,. , ZIM • CSWR Ovs. F 791 ~r0J11Ca .C7x c.l -Ia no.81 ~e Nuevo·Mexlco Il!> Published since 1976 ~ The Oiticiel Publication ofthe Historical Society ofNew Mexico C!J . October 2009 Issue Nurrrber 81 Lew Wallace and Victorio: A Study in Leadership and Strategy ByJason Strykowsai At first. the harsh conditions of the and waited for the Berbers to die of featured character. with eyes full of New Mexico Territory from 1878-1881. expansive desert provided the thirst. The plan worked and the Berbers fi~ht. It makes one wonder what his thoughts of colonial military resistance with ample opportunity to succumbed to their overwhelmtnq Victorio would have looked like as a. streteqy would be severely tested. evade their pursuers. Over vast thirst. In 1871. the resistant Alqertans younq man if he could still cast such a '.. '. In point of fact. Wallace was not a distances and endless expanses of sand fell to the french sword. The French shadow as an older man beaten by colonialist in practice. possibly because

dunes. superior technology meant little had captured Alqeria. for the moment. I many years of war. Unfortunately. the the opportunity had not yet surfaced and the Berbers effectively dodged far from AI~eria. but in a desert photo cannot speak to the entirety of for him. His only military services french forces for a time. finally. only marqinally less oppressive. a Victorio's past. Since it is possible that outside the United States were two though. the french created a more seasoned captain attempted to protect he was more of Mexican than Native brief forays into Mexico.Yetthe story of effective strategy They took control of his people from another army and American descent. but that possible the French colonial empire in Algeria the strategic point of AI Golea, about another civilization no less frighterune. Itneaqe is not obvious in his face. fascinated him. in part. because he five-hundred miles south of Algiers. Victorio. with many of his Apache Yet another man of war. and a could claim no similar life experience. brethren confined and forced into the contemporary of both the Berbers and It also captivated him as a student of difficult terrain of the San Carlos Indian Victorio. saw a similarity between them military strategy. Much like the Reservation in Arizona desperately that was more than passing. On his way Apaches. they had a leader who sought a place for his people. His to the Territory of New Mexico in 1878. commanded ~reat respect and whose search involved a campaign of survival General Lew Wallace took a few death doomed their efforts .' Most dependent upon the ~un and his moments of rest to talk to a local importantly. Wallace looked towards knowledge of war. The travails of reporter in New York City. When asked Alqeria as an example of the successful Victorio in the mountains of New how he would handle the problematic thwarting of a rebellion engineered by Mexico ultimately led to the ~reat Apaches of the New Mexico Territory. local natives. He would need to keep in warrior's end. By the time he was shot Wallace replied that the United States mind the french military tactics to to death in the mountains of Northern ought to treat these rebels as the French succeed as he faced the leadership of Mexico in 1880. Victorio would be responded to their foes in Alqeria.2 A the Apache chieftain. known as one of the ~reatest Indian veteran of two wars and a hero of the As a boy Wallace was witness to a warriors ever to enga~e the forces of Civil War. Wallace had the military number of campaigns a~ainst Native the United States. pedigree to speak of such a campaign Americans who resided near Wallace's Today only one photo of Victorio with authority. He had worn several of boyhood home in the Midwest. The exists. The Image is of that an old man the US army's uniforms. Wallace. Black Hawk War took place not far Victoria. Warm Springs Apache with flowing Ionq hair and ~rizzled however. had not yet worn the suit of a from Wallace's home. The fi~htinq (Photograph courtesy NationalArchives) features. portrays a remarkably sharp- qovernor and as the Governor of the continued on page 3 1& • • • Stories of Survival as told by Eve'Ball ByLynda A. Sanchez

The Jones boys said Eve Ballwas a ~raced by her presence as educator of their world. their time. and their "~utsy" lady and had a lot of qrit. The and even as a chemist during World place. . descendants of early Hispanic settlers War II. Lonq before "Roots" became built her an adobe home in Ruidoso Eve had traveled throughout New popular. Eve insisted in her quiet atop Nob Hill and became her friends Mexico many times and always had the manner on Iearninq the history of the for life. The Apaches called her "the old desire to find a niche that would fulfill Anqlo, Apache and Hispanic. She white lady with many stories." and they the ambition she had since childhood ­ became respected and trusted by all came to her with some of their own to write about the Apache people. The three ~roups and impressed upon each history. AIl three cultures shared with mountain vilIaqe of Ruidoso proved to the importance of preserving this her their "stories of survival" during be that niche. Not only were the information as part of their heritage. difficult times and especially when the beautiful natural surroundings Her sincere interest lead many reticent winds of war swept over the region. appealing, but the Mescalero Apache pioneers to ~ive her their papers. Eve Ball's lonq life spanned two Reservation was nearby. Eve was also family photos and treasured mementos centuries. the 19th and the 20th and an avid qardener so she searched for a thus fleshinq out their versions of upon her death in 1984. at the aqe of special site that would allow her to be events. 94. a vast reservoir of knowled~e and creative. yet at one with her In order to secure the Jones' family history of our beloved Southwest. and surroundings. She eventually history for "Ma'am Jones of the Pecos." in particular. southeastern New Mexico purchased property near Nob Hill. Wild she braved rough roads and the was lost. However. through her writinq Castilian roses cascaded blossoms of skepticism of the elder Jones. She even much was saved for future ~enerations. creamy ~old during the spring. and took shorthand notes while ridinq Eve BaIl When questioned about her own purple-hued irises. and apricot trees. fence! Table and chairs 'soon took the (portrait provided by Lynda A Sanchez) life. Eve was as elusive as were the peonies of all colors. and fra~rant lilacs place of horse and saddle and she everything else. Scholars suqqested ru~qed ranchers and valiant Apaches added their subtle beauty. Beyond that. completed her interviews of this she edit the faded chapters and she wrote about in over 150 articles she allowed the natural environment to remarkable family in their comfortable hopefully fashion it into some kind of and numerous best selling books. Her remain intact. It was a sanctuary for ranch home. Although some of their publication that would reveal roots encompassed the South. the wildlife. and of course. for Eve. family had ridden the outlaw trail. they intri~uinq. although sometimes one plains of Kansas and Texas. and She still had to make a livin~ so she believed she would qive that side a fair sided versions of life during those ultimately. the lure of New Mexico ran an antique store out of her home shake. Old Sam Jones was one of the violent years of early Lincoln County. brouqht her to the Ruidoso Hi~hlands and had a few apartments constructed toughest to convince. but eventually Eve supplemented the material with after World War II. At the turn of the around the property. Leasing them out she even won him over and they her own well documented versions to century there was no feminist to seasonal visitors to the pine clad remained qood friends until his death. complete the circle. A special ~em. movement. yet this spunky woman mountain country. she made ends The Lily KIasner story. and hand heretofore unknown. was a diary preferred to earn her own livinq and meet. and continued writin~ articles written manuscript hidden away for belon~in~ to cattle kin~. John Chisum. that was rare in those early years. She and qatherinSJ information. Included decades inside a dusty and leakin~ That in itself was a valuable document. received her university training in were incredible tales of people's trunk near Glencoe. was a major find Eve accepted the challenge and the English and education and taught strength and survival in a rough and and the family that owned the adobe in end result was a fascinatlnq story about several qrades in her hometown and rebellious country. Often times she which the trunk was stored showed it Lily KIasner and "her ~irlhood among later. junior college En~lish in Dodge was overwhelmed by the power of to Eve Ball. There were photos. outlaws." City. Several of the wild oil boomtowns their accounts and knew she must cltpplngs. and a neatly folded wedding Hispanic settlers and their

of Texas and New Mexico were also incorporate them into viable narratives dress placed patnstazlngly on top of continued on page 2 W

