Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061 THREATENED LYCOPHYTES AND IN FOUR PROTECTED AREAS OF MINDANAO,

Fulgent P. Coritico*, Victor B. Amoroso

Central Mindanao University, Philippines *e-mail: [email protected]

Received: 15.04.2020. Revised: 31.07.2020. Accepted: 04.10.2020. There are nearly a thousand threatened of vascular in the Philippines and of which about 12% are lycophytes and ferns. However, there are not enough data on the distribution of the species. Thus, the threatened lycophytes and ferns were determined based on field surveys in four protected areas in Mindanao, namely Mt. Apo Natural Park, Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park, Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park, and Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary. The conservation status assessment was based on the Department of Environment and Natural Resources DAO 2017-11 updated list of threatened plants of the Philippines. A total of 45 species of threatened lycophytes and ferns was documented belonging to 16 families and 25 genera. Of these, three species are Critically Endangered, 23 Endangered, 15 Vulnerable, and three are other threatened species. Families with the highest number of threatened species are Cyatheaceae, , Lycopodiaceae, Ophioglossaceae, and Psilotaceae. The Critically Endangered species are coronarium, Phlegmariurus magnusianus, and Helminthostachys zeylanica. The threatened species endemic to the Philippines are Phlegmariurus magnusianus, Alsophila apoensis, A. atropurpurea, A. hermannii, A. fuliginosa, A. heterochlamydea, A. negrosiana, A. rufopannosa, Lindsaea hamiguitanensis, Tmesipteris zamorarum, cornucopia, and A. sagitta. The highest number of threatened taxa was observed in the Mt. Apo Natural Park (29 species), followed by the Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park (28 species), Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (27 species), with the lowest number in the Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (19 species). Most of the species were recorded in the lower and upper montane forests. The occurrence of threatened and endemic lycophytes and ferns in the four protected areas calls for a strict implementation of the ordinances necessary for a long term conservation and protection of the species.

Key words: endangered species, endemism, conservation, mountain ecosystems,

Introduction protected landscapes and seascapes, resource re- Pteridophytes include the so-called ferns and serves, wildlife sanctuaries, marine reserves, wa- allies, the latter so-called because of their tershed forest reserves, natural biotic areas, and shared life cycle as -dispersing vascular plants wilderness areas based on the National Integrated (Amoroso et al., 2016a,b). However, recent analyses Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992. of morphological and molecular data revealed that Mt. Apo Natural Park (MANP), Mt. Kitanglad pteridophytes are paraphyletic, and the boundary Range Natural Park (MKRNP), Mt. Malindang within them has been withdrawn to distinguish lyco- Range Natural Park (MMRNP) and Mt. Hamiguitan phytes and ferns (monilophytes) (Smith et al., 2006; Range Wildlife Sanctuary (MHRWS) are some PPG I, 2016). There are 11 916 estimated species of of the Protected Areas in Mindanao Island. These ferns and lycophytes throughout the world (PPG I, mountain ecosystems are also considered as ASEAN 2016). About 4500 species occur in , Heritage Parks. Moreover, MHRWS was listed as a which is more than one third of the world diversity UNESCO World Heritage site in 2014. All of these (Moran, 2008; Ebihara et al., 2012). In the Philip- four Protected Areas are also Philippine Long-Term pines, there are 1100 species of lycophytes and ferns Ecological Research (LTER) sites (Kim et al., 2017) distributed among 154 genera and 34 families (Bar- and home to different endemic species of plants and celona, 2011–2020; Amoroso et al., 2016b) and ca. animals (Amoroso et al., 2009; Mohagan et al., 2015, 632 species (57%) are found on Mindanao Island 2018; Amoroso et al., 2015, 2018). Initial listing of (Amoroso et al., 2009). the plants in the area was provided by Amoroso et Mindanao Island is the second largest island al. (2006) in Mt. Malindang, Amoroso et al. (2009) in the Philippine archipelago and has an enormous in Mt. Hamiguitan, and Amoroso et al. (2011) in numbers of endangered, endemic and economical- Mt. Kitanglad. A list of the threatened species ly important species of flora and fauna. This island on Mindanao Island was provided by Lumista et al. has a total of 41 Protected Areas (PAs) classified as (2016) and Aribal & Buot (2009). Also, Fernando et national parks, natural parks, natural monuments, al. (2008) listed 202 species of ferns and lycophytes 78 Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061 as nationally threatened in the Philippines. However, Bukidnon (124.916700° N, 5.083333° E), Mt. Ma- their list did not provide complete information about lindang Range Natural Park, Misamis Occidental the distributions of the species on Mindanao and they (123.600000° N, 8.283333° E), and Mt. Hami- followed the old assessment of the Department of En- guitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, Davao Oriental vironment and Natural Resources (DENR). (126.166700° N, 6.716666° E) (Fig. 1). Another field Thus, this paper provides a comprehensive and inventory was conducted by researchers from Central updated list of threatened lycophytes and ferns, species Mindanao University and the Botanical Research In- conservation assessment, their distribution through stitute of Texas from 2016 to 2019. These sites were field validation in the four selected Protected Areas selected because they are considered as Long Term on Mindanao, Philippines. This paper serves as basis Ecological Research (LTER) sites on Mindanao and for strict protection and conservation of the remaining also designated as ASEAN Heritage Parks. threatened endemic species of lycophytes and ferns in the four Protected Areas on Mindanao Island. Collection, processing, and identification of specimens Material and Methods A minimum of two fertile of each spe- Species inventory cies was collected and processed using the wet Prior to the conduct of the field work, a gratu- method (Hodge, 1947). All herbarium specimens itous permit from the four Protected Areas on Min- were deposited at the Central Mindanao University danao was obtained from the DENR regional of- Herbarium (CMUH) and the California Academy of fices. An inventory of lycophytes and ferns was then Sciences (CAS). All the specimens were identified conducted by the authors from January 2014 to De- by the authors using monographs, e-floras and other cember 2015 through repeated transect walks from publications like Copeland (1958), the Flora Male- the foot of the mountain to the highest point in Mt. siana Series and digitised plant specimens available Apo Natural Park, North Cotabato (125.275000° N, in Global Plants on JSTOR (https://plants.jstor.org/). 7.260833° E), Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park, The classifications were based on PPG I (2016).

