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Diversity of Medium and Large Neotropical Mammals in an Area of Mixed Rain Forest

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Diversity of Medium and Large Neotropical Mammals in an Area of Mixed Rain Forest Acta Scientiarum http://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/acta ISSN on-line: 1807-863X Doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v40i1.40910 ZOOLOGY Diversity of medium and large neotropical mammals in an area of mixed rain forest Rosane Vera Marques1* and Marta Elena Fabián2 1Unidade de Assessoramento Ambiental, Gabinete de Assessoramento Técnico, Ministério Público do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua General Andrade Neves, 106, 90010-210, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 2Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. *Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Medium and large mammals (> 1 kg) were studied using camera traps with active sensors in a Conservation Unit located in an area of Mixed Rain Forest or Araucaria Forest (Atlantic Forest at altitude) in the South of Brazil, as a method for investigating the area’s conservation status and enabling comparison with other types of environments in which these mammals occur in the Neotropical region. From June 2005 to December 2010, a sampling effort of 10,844 trap-days yielded records of 21 species. A minimum sampling effort of 3000 trap-days was necessary to obtain records of all of these species. The species with the greatest frequency of photocaptures was Dasyprocta azarae (agouti), followed by Leopardus pardalis (ocelot), Leopardus guttulus (southern oncilla or little spotted cat) and Dasypus novemcinctus (nine-banded armadillo). The species with the lowest numbers of records were Pecari tajacu (collared peccary) and Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf). Although the Conservation Unit studied has small physical dimensions, the diversity of species of medium and large mammals was comparable with what has been observed in other types of forests, in particular because there are still effective biological corridors in the area. Keywords: camera traps; sampling effort; Araucaria Forest; relative frequency; mammalian fauna; Atlantic Rain Forest. Diversidade de mamíferos neotropicais de médio e grande porte em área de floresta ombrófila mista RESUMO. Mamíferos de médio e grande porte (> 1 kg) foram estudados com emprego de armadilhas fotográficas com sensores ativos em unidade de conservação em área de floresta ombrófila mista ou floresta com araucárias (Floresta Atlântica de altitude) no sul do Brasil com objetivo de averiguar o status de conservação e permitir a comparação entre diferentes áreas na região Neotropical. No período de junho de 2005 a dezembro de 2010, com esforço amostral de 10.844 armadilhas-dia, 21 espécies foram registradas. O esforço amostral mínimo de 3.000 armadilhas-dia foi necessário para detectar todas estas espécies. A espécie com a maior frequência de foto-capturas foi Dasyprocta azarae (cutia), seguida por Leopardus pardalis (jaguatirica), Leopardus guttulus (gato-do-mato-pequeno-do-sul) e Dasypus novemcinctus (tatu-galinha). As espécies com o menor número de registros foram Pecari tajacu (cateto) e Chrysocyon brachyurus (lobo-guará). Apesar das pequenas dimensões da unidade de conservação estudada, a diversidade de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte foi comparável ao observado em outros tipos de florestas, especialmente devido à presença de corredores ecológicos na região. Palavras-chave: armadilhas-fotográficas; esforço amostral; floresta com araucárias; freqüência relativa; mastofauna; Mata Atlântica. Introduction geological history caused reductions and expansions Mixed Rain Forests, or Araucaria Forests, are of the distribution of forests with Araucaria primarily distributed in Southern Brazil and are (Bauermann & Behling, 2009). Later, broad-leaved characterized by the Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia tree species with greater diversity, and generally of [Bertol.] Kuntze), a tree species with emergent tropical origin, formed mixed forests in conjunction canopies that spread out above other vegetation with Araucarias, resulting in the Mixed Rain Forest (Jarenkow & Budke, 2009). Fossils of members of the that occurs from the Serra da Mantiqueira (22° S), at Araucariaceae dated from the end of the Triassic period an altitude of 1,500 m, as far as Rio Grande do Sul can be found in South America in “petrified forests”, (31° S), in the South of Brazil, at an altitude of 200 especially in Argentina and the South of Brazil (Dutra m, with higher altitudes compensating for lower & Stranz, 2009). Climatic changes over the course of latitudes (Backes, 2009). Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, v. 40, e40910, 2018 Page 2 of 8 Marques and Fabián Araucaria Forest made up 18% of the Atlantic comprising Eucalyptus silviculture and sugar cane Rain Forest Biome before European colonization, plantations (Lyra-Jorge, Ciochetti, Pivello, & covering an area of 200,000 km² (Ribeiro & Vieira, Meirelles, 2008), in Atlantic Rain Forest in medium 2012), but today it is one of the most fragmented to advanced stage of regeneration in patchworks of forest types in South America. Araucaria seeds have pasture, agriculture, and exotic silviculture a very high energy content and production density (Espartosa, Pinotti, & Pardini, 2011), in Dense Rain can be as great as 427 kg ha-1. The highest rates of Forest and Coastal Forest (Oliveira-Santos, Tortato, removal and consumption of araucaria seeds were & Graipel, 2008), and in Semi-deciduous Seasonal recorded for small rodents (< 200 g), but these Forest in a subtropical climate (Kasper, Mazim, seeds are also an important food resources for Soares, Oliveira, & Fabián, 2007). medium and large mammals (Iob & Vieira, 2008). The objectives of this article are to analyze the The area of distribution of the Araucaria Forest is diversity of medium and large mammals (> 1 kg) in similar to the areas of the Pantanal and Campos a long-term study conducted in Mixed Rain Forest Sulinos (pampas) biomas, but the species richness of or Araucaria Forest (Atlantic Rain Forest in a mammals is greater in Araucaria Forest (Ribeiro & subtropical climate) comparing the results with Vieira, 2012). There are no records of species of those of studies undertaken in other types of forest mammals that exclusively occur in this type of and to determine the sampling effort that must be forest, probably because eurybiomic species (those employed with camera traps to detect the majority of with the capacity to adapt to different types of terrestrial species. biomas) developed in South America in response to contraction and expansion of different types of Material and methods biomas because of climatic changes (Bofarull, Royo, Study area Fernández, Ortiz-Jaureguizar, & Morales, 2008). Studies of the mammals living in this type of The study was conducted in the São Francisco de environment (Cademartori, Fabián, & Menegheti, Paula National Forest (FLONASFP), located in Rio 2004), (Cademartori, Marques, & Pacheco, 2008), Grande do Sul, Brazil’s Southernmost state, at (Iob & Vieira, 2008), (Vieira & Iob, 2009) tend to geographical coordinates (29º23’45.6”S 50º22’54.0”W). demonstrate the behavioral adaptations of these This is a Conservation Unit with a sustainable use animals to this forest type, which has Araucaria as its classification, it has an area of 1,606.7 ha (16 km²), iconic tree species, the seeds of which have been a and it is located in the Araucaria High Plains at a food source for successive assemblages of animals mean altitude of 930 m. The vegetation comprises a over the geological history of South America. mosaic of natural vegetation made up of Mixed Rain Camera traps have made it easier to study Forest (901.9 ha) and plantations of native pine medium and large mammals in forests (Rowcliffe & (Araucaria angustifolia) and silviculture of exotic Pinus Carbone, 2008). However, to avoid distorted sp and Eucalyptus sp species. The region’s climate is interpretations of results, there is a need to humid subtropical (Cfb on the general Köppen- understand many different aspects of the lives of Geiger system). Mean annual precipitation is 2,240 these animals, such as species-specific behavior, mm with no dry season and temperatures recorded body size, size of living area, or stochastic variations for the coldest month (winter) vary from -6.5 to (Tobler, Carrillo-Percastegui, Pitman, Mares, & 28°C and for the hottest month (summer) from 4.5 Powell, 2008). Medium and large mammals have to 34°C (Cademartori, Marques, Pacheco, Baptista, been studied living in several different types of & Garcia, 2002). vegetation in the Neotropical region including The assemblage of mammals recorded in the Tropical Forest in Central America (Harmsen, region includes at least 66 species of native wildlife Foster, Silver, Ostro, & Doncaster, 2009), in the and one exotic species, 30 of which are medium to Andes (Lucherini et al., 2009), in Montane Cloud large (Marques, Cademartori, & Pacheco, 2011). Forest (Jiménez et al., 2010), in Amazonian pre- Andean Seasonal Forest (Gómez, Wallace, Ayala, & Sampling in the field Tejada, 2005), in transitional areas between the Camera traps (10 analog camera traps set in pairs on Cerrado and Amazonian Forest with secondary either side of a track) with active sensors (Marques & forest that are subject to flooding in the rainy season Ramos, 2001) were used to record the presence of (Negrões, Revilla, Fonseca, Soares, Jácomo, & medium and large mammals, with body mass greater Silveira, 2011), in an area with Cerrado savanna than 1 kg (Chiarello, 2000). The camera traps were vegetation (Trolle, Bissaro, & Prado, 2007), in placed along
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