Mark Your Calender Now: New Mexico History Conference, Hobbs Special Events Center, Apri129-May 1, 2010. Stories of Survival,.. (continuedfrom page 1) same year she was inducted into the once surrounded by wild Castilian descendents also had unique stories of he returned to his beloved Southwest. Cowgirl HaIl of Fame. roses and many native flowers. will no survival, war and family. They flooded One of the first things he did was to "If nothing else is said about me." longer be a meeting place where into Lincoln County from Manzano return to the ridqe, locate the boulder. Eve once stated, "I want people to people gather to recite their lesgends. or and Mesilla. Some came because land diIJ into the earth and retrieve his war understand and know about my long speak about "history" and "the way of was cheap and it was easy to start over. club . The wooden handle had rotted. strusgsgle to ~et my books published. thinqs'' a lone, stately spruce stands as a Others arrived during the years of the and the leather was partially IJone. He Oral history was laughed at then. Most symbol of this talented and dedicated violent Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) reworked the leather and replaced the PhD's never fully acknowledged the woman. Like that magnificent tree. to escape the ravages of war and handle. For more than forty years he intrinsic value of oral accounts until Eve Ball often stood' alone throughout Pancho Villa's revolutionary army. had kept it at his home with treasured the past few years. But it was almost her 94 years. The tree was planted Lecends of la Iloione (the weepinq mememtos. until one afternnon during too late. for those who actually more than 30 years before her death by woman). their escapades during the an interview with Eve in 1955 he experienced that history are gone." Ace (Asa) Daklu~ie. He had brought it Lincoln County War. and why they took handed it to her as a ~ift. Tellinq the However, not before Eve Ball to her as a surprise for one of the few sides with either the Billy the story to Eve. he stated that he felt truly recorded many of their accounts. Eve white people he had ever respected. Kid/Tunstall faction or the Murphy liberated and no longer a POW once he had grit. and she was stubborn because -LAS Dolan side all became part of her many had obtained this symbol of his days of she knew that these narratives must be preserved for generations yet unborn. shorthand filled notebooks. She was freedom as a youth and free Apache. Eve BaIl. Woman Among Men: A Her legacy has become legend. and will "simpatico" (special and worthy of Naturally. I was fascinated because Photo Essay by Lynda A. Sanchez is endure as long as there is "history." friendship) and they trusted her as a young sgirl growin~ up in southern available from Lincoln County When Eve passed on to the land wisdom and her desire to learn their Arizona I had always been intrlgued by Historical Society . PO Box 91. beyond the shining mountains on cuentos (stories) as well. the Apache and I had read many books Lincoln. NM 88338 Christmas Eve. 1984. she received one To obtain the Apache story took about them. Little did I know that one Soft cover $23; library casebound $35 much longer. two decades in fact. It day I would meet Eve Ball and last tribute. In a special service at St. (includes shipping). took that Ionq to research and to know eventually become her assistant and Joseph's. the maqnlftcent stone mission the participants of the Apache wars that we would share many adventures and Veteran's memorial in the Lynda is a retired Educator. Author. before she was ready to write about the together. most involving the Apache. heartland of Mescalero Apache and Historian (Kcolleqe level). She Mescalero and Chiricahua. The She frequently stated that she country. old friends presented music has spent time in South America in Apaches also well remembered the lost made no judgment calls - it was a and eulogies in both English and the Peace Corps and her freedom. broken promises and bitter different era and time in historical Apache. This magnificent stone church archaeological field work in Mesa years of exile from their beloved context and one had to view things was built by her friend of many years. Verde, Colorado. Mexico and for the southwestern homelands. By patience from that frame of reference. not our Father Albert Braun (the hero priest of Blue Creek Maya Research Project in and an honest desire to learn from the own. At least that was her philosophy Corregidor). Belize has added variety to her life. Apaches. Eve won the confidence of and ultimately. it was a successful one. Ann Buffington, guitar. Cleis Having New Mexico author. Eve Ball. over 67 tribal elders. They trusted her The old ones confided in her as they Jordan. organ, and Tannis Jordan. flute, as her writing mentor. also greatly and believed she would tell their had no other person. She did not played traditional music of songs influenced and gUided her to the history from their side. not that told break that trust. enjoyed by Eve. Donalyn Torrez and colorful mosaic of folk heroes. only by their enemies. While she By the 1960s. Eve's files had grown Silas Cochise read special Apache legends and the incredible history of documented and included the military to the bursting point and she felt she prayers or translated English words the southwest. She received the point of view. it often differed from that was ready to write. One of her first into their beloved Ianquaqe. Father Historical Society of New Mexico's of the Apaches. If one were to describe publications was a monograph size Larry, newly arrived Franciscan priest L. Bradford Prince Award for historic the Apache version using their world book about Ruidoso. She also wrote at Mescalero. presented a wonderful preservation. and True Wests 2007 view. one often went aqainst the about "Bob Crosby. World Champion enology and service too, for he had Preservation Project honorms her military accounts. especially of Cowboy." Then came "Ma'am Jones of sgone among her many friends and work at Fort Stanton. Sanchez also conflicts durinq the war years. the Pecos ." "In the Days of Victorio." Inquired about this woman and how speaks to various sgroups and has One of Eve's favorite stories of "My Girlhood Arnone Outlaws." and the Apaches he interviewed felt about been an advocate for the survival and renewed freedom came "Indeh, An Apache Odyssey" (co­ her. Leon Metz and Dave Townsend preservation of our Veteran's Legacy from Ace Daeluqte who had been a authored by Lincoln County residents also spoke eloquently about her legacy. in New Mexico. POW for 27 years (1886-1913). Nephew Nora Henn and Lynda A Sanchez). "In Though it was a cold and dreary Some of Lynda's previous to Geronimo and son of Chief Juh of the Days of Victono" and "Indeh" are December. the warmth of her memory positions include President. Vice­ the Nednhi. in a poignant 1955 considered classics in oral history and kept many from feeling the icy fingers President and Special Projects interview he narrated the following as with many of her publications. they of winter that sad day. Coordinator for the Lincoln County account. are used as college texts. and in the Dr. David Townsend . long a favorite Historical Society and Vice President Apparrently, just before he public schools. "Indeh" received the among students of New Mexico history of the Fort Stanton Commission, surrendered alonq with other Apaches Zia Press Women's Award and declared: "Her views on history were a appointed by Governor Richardson. in 1885. he had taken his war club and continues to be published today. breath of fresh air. At some She is a member of the New Mexico walked up a nearby ridqe. Knowing he Eve was presented The Golden point. ...history becomes so esoteric Archaeological Council, Friends of may never see his beloved homeland Spur for her best short story in 1974 that only traveling troupes of PhD's Fort Stanton. Lincoln County a~ain he had decided on his final act of and in 1982the prestigious Levi Strauss could understand it. That is hurtful and Historical Society. Archaeological defiance. His enemies would not strip SADDLEMAN (the Oscar for western dangerous. Hurtful in that the beauty Institute of America. Western Writers him of all of his weapons. The war club writers) of Western Writers of America. and symmetry of history gets buried in of America, Member of Boots and was a sgood sized rock large enough to In 1982 she was nominated for the endless minutiae. Danqerous in that Saddles committee. She co-authored fit in one's hand. with leather sewn nation's hi~hest honor. the Medal of many people. especially youn~ people. INDEH. An Apache Odyssey. about it and placed on a stronq handle Freedom. Althouqh she did not receive turn away from their ~Ioriously University of Oklahoma. and of wood. Hldinq it behind a large it. a special joint U.S. Congressional instructive past." Eve was also a friend "Capture the Past for New Mexico's boulder. and memorizlnq the location. Resolution was submitted by Pete to many. an inspiration to students. Future", a curriculum for Kcolleqe. the young warrior of 17 then calmly Domenici honoring her work as an young and old, and she never turned as well as her latest, Eve BaIl. Woman walked down the ridge and into author and in preservinc the heritaqe away a person who sought information Among Men. A Photo Essay. and she history. Sadly that day. they all of the American West. He came to about this wonderful area in which we has written over 100 articles on prepared to surrender to the hated Ruidoso and presented the award to live. southwestern topics. She has just white eyes. her at home as she could not travel to Noted author, Dan L. Thrapp wrote completed her illustrated history After twenty-seven years as a POW Washington to receive this honor. That in agreement that. "This. you will understand long before you finish (her about Fort Stanton entitled; Fort books) .. ..It will bring to you. as it has Stanton, Legacy of Honor, Tradition ••• brought to all of us. a gladness that she of Healing. She and her family live came this way. and in our time." on a ranch along the Rio Bonito Wagon Mound Celebrates Although Eve Ball's adobe home. within the historic district of Lincoln. 99th Annual Bean Days

Rodeos. music. dances. tradition continues as an enjoyable Membership Benefits parade. sgames and a free beans and family-oriented celebration. barbecue lunch marked the 99th The beans and barbecue are Historical Society of New Mexico annual Wa~on Mound Bean Days cooked under the IJround in a pit dUIJ • La Cronica de Nuevo Mexico celebration. a historic event that has at the rodeo IJrounds. The pit is filled carried on through many changes in with wood and charcoal and burned all (Quarterly Official Publication the community. This year's parade afternoon. At dusk. the beef and beans of The Historical Society of New Mexico) theme. "Harvest Jubilee." relates to the are placed in the pit; supports and • Annual Awards festival 100years ago in Wagon Mound. metal are placed over the pit and it is then caIled Mora County Farmer's covered with soil. In the morning. the • Speakers Bureau Harvest Jubilee . In those days. Wagon pit is uncovered. the temperature of • Scholarship Programs Mound was a major center for the the meat is checked; the feast is • Annual New Mexico History Conference production of pinto beans. unearthed and taken to the vlllaqe park For that 1909 festival. Higinio for the giant outdoor banquet of 1500 • Cultural Property Review Plaques Gonzales and crew cooked up beans in or more meals. The celebration took wash boilers behind the school house. place on September 5. 6 and 7. 2009. To Join see www.hsnm.org, and hence the next year. 1910. the WaIJon Mound is located in Remember Friends & Family name and celebration was born. Northeastern New Mexico at the Though there are few pinto beans intersection of Interstate 25 and State with Gift Memberships. grown in the area anymore. the Highway 120.