Fig. 1. Location map showing the four selected Protected Areas on Mindanao, Southern Philippines. 79 Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061 Assessment of the conservation status and Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook., and distribution and the other three species are threatened and The assessment of the conservation status of Mindanao Island endemics, Alsophila hermannii the species was based on the updated national list R.M.Tryon, A. rufopannosa (Christ) R.M.Tryon of threatened plants in the Philippines, following and Lindsaea hamiguitanensis Karger & the criteria for determination of threatened plant V.B.Amoroso. species and their categories of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR- Critically Endangered species DAO, 2017). The categories are as follows: (König ex Müller) Desv. Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Platycerium coronarium is a common, orna- Vulnerable (VU) and Other Threatened Species mental plant characterised by strongly dimorphic (OTS), which is equivalent to Near Threatened fronds with dichotomous nest leaves and pendu- of the International Union for Conservation of lous dichotomously branched fertile fronds (Fig. Nature (IUCN). This is the latest assessment on 2A). It is commonly sold in flower gardens in big the national list of threatened plants in the Phil- cities like Cagayan de Oro City and Davao City ippines made by the Philippine Plant Conserva- on Mindanao and Manila City on Luzon for a tion Committee (PPCC) organised by DENR. very expensive price. This species is considered The assessments of the conservation status of as Critically Endangered because of its limited the species in the country are updated every five distribution in the wild and over-collection as an years. Information from this list serves as the ba- ornamental plant. In this study, it was observed sis for national environmental policy for the Pro- only within the Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife tected Area Management Board (PAMB) of the Sanctuary, Davao Oriental as an epiphyte on Protected Areas and Local Government Units Shorea polysperma Merr. and Tristaniopsis de- (LGUs) for strictly monitoring and protecting corticata (Merr.) Peter G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh. the endangered plant species. The general data However, a new population of P. coronarium has on the distribution of species outside the four recently been discovered by the authors in the Mt. Protected Areas was based on Barcelona (2011– Pantaron Range, Bukidnon in Central Mindanao, 2020) and Lindsay & Middleton (2012–2020), which is not a Protected Area. with data for some species complemented by Distribution. Borneo, , , Myan- field observations of the authors. mar, Peninsular , , Sumatra, , . Philippines: Luzon and Min- Results danao (Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary Species richness and Mt. Pantaron Range). A total of 45 species, six species of lycophytes and 39 of ferns, in the four Protected Areas are Phlegmariurus magnusianus (Herter) threatened, comprising 16 families and 25 genera. A.R.Field & Testo The families with the highest number of threat- Phlegmariurus magnusianus (Lycopodia- ened taxa are Cyatheaceae (ten species), Polypo- ceae) is an epiphytic fern with pendulous stems, diaceae (nine species), Lycopodiaceae (five spe- which are twice to three times isodichotomously cies), and Ophioglossaceae and Psilotaceae with branched, and with narrow-lanceolate, acuminate three species each. In these families, some species crowded leaves arranged in close spirally whorled have high economic importance as ornamental (Fig. 2B). Species in this family are locally known and (Amoroso, 2013; Magtoto as «salindugok or ikog sa iring», and commonly & Austria, 2017). Of the 45 species recorded in harvested by the local people in different parts of the four Protected Areas on Mindanao, three spe- the country and sold very cheaply. This species cies are considered as Critically Endangered taxa, was found in Mt. Apo Natural Park and Mt. Malin- 23 Endangered, 15 Vulnerable and three Other dang Range Natural Park where it grows epiphyti- Threatened Species (Table). cally on trees at about 3–10 m high. Only a few Notes and distribution are provided below individuals of this species were observed. for the six prioritised species since three species Distribution. This species is endemic to the are Critically Endangered taxa, namely Platyc- Philippines, known from Luzon and Mindanao erium coronarium (Konig) Desv., Phlegmari- (Mt. Apo Natural Park and Mt. Malindang Range urus magnusianus (Herter) A.R.Field & Testo, Natural Park). 80 Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061

