Have Free Markets Failed Us?
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JARGONALERT RESEARCHSPOTLIGHT Underemployment Have Free Markets Failed Us? BY DAVID VAN DEN BERG BY STEPHEN SLIVINSKI he monthly unemployment rate most people are Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. For general audiences, the s it merely a coincidence that living standards rose countries adopting them. For instance, these economists familiar with tracks people who are out of work and fact that the official unemployment rate follows the same sharply and absolute poverty declined while the world do not necessarily look askance at capital controls or see Tsearching for new jobs. However, it’s only one of trend as alternative unemployment figures makes things Iembraced free market policies beginning in 1980? price stability as an important precondition to economic six measures of unemployment published by the Bureau easy, says Faberman. “For a lay person, what this tells you is That’s the question Harvard University economist Andrei growth. of Labor Statistics (BLS). The BLS also produces a broader that looking at the unemployment number is going to give Shleifer ponders in this essay. A recent book co-authored by Stiglitz, surveyed by measurement, sometimes referred to as the “underem- you the same story in relative terms as looking at the under- He names the period between 1980 and 2005 as the “Age Shleifer in this essay, seeks to make the case for significant ployment rate” or the “U-6 rate” after the dataset on which employment number.” Because they move in the same of Milton Friedman” to acknowledge the adoption — state intervention in developing economies. Yet, Shleifer it is based. The U-6 rate, according to the BLS, includes the direction, both numbers will tell the same general story over at least in modified form — of many of the late Nobel argues, the evidence offered is not persuasive. On inflation, officially unemployed plus all marginally attached workers time, Faberman says. laureate’s market-oriented proposals. The policies pursued for instance, their argument often amounts to a straw man, and people employed part-time for economic reasons as a Unemployment measures and other labor market indica- in that spirit include capital market deregulation, the Shleifer maintains. Stiglitz and his co-authors see advocates share of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached tors are derived from data generated by the Current lowering of trade barriers, inflation-conscious monetary of zero inflation as their main opposition when that point of workers. Through June 2009, the underemployment rate Population Survey (CPS), sent to 60,000 households a policy, the adoption of flexible exchange rates, and tax cuts. view isn’t held by most market-oriented economists, who reached 16.5 percent, the highest since the BLS redesigned month. Before the 1994 changes to the survey, the BLS sent It’s hard to argue that these policies didn’t at least argue that a certain level of inflation might need to be toler- its unemployment figures and created the the old and new versions of the question- have some positive effect. As Shleifer points out, they corre- ated, at least in the short run. Meanwhile, Stiglitz and his U-6 in 1994. In 1993 the BLS stopped the naire simultaneously between July 1992 sponded to substantial increases co-authors are incautious when U-7 data set, which was previously its and December 1993. The new question- in the rate of growth in per-capita they “express little concern for broadest measure of unemployment. naire produced an unemployment rate GDP worldwide and it’s quite “The Age of Milton Friedman” by the huge costs that high inflation Workers classified as “marginally half a percentage point higher for 1993. likely that they were the main has brought to countries that lost attached” and “discouraged workers” are Survey participants faced more exten- drivers of the growth. The Andrei Shleifer. Journal of Economic control of their fiscal policy, included in the underemployment calcula- sive questioning under the new countries for which market liber- Literature, March 2009, vol. 47, including many Latin American tion. They are typically just a small portion questionnaire, which generally registered alization policies provided the and transition economies.” of the people outside the labor force as more labor force activity, especially for best relative return were those no. 1, pp. 123-135. Stiglitz and his co-authors also measured by the BLS, which defines the workers who traditionally have more that were once the most heavily favor capital controls as a way to labor force as the sum of all employed and part-time or irregular work force partici- regulated, such as the countries stem swings in speculative capital unemployed people. Employed people per- pation. That’s why the new survey yielded of East and South Asia. (Aggregate growth trends mask a investment. As Shleifer notes, they lean heavily on the exam- formed any work for pay or profit during a higher labor force participation rate. It few key differences between regions. Rapid growth in Asia ple of Malaysia as a country that imposed such controls and the survey week, did at least 15 hours of also revealed longer durations of unem- towers above slow growth in Latin America and stagnation was able to escape the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s. Yet unpaid work in a family-owned business, or ployment, a higher proportion of in Africa.) that example is still controversial as recent analysis has were absent from work because of bad weather, illness, vaca- unemployed people re-entering the work force, and a lower The triumph over runaway inflation and high punitive failed to find that these controls had macro-economic bene- tion, industrial disputes, or various personal reasons. People proportion of new entrants. tax rates was evident during the Age of Friedman. The world fits. Instead, Shleifer suggests that such controls encouraged who do not have a job but have actively searched for one in Because the U-6 was first published in 1996, it is not pos- median annual inflation rate declined from 14.3 percent in misallocation of capital and political corruption. the last four weeks and are immediately available for work sible to compare recent underemployment rates to those in 1980 to 4.1 percent in 2005. Marginal income tax rates Shleifer reminds us that we must be careful to learn are counted as unemployed. earlier severe downturns such as the 1982 recession. For dropped from the population-weighted average of 65 per- the right lessons from the experiences of developing Typically most people not in the labor force do not seek instance, marginally attached workers were not included in cent in 1980 to 36.7 percent in 2005. economies. The transition to a more free market system employment because they’re retired, attending to family unemployment measures prior to the 1994 redesign. The BLS Markets became more international in scope due to a “has taught us that economic and political disorganization, responsibilities, going to school, or are physically unable also tightened the definition of discouraged workers, which weakening of trade barriers too. Tariff rates fell from the combined with obsolete human capital of both economic work. The marginally attached are neither employed nor reduced their numbers considerably after the CPS redesign. population-weighted world average of 43 percent in 1980 to agents and politicians, can sharply slow down the economic looking for work but have sought work in the past year and However, one element of the underemployment rate can be 13 percent in 2004. As formal goods markets become more turnaround.” The other obvious problem facing the devel- are available immediately. Family responsibilities or trans- compared to earlier downturns — the level of involuntary free, black market activity declined. oping world now, he writes, is the lack of new business portation concerns can keep marginally attached workers part-time workers. That figure, which can be traced back to The benefits of abandoning dirigistic policies have investment — a phenomenon that must be tied to the lack out of the work force. Discouraged workers are not 1955, is higher today than at any point since then. become clear to many in the developed world and this, in of institutional barriers to arbitrary political power which employed and not seeking work because they believe noth- Over time, the gap between unemployment and under- turn, has raised people’s hopes and expectations. Shleifer spawns predatory regulatory and fiscal policies. ing is available for them. employment rates has remained fairly constant in recounts a trip he took to Chile a decade ago. At that time, “On strategy, economics got the right answer: free All six unemployment measures the Bureau of Labor percentage terms, according to BLS data. However, the the ambition of policymakers was to overtake Argentina. In market policies, supported but not encumbered by the Statistics publishes follow a similar pattern: Both the under- severity of the current recession could produce some signif- 2007, policymakers wanted to match the growth of Australia government, deliver growth and prosperity,” Shleifer con- employment and unemployment rates move in the same icant short-term structural changes in the labor market. OOK and New Zealand. cludes. “And while a lot has been accomplished in the last direction. What is perhaps most relevant to economic Monitoring the unemployment and underemployment rates THY C Yet some scholars, most notably Columbia University quarter century, a lot remains to be done.” In short, the prin- researchers is how these measures move relative to each will be important both during the current downturn and the economist and Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz, remain ciples to which Milton Friedman devoted his career can TION: TIMO other, says Jason Faberman, an economist at the Federal recovery following it.