2 Lew Wallace & Victorio... (continuedfrompage 1) very effective "terrorist," not altogether Escape they did . On September 1, different from the Berbers in Algeria. 1877. Victorio, followed by 310 others, While the Civil War made Wallace a For a time, Mangas Coloradas was fled San Carlos. Despite the persistent famous citizen and connected him to successful in uniting the Apaches in pursuit of the Ninth and Tenth some of the nation's elite men, his two southern New Mexico by joining with Cavalries, the Ojo Caliente Apaches trips to Mexico fed the author's Cochise. Another important Apache were in desperate need of provisions imagination. These trips bred in him a military leader, Cochise was related to and raided local townships to secure fascination for Mexico that would Mangas Coloradas through marriage. horses and food. To its credit, the army. continue in his wild fancies for the rest Toqether the two Apache leaders under the supervision of Colonel of his life. The result of his obsession created a large Apache contingent that Edward Hatch, bartered a pact with the manifested itself in the novel The Fair virtually ruled much of southern New Apaches that gave the ~roup of God; or, The Last ofthe 'Tzins. A Tale of Mexico. Long accustomed to the ways refugees a safe haven at Ojo Caliente in the Conquest ofMexico. Not an instant of a raiding-based economy, the exchange for peace. In turn. the commercial success, the work was the Apaches continued to make a living Apaches honored the accord by predecessor for Ben Hut. The novel through plundering New Mexican restricting their raids solely to Mexico . acted almost as a practice run for communities. In turn, these New The Mexican army responded for a Wallace , a chance to hone his skills Mexican communities made their time before finally passinq the before the inspiration for Ben HUT problems known to any authority responsibility over to their northern would come to him years later. Willing to listen. " By the time of the neighbors as raids dropped in Regardless, the novel demonstrated Civil War, they had gained an audience. frequency. Wallace's interest in the mysterious and Eventually the problem fell to the Upon returning to New Mexico romantic nature of old Mexico and Union Army, which by 1863 found itself from raids in Chihuahua, Victorio took Lew Wallace. Governor ofNew Mexi co probably all thinqs tied to that country. in control of New Mexico. They opted up residence back at Ojo Caliente after from 1878 to 1881 His interest and obsession in the to continue the policy of the previous some of his people had undergone yet (Pti otoqrept: fro m nmmegezin e.com) "exotic" later accompanied him to New powers in New Mexico and marginalize another unfortunate trip to the San the Native American presence through Carlos Reservation. When Indian agent miqht have bred in Wallace a Mexico. relocation." In twenty years, the old Samuel Russell threatened to pull fascination for Native Americana, but it When Wallace arrived in New attempts at peace had all but Vtctorto once again from Ojo Caliente certainly SJave Wallace an interest in Mexico in March of 1878, the Apaches disappeared. The army took to the and force him and his people back to warfare.' were hardly among those people mountains of New Mexico with vicious San Carlos, Vtctorio and eighty Wallace was challenged by a whom he romanticized. Still in the efficiency. So successful was their warriors fled. They started on the path variety of opponents in New Mexico . process of writing Ben HUT. Wallace campaign that they quartered more that would make Victorio a leSJend and but none were more perplexing than likely looked upon the Knights of Apaches than they could adequately bring him to his death. Victorlo. The Apache chief was a Medieval Christendom with great house or jail. Their solution was to By that time, Wallace was firmly master statesman and an accomplished reverence. Wallace was puttinq the create a reservation in a desolate and ensconced as the territorial governor warrior. In many respects, he exceeded finishing touches on his book during virtually unlivable place called Bosque of New Mexico . Obviously, Wallace had Wallace in New Mexico as both a leader niqhts in the old Palace of the Redondo. 13 This terrible little plot of come to New Mexico with an and a SJeneral on the field of battle. Governors. He developed a SJreat deal land lies just north of the mountains awareness of the Apaches and their During his brief tenure in New Mexico. of respect for the Spanish near Lincoln County, New Mexico. Dry military prowess. At first, as the New Wallace encountered many threats to conquistadors, who like his Judah Ben and flat , Bosque Redondo was a York interview attests. Wallace believed his SJubernatorial power, but only HuT, were "warriors for Christ ." Spanish difficult place to live and raise crops. that he could wage a war of attrition Victorio truly belittled his military legacy was still evident in Santa Fe, Other reservations were formed after against Victorio. He felt he might starve acumen. Vtctorlo ultimately especially in the old Palace of the the Bosque Redondo, but the violence them into submission by surrounding challenged Wallace's initial hypothesis Governors in which he resided. Even did not end. Native Americans them and limiting their access to that the Indians of New Mexico could his wife grew to admire the Spanish continued their patterns of raiding precious resources. Much to his dismay. be defeated like the Berbers of Alqeria legacy and. to a lesser extent, the throughout the Southwest, and white Wallace discovered quite early during and in the process proved that Pueblo Indians of the Territory. Their settlers responded accordingly. At his New Mexican tenure that large­ Wallace's understanding of the mutual interest in the exotic. however. Camp Grant. Arizona. a SJroup of scale operations were difficult to Territory was far from complete. did not extend to the neighbortnq Apaches. 10 settlers brought in the dawn one mount and execute in New Mexico Entering New Mexico in the fall of Disinterest. neglect, and morning by coldly attacking and because no regular army stood ready 1878, Wallace was faced by far more slaughtering about one hundred to mount such a campaign. There were than one Indian chief. He came to New mistreatment of the Apaches extended Apaches. The atrocity on the morning hardly enough troops to keep Lincoln Mexico in the hopes of bringing far beyond the Wallaces to the heart of of April 30, 1871. near Tucson brought County sewn together during the war. "civilization" and leaving with Sj?old. the United States Sj?overnment. Like public attention to the plight of Native Making matters even more difficult for Vtctorto was simply one of the many many other Native American groups, Americans. Wallace was the Army's strange men who stood between him and those Victorio's Mimbres Apaches had been The "Camp Grant Massacre" was procedure, which differed from the goals. Of Victorio, Wallace would unnaturally confined by the federal simply the most visible Indian policy Civil War decorum to which Wallace ultimately say, "lie is not an enemy to government to a series of reservations, culminating in the oppressive San tragedy in the Arizona and New Mexico was accustomed. Wallace could not be despised." 5 At some level. Wallace Territories, but it was not alone. simply issue an order at the front and admired and empathized with Carlos Reservation. The Apaches, Patterns of violence on both sides watch it followed on the field. Now he Victorto's leadership.' In their roles as eventually forced to respond to this continued throughout the southern could only feed his input to authorities military leaders. the two men had treatment, attempted to save their very regions of the territory and the army in Washington D.C. who were not something in common. existence. found it had no solutions. In 1876. as always wiIIing to listen. Moreover, the Wallace was raised as the This tragedy befell not only the warfare was heating up not far from department of New Mexico was not privileqed son of a prominent lawyer in Mimbres Apaches. but many of their Fort Stanton, a southern New Mexico always so cooperative to Wallace's Brookville, Indiana. While Victorto's neiqhborino Apache bands as well. outpost founded to keep control of the plans." youth remains largely unknown, he Apache nomenclature is problematic local Mescalero Apaches, the army was Lincoln County taught Wallace a was probably raised to assume the role in that bands and tribes were highly drastically overburdened. To lessen harsh lesson. one that was repeated of chief among his Mimbres Apaches.' mobile and ethnoloqists have not their responsibilities, they decided to several times during the course of Observing the adults within his always assigned the same name to a remove and relocate one of the more Wallace's three-years in New Mexico: community and hearing their stories. particular entity. The Mimbres Apaches. problematic Apache groups. On May 1, New Mexico was not like anywhere Vtctono learned military tactics at a therefore, miqht be described as the 1877, the Apaches residing at Ojo else . The men who fought in Lincoln very young age . His training as a leader. Gila Apaches. Consequently, tracking Caliente, or Warm Springs in the Gila County were hardly Civil War soldiers: however. came from every aspect of the historic movements of certain Mountains, were forcefully moved to Apaches fought in a way unlike his young life. Mimicking adults within Apaches is difficult. Settlement patterns the San Carlos Reservation. 