Table. List and distribution of threatened lycophytes and ferns in the four Protected Areas of Mindanao, Philippines

Accession Protected Areas National Red Altitude Family Species number Forest types List status Mt. Mt. Mt. Mt. (m a.s.l.) (CMUH) Apo Kitanglad Malindang Hamiguitan 00011501; 1000–1500; VU A1cd; 00006507; Aspleniaceae vittaeforme Cav. + + + + LM/UM/MF 1500–2300; B2c 00011481; 2300–2600 00011490 00011508; 1500–2300; Athyriaceae Diplazium costulisorum (Copel.) C.Chr. EN A1 + + – – UM/MF 00011519 2300–2600 00007403; 1000–1500; Blechnaceae Diploblechnum fraseri (A.Cunn.) De Vol VU A1c – + + – LM/UM 00011479 1500–2300 00011503; Oceaniopteris egregia (Copel.) Gasper 00005890; 1000–1500; Blechnaceae VU A1c + + + + LM/UM & Salino 00011480; 1500–2300 00011480 1000–1500; Cyatheaceae *Alsophila apoensis (Copel.) R.M.Tryon EN A1cd 00008377 + – – – LM/UM 1500–2300 00008382; 1000–1500; Cyatheaceae *Alsophila atropurpurea (Copel.) C.Chr. EN A1cd 00004947; + + + – LM/UM 1500–2300 00009634 00011502; 1000–1500; Cyatheaceae *Alsophila fuliginosa Christ VU A1cd + + – – LM/UM 00004946 1500–2300 00008375; 1000–1500; Cyatheaceae *Alsophila hermannii R.M.Tryon EN A1cd + + – – LM/UM 00011525 1500–2300 *Alsophila heterochlamydea (Copel.) 1000–1500; Cyatheaceae VU A1cd 00009780 + – – – LM/UM R.M.Tryon 1500–2300 1000–1500; Cyatheaceae *Alsophila negrosiana (Christ) R.M.Tryon VU A1cd 00009629 – – + – LM/UM 1500–2300 1000–1500; Cyatheaceae *Alsophila rufopannosa (Christ) R.M.Tryon EN B1 00009630 – – + – LM/UM 1500–2300 00009775; 00011514; < 1000; Cyatheaceae Sphaeropteris elmeri (Copel.) R.M.Tryon VU A1cd + + + + LF/LM 00009628; 1000–1500 00011491 00011509; < 1000; 00011528; Cyatheaceae Sphaeropteris glauca (Blume) R.M.Tryon EN A1cd + + + + LF/LM/UM 1000–1500; 00009627; 1500–2300 00009640 00008374; Sphaeropteris lepifera (J.Sm. ex Hook.) 1000–1500; Cyatheaceae EN A1cd 00011561; + + + – LM/UM R.M.Tryon 1500–2300 00008409 00011504; 00006744; 1000–1500; Davalliaceae Davallia solida (G.Forst.) Sw. OTS + + + + LM/UM 00011565; 1500–2300 00011492 00011511; 1000–1500; Dicksoniaceae Dicksonia mollis Holttum EN A1cd 00006436; + + + – LM/UM 1500–2300 00009638 *Lindsaea hamiguitanensis Karger & Lindsaeaceae VU A1c 00011505 – – – + LM 1000–1500 V.B.Amoroso 00011523; 1000–1500; Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus carinatus (Desv.) Ching EN A1cd + + – – LM/UM 00011563 1500–2300 * Phlegmariurus magnusianus (Herter) 00011513; 1000–1500; Lycopodiaceae CR A1 + – + – LM/UM A.R.Field & Testo 00011482 1500–2300 00011515; 1000–1500; Lycopodiaceae Phlegmariurus phlegmaria (L.) Holub EN A2 00004628; + + + – LM/UM 1500–2300 00011485 Phlegmariurus salvinioides (Herter) 00011518; Lycopodiaceae EN A1cd + – + – LM 1000–1500 Ching 00011483 00011512; Phlegmariurus squarrosus (G.Forst.) 00007315; Lycopodiaceae EN A1cd + + + + LM 1000–1500 Á.Löve & D.Löve 00011484; 00011474 00011529; 1000–1500; Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm. OTS 00011567; + + + – LM/UM 1500–2300 00011534 81 Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061

