráticas referentes ao desenvolvimento da tese; Aos grandes amigos Natália Versiani, Mauro Pichorim e Déborah Cornélio pelo incentivo, discussões pertinentes sobre a tese e claro, pelos memoráveis e excelentes momentos de descontração; Ao amigo Nelson Henrique de Almeida Curi, por fazer as idas a campo ainda mais prazerosas; Aos meus queridos amigos Renato Avelar e Danielle Avelar pelo apoio e por me iniciarem na carreira acadêmica. Aos meus pais Antonio Massara Filho e Sandra Maria de Lima Massara, às minhas queridas avós Nininha e Nini, e ao meu irmão Thiago Lima Massara por todo o amor, carinho, apoio e por me ensinarem a ser persistente nos meus objetivos, me mostrando o verdadeiro valor de amar o que se faz e fazer bem feito. Por me formarem como pessoa ética e honesta. Se hoje estou atingindo o ápice de minha profissão e mais uma etapa cumprida da minha vida, é porque vocês sempre estiveram ao meu lado incondicionalmente. Amo vocês!; Á minha querida família Paschoal: Luiz, Maristela, Elaine, Elson, Thiago, Ana Flávia, Matheus e Nayara. Muito obrigado pelo carinho, conselhos, amizade e por curtirem as “aventuras” do doutorado comigo e com a Aninha; Aos meus queridos Vovô Wandick e Tia Silvana. Sei que estão sempre comigo em todos os momentos de minha vida. Meus eternos incentivadores e motivadores. Sei que onde quer que estejam, estão muito felizes por mais esta conquista. Amo vocês demais! À turma do café de sexta: Vó Nini, Papai, Zezinho, Camila, Mônica, Célia e Lelena. Vocês são demais! O melhor dia da semana com certeza. As conversas foram fundamentais para que, pelo menos naquele momento, eu me esquecesse um pouco das preocupações e estresse do doutorado. Aos grandes amigos Emilio (“Marcello”) e Tinoca pelo carinho, incentivo, companheirismo e amizade. Aos amigos Chopp, Nikita, Nina, Kiko, Maia, Pulguinha, Paçoca, Estopinha, Ruan, Amora e Amarula, pelo companheirismo, amizade e descontração, especialmente nos momentos mais difíceis. À todos os meus demais amigos e familiars que contribuíram de alguma forma para a realização e construção da tese. “The problem with the world is that the intelligent people are full of doubts, while the stupid ones are full of confidence” (Charles Bukowski) Resumo A fragmentação e a perda de habitat são as maiores ameaças para a biodiversidade. Para prevenir um aumento na atual taxa de perda da biodivesidade, a maioria dos países têm implementado áreas protegidas. Entretanto, é incerto se as áreas protegidas são adequadas para uma conservação a longo prazo das espécies em todo o mundo, especialmente nos trópicos. Na Mata Atlântica, mais de 80% dos remanescentes florestais são pequenos (50 ha) e 61% destes estão isolados das áreas protegidas, as quais protegem apenas 9% da floresta remanescente e estão imersas em uma matriz manejada pelo homem. Este atual cenário é ineficaz para a persistência de grandes espécies de mamíferos, como a onça-pintada e a onça-parda, o que pode resultar em uma cascata trófica. Apesar da jaguatirica ser uma espécie oportunista, com características de história de vida que poderia permitir com que a mesma substituísse os predadores de topo (onça-pintada e onça-parda) em áreas de Mata Atlântica, ela possui uma alta afinidade por áreas de floresta densa. Portanto, não se sabe se esta espécie está substituindo os predadores de topo e se beneficiando nestes remanescentes florestais, possivelmente causando efeitos deletérios em outros mesocarnívoros (isto é, liberação do mesopredador), ou se a abundância e a distribuição da jaguatirica é similarmente influenciada pela perda de grandes áreas de floresta. Neste estudo nós utilizamos um protocolo padronizado de armadilhas fotográficas para investigar o status populacional da jaguatirica em seis áreas protegidas da Mata Atlântica, quantificando sua abundância, densidade e distribuição (probabilidade de uso). Do mesmo modo, exploramos como feições da paisagem (por exemplo: áreas de matriz e tamanho da reserva) e covariáveis individuais afetam a espécie neste atual cenário. Nós também investigamos se a jaguatirica representa uma potencial ameaça para outros mesocarnívoros ou se potenciais competidores (isto é, predadores de topo e cães domésticos) influenciam a abudância, a distribuição ou a detecção da jaguatirica. Nós exploramos fatores adicionais que poderiam causar diferenças na probabilidade de detecção entre nossas localizações de amostragem e ajustamos essas diferenças para obter estimativas não enviesadas dos parâmetros de interesse. A abundância da jaguatirica e a probabilidade de uso correlacionaram- se positivamente com a presença dos predadores de topo e negativamente com o número de cães. A abundância da jaguatirica também correlacionou-se positivamente com o tamanho da reserva. Nós encontramos maiores probabilidades de detecção em áreas menos florestadas e em áreas com maior quantidade de eucalipto. Nós suspeitamos que menores áreas de vida e maiores taxas de movimentação em áreas menores e mais degradadas aumentam a detecção. Adicionalmente, o eucalipto parece servir como uma importante e mais protegida rota de deslocamento para conectar habitats naturais da Mata Atlântica. Nossos dados sugerem que a ocorrência da jaguatirica não influencia o uso do habitat por outros mesocarnívoros e que a habilidade de algumas espécies (jaguarundi, gato do mato pequeno, quati e irara) ajustarem seus padrões de atividade para evitar um contato direto com jaguatiricas, possa facilitar suas coexistências nestes remanescentes de Mata Atlântica. De modo geral, nossos achados indicam que áreas protegidas com ambos os predadores de topo e circundadas por matrizes permeáveis, como o eucalipto, podem ser fundamentais para a persistência de jaguatiricas no atual cenário da Mata Atlântica. Adicionalmente, nossos dados não corroboram a hipótese da liberação do mesopredador. Contrariamente, nossos dados indicam que as jaguatiricas respondem negativamente à perda do habitat e que sobrepõem temporalmente e espacialmente com os predadores de topo em grandes áreas protegidas. Abstract Fragmentation
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