14 The army anything Wallace had ever seen. His his community, he learned. through for Apaches were equally difficult for hoped that confinement on this only preconceptions, it appears. were practice, the leadership traits he would American authorities to comprehend. reservation would promote peace and derived from his trip to Mexico as a eventually need to become a man but certain groups did favor and force the Apaches into a dependent young man and from his studies of the worthy of the role that he would remain in specific areas for extended position. other ''wilds'' of the world, including assume. Almost the opposite, Lew times. The term Mimbres Apaches is Even Susan Wallace realized the North Africa where the French Imperial Wallace refused to follow the model of simply one name for a group of Gila gravity and atrocity of this act. She Army had fought the rebellious his elder, and initially looked to the arts Apaches who lived near the Mimbres noted that the Ojo Caliente Apaches Berbers. New Mexico, as Wallace to satisfy his creative needs."The youns River in the Gila Mountains of southern "went unwillingly, because their discovered, was not North Africa. Wallace was a SJreat annoyance. He New Mexico . The Gila Apaches were a beautiful country was the land of their As much as Wallace imagined that allowed his imagination to rule him larger band amongst several others in fathers and because they could not live New Mexico was an empire to be and spent precious little time workinSJ the southern parts of the New Mexico and Arizona Territory. Vtctorio is often peaceably amongst the Indians of the conquered by the Christian kingdom of on his school tasks. San Carlos reservation. and only at the the United States, he did not have the ReSJardless of their traininq. both tied to both of these groups and yet bayonets point would they march.'?' resources of the French colonial army men found their way to war early. For another name is frequently given to the She underestimated the horrific nature behind him. The Army division of New Victorio early military engaSJements band he led. "Ojo Caliente" or Warm of this migration, but she understood Mexico was a ragged squad. often only probably came with various raids upon Springs Apaches. Virtually all these that it was enough to provoke Victorio augmented during episodes of national other Native American SJroups for the Sj?roups, regardless of the malleable and his followers to leave the embarrassment. Nor could Wallace purposes of procuring food, horses. names by which they were known, reservation. San Carlos consisted of count on civilian volunteers who. even and other valuables.' The Apaches, like ranked high on Wallace's list of desolate and hard land. Confinement if they behaved like the villains at other Athapascan groups. had long "territorial troublemakers." there meant a virtual death sentence Camp Grant. were likely not to be ~ood before developed a "raiding economy" Victorio's predecessor as leader of for the Apaches who were accustomed soldiers in any respect. Even though that the young Victorio learned to the Apaches was Mangas Coloradas. to the lush mountains of New Mexico. "Manifest Destiny" was the marching appreciate. For Wallace, his decision to Born an Eastern Chiricahua, Mangas where they knew how to survive. The sonq of many settlers and leaders, the SJo to war represented a greater break Coloradas ascended to a leadership mountains of southwestern New military strength to support that lofty from the "tradition" of his family. Eager role over many Apaches of different Mexico were bountiful. green, and full SJoal was often absent in New Mexico . for battle and the accompanying affiliations. He led them through the U.S. eras of the Mexican and Civil Wars of game. The San Carlos reservation But military might and force would be heroism and romance of war, the seemed to know only death and necessary to defeat the crafty and younq Wallace zealously awaited an before he was killed in 1863. During his life he was regarded as no less than a pestilence. The Apaches desperately valiant Apaches. opportunity to fight. desired an exodus. With their unique methods of continued on page 4 II$> 3 Lew Wallace & Victorio... (continuedfrom page 3) bands. spread rapidly. Accordingly. the Governor Wallace had be en. For New Mexico Territory bred yet another several years. with no less than three fighting. the Apaches would have made County west. Life and property in legend in Vtctorio. and his myth caused distinct armed forc es and countless a difficult opponent anywhere. but on imminent peril."? white newspapers to take a sustained civilians after him. Victorio moved the frontier they were even more With little other choice. Wallace interest in the Army's campaign in the smoothly between nations and took formidable. As it turned out. the was forced to entrust the Apache south of the Territory. It also led other advantage of a political climate that Apaches proved very adept at using campaiqn to the Military Department Native Americans. impressed by the offered him safe haven in Mexico . For th eir local geography to evade of New Mexico. limited as it was. leqend. to reinforce Victorio and his all his efforts. Wallace could never authorities. The Apaches developed a Fortunately for him . the army was Apaches. Additional recharqlnq was manage to strike up an agreement with habit of crossing th e U.S.-Mexico steadily Iearninq how to combat this provided by Victorio's decision to the governor of Texas. much less the border every time they felt threatened. unusual foe. By 1879. the army return to Chihuahua. Mexico . and rest president of Mexico. This strategy made them difficult to understood the finer points of pursutnq his people. Surprisingly avoidinq Victorio was also far more capture. thanks to the jurisdictional highly mobile opponents. but the confrontation with Mexican forces. successful at bringinq American problems created by such movements. regulars were by no account experts. Victorio hid out there only briefly soldiers to New Mexico than Wallace. The Apaches had learned that the General George Crook had earlier before returning to New Mexico . For a time, Victorio's legend may have transnational warpath could keep instituted a method of campatqninq In January of 1880. the Army even eclipsed Wallace's . thus making them out of the hands of their rivals. that more closely mimicked the quick concluded that additional soldiers him the dominant personality in New For Wallace. this was a complete movements of Apache warriors. but were needed to catch Victorio. The Mexico Territorial affairs. No matter nightmare. Even if he secured the these tactics were handicapped by the Tenth Cavalry. under the charge of how badly Wallace implored his number of requlars he requested from army's equipment deficiencies and the Colonel Benjamin Grierson. deployed superiors to send Army regulars to the the Department of War. the Apaches need for accompanying livestock. in Texas to meet that demand. Its territory. only Victorio was able to would not stay in the country long none of which were well suited to the assistance in the campaign qreatly ev entually make them a necessity. enough for him to make sure that they New Mexican mountains." The Army bolstered the Army 's chances. and the thanks to his constant raiding and his were eliminated. Wallace did try to even went so far as to employ Native hope of catching Victorio became spreading reputation. communicate with the President of American scouts. most of whom were much more a reality. The followinq Even if Wallace had not been well Mexico . in order to design some sort of Navajos. to assist with the campaign. May. the Army found a sequence of regarded for his Civil War decorations. unilateral action against the Apaches. These adaptations proved successes in their campaigns aqainst at the end he may have been correct all but little ever came of that successful, as Navajo scouts qulczly Victorio. along. The Apaches. like the Berbers. correspondence. caught up with Victorio at the head of At Tinaja de las Palmas. Grierson were ultimately defeated by a large­ Wallace did not even have enough the Las Animas River. not far from the surrounded a source of water that scale plan that effectively separated requlars to adequately staff the Lincoln Black Ranqe in southwestern New Victorio was likely to need." As the them from the rare and precious County fighting. much less the more Mexico. Here. hiding amongst the Apaches made their way to the water. resources of the desert. Maybe. if demanding Apache campaign. That boulders and hills. Victorio chose to the Army surprised them. and Grierson Wallace had possessed the sheer said. armed men were available make his first attack. In a day's fightinq made sure that Victorio and his men number of regulars that he desired for virtually everywhere in New Mexico . Victorio's band inflicted a loss of five could not escape easily. The Apaches the entirety of the campaign. his earlier Along the frontier. citizens had a knack men upon the army. as well as a absorbed serious casualties and a inclination would have been proved for solVing their troubles through the significant loss in horses. Clearly number of injuries. but they were able correct. Unfortunately. however. creation of militia and an immediate unable to dislodqe Victorio from to escape the onslaught and retreat Wallace 's plan was not instigated by recourse to violence. It is likely that amongst the boulders. the army towards Mexico where the US Army him. and it came so late that it proved Wallace had heard of the Camp Grant ignored its previously gained could not follow. When Victorio ill-constructed. A truly successful Massacre. Even if Wallace had been knowledqe and attempted to squeeze returned. the Army scored several strategy to deal with the Apaches unaware of that particular incident the the Apaches from both sides of their more victories as it once again would have played out over a much innate possibility of such an event position. Maybe they had no other ambushed Victorio at yet another shorter time period. Wallace simply did reoccurring in New Mexico was choice in a pitched battle. spring source. Then it finally not have the southwestern acumen to obvious. The federal government and Although this maneuver on discovered and undercut Victorio's deal with Victorio in a prompt fashion. Lew Wallace likely feared the outbreak September 17. 