Accession Protected Areas National Red Altitude Family Species number Forest types List status Mt. Mt. Mt. Mt. (m a.s.l.) (CMUH) Apo Kitanglad Malindang Hamiguitan 00011564; Marattiaceae Christensenia aesculifolia (Blume) Maxon EN B1 – + + – LM 1000–1500 00011475 00011522; Botrychium daucifolium Wall. ex Hook. Ophiglossaceae VU A1 00008291; + + + – LM 1000–1500 & Grev. 00011477 Ophiglossaceae Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. CR 00011478 – – + – LF < 1000 00011558; 00007731; 1000–1500; Ophiglossaceae Ophioderma pendula C.Presl EN A1cd + + + + LM/UM 00011476; 1500–2300 00011506 00011542; 00006456; 1000–1500; Osmundaceae Plenasium banksiifolium (C.Presl) C.Presl OTS + + + + LM/UM 00011548; 1500–2300 00011493 00011539; *Aglaomorpha cornucopia (Copel.) 1000–1500; Polypodiaceae VU A1a 00007179; + + + – LM/UM M.C.Roos 1500–2300 00011550 00011547; 1000–1500; Polypodiaceae Aglaomorpha heraclea (Kunze) Copel. VU A1a 00007845; + + + – LM/UM 1500–2300 00011543 00011544; *Aglaomorpha sagitta (Christ) 1000–1500; Polypodiaceae VU A1c 00011551; + + + – LM/UM Hovenkamp & S. Linds. 1500–2300 00011538 00011524; 1000–1500; Polypodiaceae Aglaomorpha splendens (J.Sm.) Copel. VU A1c + + – – LM/UM 00006677 1500–2300 Polypodiaceae Aglaomorpha speciosa (Blume) M.C.Roos VU A1c 00011521 – – – + LM < 1000 00011533; 1000–1500; Polypodiaceae Lecanopteris deparioides (Ces.) Baker EN A1c; B2c – – + + LM/UM 00011494 1500–2300 1000–1500; Polypodiaceae Lecanopteris sinuosa (Hook.) Copel. EN A1a 00003420 – – – + LM/UM 1500–2300 00011530; 1500–2300; Polypodiaceae Lepisorus platyrhynchos (Kunze) Li Wang EN A1a + + – – UM/MF 00007626 2300–2600 Polypodiaceae Platycerium coronarium (Konig) Desv. CR B1a 00011557 – – – + LF < 1000 00011546; Psilotaceae Psilotum complanatum Sw. EN A1a 00011486; – + + + LF < 1000 00011560 00011526; Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum (L.) P.Beauv. VU A1a 00011495; + + – + LF < 1000 00011507 00011535; *Tmesipteris zamorarum Gruezo & 1500–2300; Psilotaceae EN A1c 00006720; + + + – UM/MF Amoroso 2300–2600 00011489 Pteridaceae Doryopteris kirkii (Hook.) Alston EN B1a 00011565 – – – + LF < 1000 Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Selaginellaceae EN B2a 00011520 – – – + LF < 1000 Spring Schizaeaceae Actinostachys inopinata (Selling) C.F.Reed EN B1a 00003309 – – – + LF/FUS < 1000 Schizaeaceae Schizaea malaccana Baker EN B2a 00011487 – – – + LF/FUS < 1000 TOTAL 29 28 27 19 Note: CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, OTS – Other Threatened Species; CMUH – Central Mindanao University Herbarium; «+» indicates presence of species, «–» indicates absence of species, asterisk (*) before the scientific name indicates the species endemic to the Philippines; MS – mossy forest, UP – upper montane forest, LM – lower montane forest, LF – lowland forest, FUS – forest over ultramafic soil.

Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. In some countries like , it is commonly sold Helminthostachys zeylanica (Ophioglossaceae) at the market as vegetables and medicine (de Winter is a herbaceous fern usually with a solitary and & Amoroso, 2003). However, there are no reports a fertile spike that arises from the base of its frond from the Philippines that this species is edible. (Fig. 2C). This species is locally known as «tung- Distribution. This species is widely distributed in kod-langit» and generally found at lower altitudes the Palaeotropics, from Sri Lanka and India (Assam) on wet and muddy places. It was recorded only in to New Caledonia and . Philippines: Palawan Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park for this study. and Mindanao (Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park). 82 Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061

Fig. 2. Critically Endangered and Mindanao endemic lycophytes and ferns. Designations: A: Platycerium coronarium; B: Phlegmariurus magnusianus; C: Helminthostachys zeylanica; D: Alsophila hermannii; E: Alsophila rufopannosa; F: Lindsaea hamiguitanensis.

Threatened and endemic species of Mindanao 15–18 cm diameter, without old petiole bases and with Alsophila hermannii R.M.Tryon numerous marginate reddish brown scales on petioles Alsophila hermannii is a medium-size scaly and rachises (Fig. 2E). It was previously known only tree fern of the family Cyatheaceae. Trunks are from San Ramon, Zamboanga and recently it has been erect to 4(–6) m height, to 24–27 cm diameter with recorded in Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park and old petiole bases and with marginate light to dark Mt. Pantaron Range, Central Mindanao. brown scales (Fig. 2D). The species was known Distribution. Mindanao: Zamboanga (San only from its type locality on Mt. Apo. However, Ramon), Misamis Occidental (Mt. Malindang our study recorded this species in the Mt. Kitang- Range Natural Park), Bukidnon (Mt. Pantaron lad Range Natural Park growing in the upper mon- and Mt. Kiamo). tane to the mossy forests (2000–2300 m a.s.l.). Distribution. Mindanao: North Cotabato (Mt. Lindsaea hamiguitanensis D.N.Karger & Apo Natural Park) and Bukidnon (Mt. Kitanglad V.B.Amoroso Range Natural Park). Lindsaea hamiguitanensis is a small herba- ceous fern with triangular, bipinnate to tripinnate- Alsophila rufopannosa (Christ) R.M.Tryon pinnatifid fronds that are light green when dry, with Alsophila rufopannosa (Cyatheaceae) is a fern reddish brown and quadrangular rachises (Fig. 2F). endemic to Mindanao Island. It is also a medium size This species was discovered in Mt. Hamiguitan tree fern with trunks erect to 4(–6) m height, and to Range Wildlife Sanctuary in 2012 and has recently 83 Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061 been documented in Mt. Tago and Mt. Pantaron tional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna Range in Bukidnon, Central Mindanao. and Flora (CITES) Appendix II in which the species Distribution. Mindanao: Davao Oriental (Mt. are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but Hamiguitan Range Wildlfie Sanctuary) and Bukid- their trade must be controlled in order to avoid utili- non (Mt. Tago and Mt. Pantaron Range). sation incompatible with their survival. In total there are 291 endemic species of ferns Other threatened ferns found on the study sites and lycophytes in the Philippines (Barcelona, 2011– are species of Psilotaceae, Schizaeaceae, Lecanop- 2020), with about 94 of them considered also by teris, Selaginella tamariscina (P.Beauv.) Spring and DAO 2017-11 as threatened. In this study, the threat- Ophioderma pendula C.Presl. Members of the family ened endemic species include Phlegmariurus mag- Psilotaceae are unusual looking ferns that are rootless nusianus, Alsophila apoensis (Copel.) R.M.Tryon, and sometimes leafless as in Psilotum. In the Phil- A. atropurpurea (Copel.) C.Chr., A. hermannii, A. ippines, all of the Psilotaceae species are considered fuliginosa Christ, A. heterochlamydea (Copel.) as threatened, namely Psilotum nudum (L.) P.Beauv. R.M.Tryon, A. negrosiana (Christ) R.M.Tryon, (VU) (Fig. 3A), Psilotum complanatum Sw. (EN) A. rufopannosa, Lindsaea hamiguitanensis, Tme- and Tmesipteris zamorarum (EN) (Fig. 3B). Psilotum sipteris zamorarum Gruezo & Amoroso, Aglaomor- nudum and P. complanatum were observed growing pha cornucopia (Copel.) M.C.Roos, and A. sagitta on tree fern trunks of Sphaeropteris polypoda (Baker) (Christ) Hovenkamp & S. Linds. Among these, Al- R.M.Tryon in Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanc- sophila hermannii, A. rufopannosa, and Lindsaea tuary. Tmesipteris zamorarum also grows only on hamiguitanensis are endemic only to Mindanao. tree fern species trunks of Cyatheaceae and Dicksoni- The family Cyatheaceae has the most threatened aceae. This species was recorded only in high moun- endemic species, with 70% of the total number of tain ecosystems above 2000 m a.s.l., such as Mt. Apo the scally tree ferns recorded. All species in this tree Natural Park, Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park and fern family are listed in the Convention on Interna- Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park.

Fig. 3. Some threatened ferns and lycophytes. Designations: A: Psilotum nudum; B: Tmesipteris zamorarum; C: Actinostachys inopinata; D: Lecanopteris sinuosa; E: Selaginella tamariscina; F: Ophioderma pendula. 84 Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061 There are five Schizaeaceae species reported sequential patterns, with agriculture, invasions, in the Philippines. All of these are found in Mt. and urbanisation as significant drivers in hotspots, Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary (Amoroso whereas hydrological disturbance is an important et al., 2020). Two species are considered as En- driver in coldspots (Le Roux et al., 2019). dangered, namely Actinostachys inopinata (Sell- The recent assessment of DENR was primar- ing) C.F.Reed (Fig. 3C) and malaccana ily based on the IUCN criteria applied����������������� to infor- Baker. These species are found in forests on ultra- mation from scientific literature (e.g. geographic mafic soil in Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanc- distribution of the species, extent of area of oc- tuary, growing together with Schizaea dichotoma cupancy, actual threats of habitat, and over ex- (L.) Sm. Two species of « ferns» of the ploitation of high economic or commercial value Lecanopteris are present, namely L. deparioides species), available herbarium specimens, biodi- (Ces.) Baker and L. sinuosa (Hook.) Copel. (Fig. versity survey data and Filipino botanists’ field 3D). These species are epiphytes on trees, like Lep- experience and knowledge of the flora. tospermum polygalifolium Salisb. subsp. polygali- Most of the threatened lycophytes and ferns folium, Sphaeropteris spp. Lecanopteris depari- (71%) are found in mountain ecosystems in differ- oides was recorded in Mt. Hamiguitan Range ent parts of the country. Mt. Apo Natural Park had Wildlife Sacntuary and Mt. Malindang Range Nat- the highest number of taxa with 29 species, fol- ural Park while L. sinuosa was found only in Mt. lowed by Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park (28 Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary. species), Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park (27 Selaginella tamariscina (Fig. 3E) is the only species), and Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanc- threatened species in the family Selaginellaceae re- tuary (19 species). The high number of threatened corded in the four Protected Areas. It is known for species in Mt. Apo and Mt. Kitanglad is caused by its antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and antiviral the diversity of vegetation types in the area like the activities (Gechev et al., 2014). It is widely used by upper and lower montane forests (Amoroso et al., the local people in the Philippines to cure diseases 2011, 2016b). Most of the threatened tree ferns and (Setyawan, 2009; Amoroso, 2013). Thus, there is lycopods are found in this vegetation type. over-exploitation of this species in the wild. This Most of the threatened lycophytes and ferns species was recorded only in the eastern side of Mt. (53%) inhabited the lower and upper montane for- Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary near the river ests with an altitude range of 1000–1500 m a.s.l. and banks growing on rocks and boulders. Ophioderma 1500–2300 m a.s.l., respectively, followed by the low- pendula or «ribbon» fern (Fig. 3F) was recorded in land forests (< 1000 m a.s.l.), and the mossy forests all four Protected Areas on Mindanao. The species (above 2300 m a.s.l.) (Table, Fig. 4). Species richness is also commonly harvested by the local people in of ferns and lycophytes increased with altitude (Ace- the Philippines and sold cheaply. Most of the species bey et al., 2017). The highest species richness of ferns were included in the threatened list of plants for the in the montane forests supports the findings of Bhat- Philippines because they are widely collected in the tarai et al. (2004), Kluge et al. (2006), Kessler et al. wild for their ornamental and medical uses, thus, de- (2011), Salazar et al. (2015) that fern richness