1879. was not made at supply source. seriously tnjurinq the As the responsibility passed to the of citizen-led campaigns against the the direct order of Lew Wallace. it Apaches' efforts at capturing their Army. and progressively away from the Apaches. The federal government did closely resembled Wallace's initial livestock and other provisions. Once governor's control, a long campaign not authorize the creation of a massive notion of how best to deal with the again. Victorio slipped back into seemed inevitable. volunteer corps; instead. it limited the Apaches. Not surprisingly. this attempt Mexico to recover and escape from the Either way. Wallace was soundly number of admissible volunteers to a to capture Victorio failed and the American forces . defeated by Vtctorio. despite the fact mere 1,000 men. Wallace was SJranted famed Apache chief and his entourage Previously Wallace had that Victorio did not live to see the end $100.000 to fund and arm this group of escaped. thus proving Wallace's communicated unsuccessfully with the of Wallace's tenure in New Mexico. volunteers. but this was hardly enouqh postulation incorrect for the time Mexican SJovernment to neqotiate Victory for Wallace meant a shorter life to slake his thirst for peace-keeping being. A rocky and mountainous terms of entry for American soldiers for Vtctorio. and yet Victorio died an forces .I? landscape made the loqisucs of onto Mexican land. With Victorio on old man. When Wallace entered New Based on correspondence between effectively surrounding the entrenched the run. the Army desired. more than Mexico. it was his intention and Wallace and Secretary of the Interior Apaches unfeasible. The terrain of ever. to pursue him. but still it could not purpose to bring peace. turn the Carl Schurz. one can surmise that southwestern New Mexico was not qain Mexican permission to cross the "backwards" Territory around and Washington underestimated the accommodating to the sort of international border. Internal troubles modernize it to the best of his ability. Apache problem in several respects. formations that Wallace had initially in Mexico and the possibllity of civil Vtctorto made that task very difficult. The federal qovernment did not assumed would be successful. The war made its government even less Stability along the border. and recoqnize the immediacy of the Army would have to find another way Willing to admit foreigners. who might throughout much of the Southern part Apache problems. nor did it realize to use their superior forces to damage potentially involve themselves with of the Territory. proved as elusive as their proximity to the New Mexican the Apaches. Wallace's plan to revolutionary forces . Fortunately for Victorio himself. settled populations. After his rejected surround and suffocate the Apaches. the Americans. the governor of Although they were raised in request for more men. Wallace like the Berbers before them. was not Chihuahua was tired of the trouble entirely different societies and responded sarcastically to Carl Schurz realistic as of late 1879. caused by Victorio and allowed a small groomed to different methods of war. that "as to the Comanches being more The Berbers and the Apaches were detachment of American soldiers to Victorio and Wallace took to battle in than a thousand miles from the similar in the fact that they were both enter his province. The detachment the same place at the same time. Just as Guadalupe Mountains of South New guerilla fighters. They evaded ultimately reversed direction and Wallace struqqled with the bandits of Mexico. people in Alabama will be authorities by stayinq one step ahead. headed back. but the unilateral Lincoln County. he also strugqled with astonished to hear that they have such In their wake they left devastated land. aqreement changed the face of the Victorio and his Apaches. The eastern an addition to their population.?" even qoinq so far as to leave animal campaign. SJeneraI. as accomplished as any man Although. the comment may have corpses in water supplies to insure that With this. American forces began to in the United States. never really took been intended as a joke. it is clear that the water was not potable." Victorio secure the border. and even the Texas the time to truly learn the intricacies of Wallace was frustrated with Schurz's also adopted the habit of not simply Rangers did their part to insure that Territorial New Mexico. Consequently. inability to help assign more troops. ratdinq local settlements in search of Victorio remained in Mexico. The people such as Victorio and even Billy Schurz. however. was limited by food but also burninq and destroying pursuit of Victorio was now entirely in the Kid. thwarted Wallace at virtually the nature of the post Civil War army. In these towns out of spite. He had not the hands of the Mexicans and their every turn. They made a mockery of the decade followinq the Civil War. forqotten the many Mexican and Anglo hired Native American scouts. They his authority. Although both Billy the Americans were tired of armed forces attempts at raising Indian-killing finally caught up with and killed Kid and Victorio would eventually be and content to allow the army to militias. Victorio was also motivated by Vlctorlo at Tres Castillos. not far from silenced during Wallace's tenure. they dwindle and fade from visibility. In a desire to insure that resources were the New Mexican border in Chihuahua were replaced as troublemakers by 1874. Congress leqislated a mere 27,442 scant for the trailing Army. These sorts on October 15. 1880. The written other cowboys who kept Northern New soldiers for the army. Spread out over of tactics were readily comparable. as record of that day is nebulous. so the Mexico in constant gunfiSJht and much of the continent amid nearly Kendall Gott argues. to those employed exact circumstances of Victorto's death turmoil during 1880 and 1881. two-hundred forts . this was hardly an by Pancho Villa and Osama Bin Laden. are uncertain. Without a strong leader Notes impressive fightinq force." In addition. amonq others." For Wallace. the like Vtctorto, the Apaches were unable 1. Michael Brett and Elizabeth fentress. The many of Wallace's superiors in the Apaches methods reminded him of the to mount additional campaigns. But his Berbers (Oxford: BlacRwell. 1996), 184. army still maintained some degree of Berbers in Algeria . and rightfully so in death only meant one thing to Lew 2. Scrapbook 1877-1879, folder 1. box 18. resentment aqatnst him. stemming the sense that both were deeply Wallace: the prospect of peace in New Scrapbooks. LWC-IHS. from Wallace's role in the disastrous entrenched local groups. with an Mexico. On December 3. 1880. he 3. Vincent Confer. France and Algeria: The Battle of Shiloh durlnq the Civil War. It ability to elude their pursuers by taking informed Carl Schurz; "now that Problem ofCivilandPolitical Reform. 1870­ is hardly surprising that Wallace proved advantage of local knowledge. Unfair Victorio is dead, this Territory is 1920. (Syracuse: Syra cuse University Press. unable to amass the number of regulars as these comparisons may have been. peaceful. " 25 1966).10. that he so desperately desired. Maybe they probably accurately reflected the When Victorio died. he passed on 4. Morsberqer and Morsberqer; Lew Wallace: no other man in Wallace's position conception of the Apaches held by as an elder statesman. While whites Militant Romantic. 6. could have amassed the necessary both the Army and New Mexico's white feared him and labeled him a "ruthless 5. Lew Wallace, An Autobiography (New York: Harper & Brothers. 1906). 919. man power. but Wallace's past made settlers. killer." 26 no reasonable person could things more difficult. In one 1880 letter. As his warriors tore through the begrudge him his talents and 6. Ibid. Wallace wrote desperately that more Territory. Victorio's reputation as a knowledge. As his career progressed. 7. Dan L. Thrapp, Victoria and the Mimbres regulars were needed because; warrior. one of fear from white settlers he proved himself more capable of Apaches (University of Oklahoma Press; "Victorio's band already loose in grant and one of great courage to Apache manipulating power and borders than Norman. 1974). 12

continued on page 5 1& 4 The Memory of the Civil War in New Mexico By Wendy Horton

In New Mexico. the memory of the May ist. 1862 the Confederate Army ~ained protection from the federal Universityof NewMexico Press. 1998). 17. Civil War is dominated by the was back in La Mesilla. essentially SJovernment: Fort Union in 19S4. Fort 2. Edrtnqton and Taylor. 41 -55. Confederacy. with little emphasis abandoning the New Mexico Campatqn Crai~ in 1981. and Glorieta in 1990. 3. Edrtnston and Taylor. 77-88. placed on the North. The state's and the Western front of the war. But monuments. markers. and 4. Sandford Levinson. Written in Stone: Public Monuments in Changing Societies memory is essential to the American In New Mexico. the preservation of forts and battlefields (North Carolina: Duke University Press. ~reat memory because it depicts the memorialization of the war began in are not the only way to memorialize 1998).63. Ienqths lawmakers, orqanlzatlons. and 1868 with the erection of the first the New Mexico Campaign; veteran 5. Richard West Sellars. Pilgrim Places: Civil citizens take to preserve the monument in the state. The obelisk. memorial parks are also important. In War Battlefields. Historic Preservation and recollections of the war. The located in downtown Santa Fe. is the New Mexico. there are three prominent America's First National Military Parks. memorlalization of the Civil War beqan oldest Civil War memorial established veteran memorial parks located in 1863-1900. (Eastern National. 2005), 3. not Ionc after it ended in 186S. The in New Mexico and its history is full of Albuquerque. Truth or Consequences. 