was the pleting the population of the species. highest in mid-altitudes, usually in montane forests. This has often been linked to an optimal combination Discussion of high humidity, rainfall, and moderate temperatures There are many reasons why species become at mid-altitudes (Lauer et al., 1996). threatened or endangered. through logging, shifting cultivation, land use/ land cover change, environmental pollution, in- vasive species, grazing, urbanisation, hydrologi- cal disturbance, and over-exploitation of forest resources are considered as the major threats to biodiversity worldwide (Catibog-Sinha & He- aney, 2006; Amoroso et al., 2011; Monastersky, 2014; Khapugin et al., 2020). Climate change is also one of the primary causes of species endan- germent (Ibrahim et al., 2013). Moreover, plants Fig. 4. Species distribution in relation to altitude and habitats are also becoming extinct because of distinctive in the four Protected Areas of the Mindanao. 85 Nature Conservation Research. Заповедная наука 2020. 5(4): 78–88 https://dx.doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.061 Of all the species recorded, Sphaeropteris lycophytes and ferns in the Philippines should be glauca (Blume) R.M.Tryon has the widest altitude prepared for easy monitoring of the species. Final- range of distribution, from the lowland forests up ly, effective forest management and strict imple- to the upper montane forests. It is also common on mentation of the ordinances are necessary for the all sites where it can grow in full exposure to the long term conservation and protection not only to sun and very abundant in clearings and open places lycophytes and ferns but the whole flora and fauna in the forest. Lepisorus platyrhynchos (Kunze) Li within these Protected Areas. Wang and Tmesipteris zamorarum are restricted to the upper montane and mossy forests. They are ep- Acknowledgements iphytes on tree ferns and trees in association with Financial support for this research from the Department mosses and liverworts. Moreover, the two Schiza- of Science and Technology – Grants-In-Aid (DOST-GIA) is eaceae species are restricted to the forests on ultra- gratefully acknowledged. We also thank the officials of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Region X mafic soil below 1000 m a.s.l. in Mt. Hamiguitan and XII for the gratuitous permit; Barangay officials and our Range Wildlife Sanctuary. local researchers in Mt. Apo, Mt. Kitanglad, Mt. Malindang Some of the threatened endemic species were and Mt. Hamiguitan for the assistance during fieldwork; and also recorded in other Protected Areas in the Central Mindanao University headed by Dr. Jesus Antonio G. Philippines, like Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Derije for logistical support. We acknowledge our company Hoffm., Oceaniopteris egregia (Copel.) Gasper with the National Science Foundation (NSF) researchers head- ed by Dr. Peter W. Fritsch during the botanical exploration. & Salino, Platycerium coronarium and Psilotum nudum in Adams, Northern Luzon (Magtoto & References Austria, 2017), A. evecta in Mt Makiling, Lagu- na (Alcala et al., 2019), Aglaomorpha splendens Acebey A., Krömer T., Kessler M. 2017. Species richness and (J.Sm.) Copel., Alsophila negrosiana, Dicksonia vertical distribution of ferns and lycophytes along an mollis Holttum, Botrychium daucifolium Wall. elevational gradient in Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. ex Hook. & Grev., Lecanopteris deparioides, Flora 235: 83–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2017.08.003 Ophioderma pendula, Oceaniopteris egregia, Alcala A.A., de los Angeles M.D., Buot Jr.I.E. 2019. Fern Plenasium banksiifolium (C.Presl) C.Presl, Psilo- species diversity across various land use types of Mt. tum nudum and Sphaeropteris glauca in Balinsa- Makiling, Luzon Island, Philippines. 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ПЛАУНОВЫЕ И ПАПОРОТНИКОВЫЕ РАСТЕНИЯ, НАХОДЯЩИЕСЯ ПОД УГРОЗОЙ ИСЧЕЗНОВЕНИЯ, НА ЧЕТЫРЕХ ОСОБО ОХРАНЯЕМЫХ ПРИРОДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ В МИНДАНАО (ФИЛИППИНЫ)