6. TeresaS. Moyer and Paul A.ShackeI. The United States focused its attention on controversy which helps make its and Las Cruces. The verblaqe created Making of Harpers Ferry National Historical memorializlng the Civil War in the memorial si~nificant to the state's past. on the panels. markers. and plaques Park: A Devil. Two Rivers. and a Dream (New York: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers North. South. and West. The creation It not only honors the soldiers who are crucial to understandmq the Civil Inc.. 2008 ). 23. of markers. monuments. and later fouqht and died during the war. but War. The Lost Cause ideology appears 7. Federal Historic Preservation Laws. veteran memorial parks and the also the battles fought in the New within the verbiage of certain plaques National Center for Cultural Resources. development of preservation became Mexico Campaign. It remained the and markers throughout the state. thus (Washin~ton D.C.National Park Service Il.S, ways to remember the war. In New only Civil War memorial in the state for strengthening the Confederate Department of the Interior. 2002). 7. Mexico. the memory of the Civil War srxty-eicht years. memory of the war. Wendy Horton was born in beqan three years after the war ended. Public monuments erected In New Mexico. the Civil War is Nuremberg, Germany where she The Civil War in New Mexico become a collective memory created more heavily memorialized by the lived until she was is-months old. started in late 1861. when the Texas by orqanizattons for the public." In Confederacy. with little emphasis when her family was relocated to Confederate Army. led by General New Mexico. the memory of the war placed on the North. The TXUDC. Vir~inia. Her father was active duty Henry Sibley. invaded the territory of expanded between 1930-1962 as NMUDC. and the NMSCV were Army and she spent the first fourteen years of her life constantly moving New Mexico in an attempt to ~ain orqanizations such as the Texas extremely influential in promotlnq the around. Her father retired from the control of the Southwest. He also Chapter of the United Daughters of the Southern memory of the war. While Army in 1995 after servtng 20 years hoped to ~ain control of the ~old mines Confederacy (TXUDC) . the New Mexico the creation of markers were important and they moved down to Las Cruces. in Colorado. and the ports in Chapter of the United Dauchters of the in rememberinq the war. many of the New Mexico. After ~raduatin~ hi~h California. Sibley's military attempt in Confederacy (NMUDC) and later the members of the Southern interest school Wendy attended New Mexico State University where she received New Mexico also served another New Mexico Sons of Confederate SJroups. particularly from the NMScv. her BAin Journalism. with a minor in purpose; to open up a Western front in Veterans (NMSCV') became influential remain active and participate in history. Currently Ms. Horton is the war. ' The New Mexico Campaign in the state helping promote the numerous activities which impacted enrolled in the history Masters started after General Sibley entered Southern memory of the war. All three the memory of the war. Battlefield Proqram at New Mexico State New Mexico territory and en~a~ed in orqanizatlons were presented with an preservation and veteran memorial University. She was the 2009 recipient of the Myra Ellen Jenkins Graduate small skirmishes with United States opportunity to imprint their voice into parks are also siqntftcant to the Scholarship. The state's memory is troops. The Battle of Valverde. one of New Mexico society as they erected memorialization of the Civil War fought essential to the American memory the two major battles fought in New numerous markers and plaques in New Mexico. ~WH because it depicts the ~reat lengths Mexico. proved successful for General throughout the state. which assisted in Notes lawmakers. orqantzattons. and Sibley and his troops. On February 21. the ~rowth of a memory that took 1. Thomas S. Bdrinston and John Taylor. citizens take to preserve the recollections of the war. 1862 the Confederate troops defeated decades to develop and still maintains The Battle of Glorieta Pass (Albuquerque: the Union forces in a decisive victory. its hold today. forctnq them to retreat. Shortly But the New Mexico Campaign ••• thereafter. Sibley and his men moved cannot be discussed without north to Albuquerque to reqroup and acanowledqtnq the importance of prepare for an invasion into Santa Fe. preservation. Preservation is a key On March 11. 1862 the Colorado First element in remembering the most Volunteer Re~iment reached Fort destructive war fought on American Union. After obtaintnc this soil. It helps protect the battlefields information. General Sibley ordered from deterioration and possible his briqade north to Santa Fe. On commercial expansion that could New Mexico Centennial Planning Gathers Steam March 23. 1862 the Battle at Glorieta endanger the sites. The preservation ByRozella Kennedy started as United States troops and movement began in the 1890s after Confederates collided at Apache Congress decided Civil War battlefields Centennial plans for New Mexico could be realized if additional fundtnq Canyon. resultinq in a United States needed protection from commercial are movtnq forward at a quickened is secured. victory three days later. " development.' It continued into the pace. with the Department of Cultural After the June event. orqanizattons Not lon~ after both military units twentieth century as individuals Affairs serving as lead a~ency in around the state were made aware of a met a~ain at the Battle of Pi~eons became involved in the movement." Iacilitatinq and promoting Centennial planntnq form on the Centennial Ranch on March 28. 1862 yieldin~ a The establishment of the Antiquities Act activities. website (in the "Get Involved" section). victory for Sibley's Bri~ade . However. in 1906 provided federal protection to The Centennial Office has Communities and orqanizations. the victory was short lived as their historic sites and solidified the launched a website, in EnSJlish and including the HSNM. are using the form entire supply train was destroyed by importance of preservation in the Spanish. which provides informative to submit project ideas and plans to the the Colorado Volunteers. The Texas United States.' Although the National links and other resources. Anyone who Centennial Office. These project Confederate Army retreated from Parks Service beqan in 1916. little is interested in keepin~ up with submissions are ~ivin~ Centennial Santa Fe to Albuquerque on April 8-9. proqress was made to protect historical Centennial activities and plans is planners a broad view of the many 1862. There Sibley's Bri~ade enqaqed in sites in New Mexico in the early 1900s. invited to visit the website: ideas and the momentum that is a skirmish with the United States troops By the early 19S0s. that all changed as www.nmcentenntal.orq, and use the building around the state in before retreating further south.' By certain Civil War sites in the state link on the homepaqe to subscribe to observation of this important the NM Centennial E-Newsletter. Also anniversary. Many of these projects will I •• on the website is a newly-featured be included in a master plan for the events calendar. hosted by the NM Centennial that will be ready in time Lew Wallace & Victorio... (continued frompage4) Tourism Department, where events for the 2010 NM Legislative Session in 8. Morsberqer; Robert and Katharine. Lew 1880, (Fort Leavenworth. Kansas: Combat with a NM Centennial theme can be January. and which wiII serve as a WaIlace: Militant Romantic. 13. Studies Institute Press. 2004), 7. posted. centralized planninq and informational 9. Thrapp, Dan 1.. Victorio and the Mimbres 20.Wallace to Schurz 19January 1880. Lew As mentioned in the last issue of resource. Apaches. 15 . Wallace, 1878-1881. r. 99, microfilm (Santa La Cronies. Centennial planners held Finally. in Auqust Governor 10. Susan Wallace. The Land of the Pueblos. Fe. NM: New Mexico State Records Center an event on June 23 with Lieutenant Richardson joined DCA Secretary (Philadelphia: Polyglot Press. 2005). 130. and Archives. 1974). RTG-NMSRCA. Governor Diane Denish. members of Stuart Ashman. Tourism Secretary 11. Joseph A. Stout Jr.. Apache Lightning: 21. Ibid. the Steering Committee and Task Mike Cerletti and other di~nitaries in The Last Great Battle of the Oios CaIientes. 22. Ibid. 25. (New York: Oxford University Press. 1974). 23. Ibid. Force. mayors. Ieqislators, tribal Iaunchinq the official NM Centennial 31. 24.Wallace. Autobiography. 920 leaders. and county commissioners to license plate. Based on a retro design 12. Ibid. 25. Wallace to Schurz. December 3rd 1880. inform local leaders about the with a turquoise backqround, this new 13. The same spot near Fort Sumner. New National Archives Iorthcomtnq Centennial. At this event, license plate ~oes into circulation in Mexico where many Navajoswere forced to 26. Morsberqer and Morsberser. Lew the Lieutenant Governor said. "the January 20IO. and will exist in tandem migrate during "The Lone Walk." Wallace: Militant Romantic, 283 planning committee has been formed. with the existtnq yellow plate. All of 14. Ibid. 50. ~JS and you are all a part of it." With these activities are serving to build 15 . Wallace. Land of the Pueblos. 130. fundtnq for commemoration activities increased awareness for OUf Centennial 16. Utley. High Noon in Lincoln. 124. Jason Strykowski is a doctoral unknown in the context of our current of Statehood. 17. Morsberser. R. and K.. Lew WaIlace: economic reality. community If you have questions or projects to Militant Romantic. 286 . student in history at the University of orqanizations and state aqencies are share. please contact Jodi Delaney. the 18. Wallace to Schurz 19January 1880. Lew New Mexico. Part of this essay WaIlace, 1878-1881. r. 99. microfilm (Santa appeared in his master's thesis 100kinSJ at existing events and Director of Statewide Initiatives for the Fe, N.Mex.: New Mexico State Records written under the advisement of initiatives that can be related to the Department of Cultural Affairs. or Rozie Center and Archives. 1974). RTG-NMSRCA. Professors Paul Hutton. Ferenc Szasz. Centennial and "branded " as Kennedy. Centennial Coordinator. at 19. Kendall D. Gott. In Search of an Elusive Durwood Ball and Cathleen Cahill . Centennial projects. Of course. (SOS) 79S-1088. Email address is Enemy: The Victorio Campaign of 1879- orqantzers are also lookin~ at plans that [email protected]. ~RK

5 Roadside Marker Dedicated to Eve Ball Historic Markers and Locations Recognizing New Mexico Women - Louise Massey Mabie. Chaves 20 Lordsburg County, US 70/380 MM 313 .9 EB - Lea County Cowgirls. Dessie Sawyer existing rest area & Fern Sawyer. Lea County. US 380 -Women of the Santa Fe Trail. Colfax MM 217 in Tatum corner of Ave A and County. 1-25 SB rest stop at Tinaja Broadway -Estella Garcia - Women of the WPA, - Eve ball, Lincoln County, US 380 Curry County, US 60/84. MM 366.18, MM 91.2 in existing turnout turn-out from westbound lane -Cathay Williams. Luna County. NM - Helene Haack Allen. De Baca 26 MM 10.285 County. NM 272 Bosque Redondo -Mary White. Otero County. NM 24 Memorial Museum MM 0.1 before turn off to Bear Canyon - Dona Ana. Dona Ana County. NM Rd 320 MM 1.78, WB lane -Yetta Kohn. Quay County. - Josephine Cox Grandma Anderson. Tucumcari. near Convention Center Eddy County, US 62-180 Carlsbad. and JCT Loop 36 & NM 237 East of Town 50' from existing HM on - Rose Powers White. Roosevelt WBL Shoulder County, US 70 MM 429.9. BlacRwater - Ladies Auxiliary of Local 890, Mine Draw Rest Area MiII & Smelter. Grant County. NM 152. -MaSJnolia Ellis. Sierra County, MM 2.338 SmaIl Triangular ParR in T or C on -Mela Leger, Guadalupe County. US Business loop & E Broadway 84 between MM 77 & 78 -SaIly RooRe, Union County. west -Monica and Carlota Fuentes side of the Folsom Museum facing Gallegos, Harding County. NM 39 at south, fronting NM 325 (at junction of Gallegos NM 456) -The Women of Shakespeare, (Note: Above is a partial list of some of the Hidalgo County, Visitor's Center Exit'.' women recosruzed with historic markers) Historic Trees Eve Ball Histori c Marker Lincoln County New Mexico American Forests is asking the public to Trees selected for the Register may (photograph by David L.Tremblay) go online and nominate their favorite also be propagated. and the seedlings Lynda A Sanchez wrote: "1 am forwarding a photo of the E'Ve BalI Historic Marlier to tree for a place on America's Historic sold by American Forests' Historic Tree those of you who either IUniversity of New Mexico and taught United and friends who also appreciate the PO Box 1912, Santa Fe 87504 . It would States history at Northern Michigan University for eight years. After returning to history and culture of New Mexico. be great to have members from every New Mexico in 2001, DeMarR taught at both New Mexico State University and at Membership dues help "preserve and state. Please consider honoring your Central New Mexico Community College. She was the editor for Essays in increase the Rnowledge of our history" family and friends with memberships Twentieth-Century New Mexico History published by UNM Press . through research grants. project grants, to the Historical Society of New scholarships. publications. speakers Mexico! 6 HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF NEW MEXICO

~eEnbershJp Services

A LETTER FRO~ OUR PRESIDENT ttWhere Oil, Water, In the previous La Cronies de isn't it obvious? But many historians Cowboys, and Historians Nuevo Mexico. we noted our Board have wrestled at ~reat lengths with ~ "retreat" to be held on July 18. and I'd this question and have written about Will All Mix--the 2010 History Is... Truth? like to tell you a little more about that not just history's importance but also New Mexico History meetinq. We were very fortunate to how to "do history" as best as it can be NO! be able to hold the retreat at Belen's done. Conference" "Castillo Chapel." a family chapel From this kind of examination by Now is the time to beqin makinq History consists of a series of dannq back to the 19th century. The historians and from the creativity of plans to attend the 2010 New Mexico accumulated imaqinative owners. Mike and June Romero. are many others over the centuries has inventions ~Voltaire History Conference at the Lea County doing a terrific job of preserving this come a seemingly endless set of Event Center in Hobbs. April 29 - May 2. old buildlnq and provided us the use aphorisms. Perhaps the best known No opinion can be trusted; of the Chapel and the adjoininq of these is that of the philosopher Thursday afternoon. April 29. there will even the facts may be Studio free of charge for our retreat. George Santayana: "Those who can't be a symposium about "Water on the nothing but a printer's error We started our discussions by remember the past are doomed to Hi~h Plains " hosted by Calvin Smith. ~ Walter Carlos Williams converqtnq on two thoughts as to our repeat it." There are many variations Director of the Western Heritage Society's "niche." ~iven our core of this as well as rebuttals. including Museum; www.museumshobbsnm.oro. History is always written wrong. mission of "increasinc the knowled~e one usually attributed to Max The Museum, a short walk from the Lea and so always needs to be of New Mexico history". First. HSNM beerbohm. "History does not repeat County Event Center, is also home to the rewritten >- George Santayana can and does provtde a meetinq place itself. The historians repeat each Lea County Cowboy Hall of Fame and (fi~uratively and literally. such as at other." These and many. many other will be the site for the Conference History is truth. but which our conferences) for everyone such quotes are ~iven in a number of opening reception on Thursday eveninq. history ~Anonymous interested in New Mexico and websites. Perhaps the Ionqest list was John Miller Morris. author of £1 Southwest history. This includes a put together ori~inally by Professor Llano Estacada. will kick off the YES! broad spectrum of professional and Ferenc Szasz of UNM (to find one of conference sessions with a keynote avocational historians. history buffs . these just do a Web search on "Ferenc address at a plenary session on Friday The very soul and essence of educators. students. and those just Szasz history"). mornlnq in the Event Center. where the history is truth. without which approaching our history for the first We've put toqether our own short rest of the conference sessions will be it can preserve neither its time. list (see sidebar) of some of these and name nor its nature held. On Friday evenlnq. Jim Harris. Second. HSNM provides a public others. Including some of those ~ Sir William Jones former HSNM Board member, will host a portal for those wantinq more Richard Melzer uses at the beqtnntnq information on New Mexico and of each history course he teaches. Of festive evening at his Lea County History is truth. It is not total Southwest history. As one of the course. a slnqle phrase or even Museum (www.Ieacountymuseurn.org) truth. because we have not state's most visible history paraqraph is woefully inadequate to in Lovlnqton, a few miles up the road invesngated or preserved. orqantzattons, we receive perhaps assess the accuracy. faiIin~s or value from Hobbs. This will ~ive us all a everythtnq needed to know the . 100 or so information requests each of "history." Nevertheless. what rinSJs chance to kick up our heels and see all totallty of whatever happened. year through our website and reqular most true to me is that the study of the ~reat exhibits and old buildlnqs on But. we .m ust strive to know as mail. and our Secretary either history helps us understand who we the square in downtown Lovington, The fully aspossible. As a result. answers these or distributes to others are and where we are as individuals Crai~ Varjabedian exhibit. "Ghost Ranch history must continually be who are particularly qualified to do and communities. Most importantly. and the Faraway Nearby." most recently reinvestiqated and so. it tells us a ~reat deal about how the at the Albuquerque Museum, will not reinterpreted. as ifen~aSJed in We continued by workin~ through world works and helps us to make it only be up at the Museum. but the artist an endless debate. but always a lon~ list of ideas about what we work better. will also be there to talk about his with the SJoal of achlevinq a could do better as a Board and as a To alert you to future occasions. beautiful photographs. We will have a fuller description of Truth Society. We winnowed these into we will be comblnlnq two upcominq Friday niqht fish dinner. catered by the . ~ J. Fred McDonald several priorities for the next year and Board meetings with special events locally famous Pioneer Cafe. beyond. To start with. we will that we encourage you to attend. After Saturday morninq's program This is what happened continue lmprovinq what we are First. on December 5. preceding our ~ David McCuIIou~h sessions. we will hold our Annual currently doinq. including our annual Board meeting that afternoon. we will Membership Meeting with lunch at the New Mexico History conferences. our hold a Historical Society of New Ilnderstandinq the present? Speakers' Bureau. Grants. Awards. Mexico 150th birthday celebration. Event Center. to be followed by several With the historian it is an article Scholarships. and Plaque programs open to the public. at the New Mexico optional tours. including, at least of faith that knowled~e of the and our on~oinSJ publication. La History Museum/Palace of the tentatively. an operating oil drillin~ ri~ .past is a key to understandlnq . Cronies. Beyond that. we will: Governors. We will let you know later and a historic ranch. The always the present • Improve membership benefits; more about this special day. exciting book auction and Awards - Kenneth Stampp • Proceed with a book publication Second. we will meet on February Banquet will be held at the Event Center procram (you'll hear more about this 20, 2010. at El Camino Real on Saturday evening. There will also be History is... about deflnlnq the as it