Ф. П. Коритико*, В. Б. Аморосо

Центральный университет Минданао, Филиппины *e-mail: [email protected] На Филиппинах известно около 1000 видов сосудистых растений, находящихся под угрозой исчез- новения, из которых около 12% составляют плауновые и папоротниковые. Однако����������������� ����������������данных �������������������о�������� �������распро- странении этих видов недостаточно. В связи с этим целью настоящего исследования стало изучение находящихся под угрозой исчезновения плауновых и папоротниковых растений на основании поле- вых исследований на четырех особо охраняемых природных территорий Минданао: Природный парк горы Апо, Природный парк горного хребта Китанглад, Природный парк горного хребта Малинданг и Заказник дикой природы горного хребта Хамигутан. Оценка природоохранного статуса видов была основана на списке находящихся под угрозой исчезновения растений Филиппин, обновленном Депар- таментом окружающей среды и природных ресурсов DAO 2017-11. Было зарегистрировано 45 видов плауновых и папоротниковых растений, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, принадлежащих к 16 семействам и 25 родам, в том числе три вида, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения (CR�����������),��������� 23 ис- чезающих (EN) вида, 15 уязвимых (VU) вида, а также три других угрожаемых (предположительно, NT��������) вида. �С�����������������������������������ледующие семейства включают наиболь�ш�������������������������������������������ее число видов, находящихся под угрозой ис- чезновения: Cyatheaceae, Polypodiaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Psilotaceae. К видам, находя- щимся под угрозой исчезновения (CR) относятся Platycerium coronarium, Phlegmariurus magnusianus, Helminthostachys zeylanica. Следующие находящиеся под угрозой исчезновения виды являются энде- мичными для Филиппин: Phlegmariurus magnusianus, Alsophila apoensis, A. atropurpurea, A. hermannii, A. fuliginosa, A. heterochlamydea, A. negrosiana, A. rufopannosa, Lindsaea hamiguitanensis, Tmesipteris zamorarum, Aglaomorpha cornucopia, A. sagitta. Наибольшее число находящихся под угрозой исчезно- вения таксонов было отмечено в Природном парке горы Апо (29 видов), меньшее число – в Природном парке горного хребта Китанглад (28 видов), Природном парке горного хребта Малинданг (27 видов) и Заказнике дикой природы горного хребта Хамигутан (19 видов). Наибольшее число видов плауновых и папоротниковых было отмечено в нижних и верхних поясах горных лесов. Произрастание находящих- ся под угрозой исчезновения и эндемичных видов плауновых и папоротниковых растений на четырех особо охраняемых природных территориях требует строгого выполнения постановлений, необходи- мых для долгосрочного сохранения и защиты этих видов.

Ключевые слова: горные экосистемы, исчезающий вид, папоротникообразные, сохранение, эндемизм

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