develops); International Heritage Center (off some interestinq side trips and stops present and who we are • Offer more public programs Milepost 115 on 1-25 between Socorro offered for those traveltnc home on ~ Ken Burns . (lectures. seminars. symposia. etc.). and T or C). This will be "Historic Sunday. workin~ with local ~roups; Forts Day" at the Center with lectures. Those atrendinq the conference The function of the historian is • Provide more support to New demonstrations. food, etc. (keep from outside southeastern New Mexico neither to love the past nor to Mexico K-12 history teachers and find checking www.nmmonuments.orq will not only be able to hear a number of emancipate himself from the new ways to provide both inspiration for more details as they develop). A history presentations on the area's past. but to master and . and information to students: and special part of the day is a talk that fascinating history but also ~et to know a understand it as the key to the .' • Develop procrarns for the New morning on "Early Colonial Military lot of folks from "a whole 'nother New understandinq of the present Mexico Statehood Centennial and the Camino Real" by our Board --- E. H. Carr . Mexico." We expect a ~reat turnout and We would appreciate you sendinq Secretary Henrietta Martinez support from the local communities. us your thoughts on these and other Christmas. This will be followed by A ~uide for the future? ~oin~ possible priorities for the Society (just Don Bullis on "The U. S. Army on the which we already know are all out We can be almost certain of e-mail [email protected]).To Western Frontier, 1866-1890." to make this a terrific conference. belnq wrons about the future if : encourage you to do so. we will offer As a final note. please plan on If you haven't been there to see we are wronSJ about the past one year's free membership to the joining us in Hobbs for the 2010 New what's ~oin~ on in a while. Hobbs and - C. K. Chesterton first e-mail (With some cogent points!) Mexico History Conference. April 29 ­ Lea County are boomlnq. that we receive on this subject. May 1. The Conference will kick off Among other hotels. the Country Whoever wishes to foresee the . In the business part of our with an opening reception Thursday Inns and Suites is quite comfortable. future must consult the past meeting, we elected Board Member evening (April 29) at the Western ri~ht across the Lovington Highway from ~ Machiavelli Don Bullis to be our 2nd Vice­ Herltaqe Museum in Hobbs. where the Event Center. and will assure president, fillin~ the vacancy left by "oil. water. and cowboys do mix" and conference attendees their lowest All of history is the cause of the resignation of Jim Harris earlier where Board member Calvin Smith is available rate (currently $81 per ni~ht for what happens tomorrow this year. Many of you know Don. the the Director. There will be a number a kin~ or two queen room with - Ross Stagner "Sheriff" (he's both the Sheriff. i.e.. of exciting tours and other activities microwave. refrigerator; internet access. President. of the Albuquerque for Conference attendees. and the and complimentary breakfast). Tobook. People move into the future out · Westerners and also a former sessions will be particularly ~o to www.countryinns.com/hobbsnm. of the way they comprehend Sandoval County Deputy Sheriff). Interesting with at least several talks input the date information. and reserve . the past personally or throuqh his books. one on the history of southeastern New ~ Norman Mailer the type of room you want. After of which is New Mexico, A Mexico and west Texas. These will reservtnq, you should enter "Historical Biographical Dictionary. Don include an openinq talk (in a plenary History cannot ~ive us a received the Society's 2009 Lansing B. session) by John Miller Morris. author Society" in the "special requests" box to program for the future. but it Bloom award. of the major work. EI Llano Estacada. assure that you !Jet the best rate when .... can ~ive us a fuller We ended our meetinq with a Exploration and Imagination on the you check in. understanding discussion on "Why History is the High Plains of Texas and New The full printed conference program of ourselves. and of our Important." with the idea that we all Mexico. with all events. presentation schedules. common humanity. so that we need to be able to explain to anyone tours. and re!Jistration information will can better face the future we meet why what we do as a Sincerely. be in the mail in early 2010, but keep ~ Robert Penn Warren' Historical Society is. well. important. Michael Stevenson checztnq for re~istration and program Askin~ a historian why history is information on our website. ~ . important may draw a blank look-- wwwhsnm.orq before that time.

7 • This Newspaper is published by Non-Profit Organization HISTORICAL SOCIETY Of NEWMEXICO U.. S. POSTAGE PAID P.O. Box 1912 La til San ta Fe, New Mexico San ta Fe. New Mexico 87504 Cronica ~e 87501 EDITOR Nuevo Mexico Permit No. 95 Carleen C. Lazzell ASSOCIATE EDITOR Number 81 Ronald R. Hadad HISTORICAL SOCIElY OF NEW MEXICO OffiCERS Michael Stevenson - President Post Office Box 1912 David L. Caffey - tst Vice Presiden t John Ramsay - Treasurer Santa Fe, New Mexico 87504 Hen rietta M. Christmas - Secretary DIRECTORS William Bayne Anderson Martha Shipman Andrews TO: Don Bullis Laurence Campbell Kathryn flynn Rene Harris Andrew Hern andez Kermit Hill Enrique Lamadrid Carleen Lazzell David Myers Abe Pena Calvin B. Smith Den nis Trujillo Ex-Officio Estevan Rael-Galvez Ex-Officio Richard Melzer - Past President Ex-Officio Frances Levine - NMHistory Museum The op inions expressed in siqned arncles are not necessarily those of the Historical Society of New Mexico. Mention of a product. service or professional in these columns is not to be con sidered an endorsement of that product. service or profession by the Historical Society of New Mexico. Printed by Tri-State Printing . • •

Bosque Redondo Memorial at Fort Sumner State Monument, Navajo architect DavidSloan "The Long Walk" as depicted in the exhibit at Bosque Redondo Memoria/. In 1864. designed the structure to em ulate a hogan and a tepee. Facility openedJune 4. 2005 9.000 Navajo andMescalero Apache were removed from their traditional (Photograph by Carleen LazzeII. September 28. 2009) homelands to a site along the banks ofthe Pecos River. (Photograph ofdisplay by Carleen LazzelL September 28. 2009) ••• New Books for your New Mexico History Library Compiled by Richard Melzer Margaret Moore Booker, The Santa fe Lois Manno . Visions Underground: Lynda A. Sanchez. fort Stanton. An ~ Ryan H. Edgington. "Lines in the House: Historic Residences. Carlsbad Caverns Through the Illustrated History. Ruidoso: Write Sand: An Environmental History of the Enchanting Adobes and Romantic Artist's Eye. Albuquerque: Rio Grande Designs. 2009. Cold War in New Mexico." Unpublished Revivals. New York: Rizzoli Books Books. 2009. Ph.D. dissertation. Temple University. 2009 Stacia Spragg-Braude. To Walk in 2008. Ellen McCracken . Guitars and Beauty: A Navajo family's Journey Charles H.Harris IIIand Louis R. Sadler. Adobes: The Uncollected Stories of Home. Santa Fe: Museum of New ~Kathleen A. Holscher. "Habits in the The Secret War in EI Paso: Mexican fray Angelico Chavez. Santa Fe: Mexico Press, 2009. Classroom: A Court Case Regarding Revolutionary Intrigue. 1906-1920. Museum of New Mexico Press. 2009. Catholic Sisters in New Mexico ." Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Craig Varjabedian. Ghost Ranch ad Unpublished Ph .D. dissertation. Press, 2009. Clare V. McKanna. Jr., Court-Martial the faraway Nearby. Albuquerque: Princeton University. 2008. of Apache Kid. Renegade of University of New Mexico Press. 2009. Jon Hunner. J. Robert Oppenheimer. Renegades. Lubbock: Texas Tech - Lena McQuade. "Troubling the Cold War. and the Atomic West. University Press. 2009. Katherine Wells. Life on the Roelts: Reproduction: Sexuality. Race . and Norman: University of Oklahoma One Woman's Adventures in Colonialism in New Mexico. 1919­ Press, 2009. Jennifer Mclerran . A New Deal for Petroglyph Preservation. 1945." Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Native Art: Indian Arts and federal Albuquerque: University of New Mexico University of New Mexico. 2008. Jon Hunner, editor, Senator Pete Policy. Albuquerque: University of Press. 2009. Domenicfs Legacy. Albuquerque: Rio New Mexico Press. 2009. ~Matthew Martinez."Double Take: Grande Books. 2009. Kathleen Wiegner and Robert Borden. Tourism and Photography Endeavors Roberto Mondragon and Georgia Jemez Sprints. San Francisco: Among the Nothern Pueblos of the Rio Lyn Kidder and Herb Brunell, Images Roybal. editors. Nuevo Mexico. An Arcadia. 2009. Grande." Unpublished Ph.D. of America: Ruidoso and Ruidoso Anthropology of History. Las Vegas: dissertation. University of Minnesota. Downs. San Franc isco: Arcadi a Semos Unlimited and New Mexico Michael V. Wilcox. The Pueblo Revolt 2008. Publishing, 2009. Highlands University. 2009. and the Mythology of Conquest. Berkeley: University of California Press. ~Sascha T. Scott. "Paintings of Pueblo Seth D. Kunin , Juggling Identities: Barbara Moran. The Day We Lost the 2009. Indians and the Politics of Preservation Identity and Authenticity Among H·Bomb: Cold War. Hot Nukes. and in the American Southwest." the Crypto-Jews of the American the Worst Nuclear Weapons Unpublished Ph.D.dissertation. Rutgers Southwest. New York: Columbia Disaster in History. New York: University. 2008. Ann Arbor University University Press. 2009. Ballantine, 2009. Recent Dissertations of Michigan

Douglas R. Littlefield. ConDict on the CarmeIIa Padilla. EI Rancho de las ~Denise Holladay Damico. "EIAgua Es Rio Grande: Water and the Law. Golondrinas: Living History in LaVida:Water Conflict and Conquest in 1879·1939. Norman: Univers ity of New Mexico's La Cienega Valley. 19th Century New Mexico ." Oklahoma Press. 2009. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Press. 2009. Brandeis University. 2008.