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Parasitic Diseases of Domestic and Wild Animals in Northern Kerala: a Retrospective Study Based on Clinical Samples

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Parasitic Diseases of Domestic and Wild Animals in Northern Kerala: a Retrospective Study Based on Clinical Samples Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 2381-2392 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 2381-2392 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.282 Parasitic Diseases of Domestic and Wild Animals in Northern Kerala: A Retrospective Study based on Clinical Samples Murikoli Nimisha, R. Kariyappa Pradeep, Prashant S. Kurbet, B.M. Amrutha, Anju Varghese, C.K. Deepa, M.N. Priya, Bindu Lakshmanan, K.G. Ajith Kumar and Reghu Ravindran* Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Lakkidi P.O., Wayanad-673576, Kerala, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Results of micro scopical examination of clinical samples from domestic and wild animals for an 11 year period from 2005 to 2015 submitted to the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode were compiled in the K e yw or ds present study to understand the prevalence of parasitic diseases in Northern Kerala, South India. Majority of samples were collected from animals belonging to the districts of Parasitic diseases, Northern Kerala viz., Kasaragod, Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode and Palakkad. A total of Domestic and wild 2,473 fecal samples, 2,183 peripheral blood smears, 92 skin scrapings and 12 nasal animals, Prevalence, Kerala. discharges of cattle, goat, dog, poultry, pig, buffalo, horse, cat and wild animals were examined. Strongylosis was the predominant cause of gastrointestinal parasitosis in cattle Article Info and goats with the prevalence rates of 11.35 per cent and 36.63 per cent respectively. Ancylostomosis with a prevalence rate of 18.23 per cent was the predominant helminthic Accepted: infection in dogs. Major blood parasite detected in cattle was Theileria orientalis. Babesia 17 September 2017 gibsoni was the main blood parasite of dogs. Maximum numbers of cases on Available Online: 10 November 2017 gastrointestinal parasitism were reported during September in ruminants (cattle and goats) and July in dogs. Maximum numbers of cases of haemoparasitic diseases were reported in January in cattle and November in dogs. Microscopical examination of skin scrapings from dogs revealed maximum prevalence of Demodex canis in Northern Kerala. Introduction Parasitic diseases are one of the major (5.62 per cent) (ADSS, 2007). Most of the constraints for livestock rearing in developing rural livestock population is reared on grazing countries. According to the 19th livestock based system and these animals are always census (2012), the livestock population in exposed to parasites, thus constantly being India is 512.05 million, which includes the reinfected in a chain reaction mode (Kumar et rural population of 491.69 million and urban al., 2013). The annual growth rate of Indian population of 31.31 million. Parasitic diseases cattle population is only 0.5 per cent against contribute 31 per cent of livestock diseases the expected rate of 1.0 per cent of total and were more among cattle (13.83 per cent) livestock population mainly caused by followed by poultry (9.71 per cent) and goats helminthic infections (Swapna and Nithinya, 2381 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 2381-2392 2015). Certain endoparasitic infections and Fecal sample ectoparasitic infestations of canines and felines have public health significance due to A total of 2,473 fecal samples were examined their zoonotic potential. Also, parasitic from cattle (n=1,304), goat (n=505), dog diseases of wild animals cause serious (n=192), poultry (n=175), pig (n=57), buffalo problems and they can act as sources of (n=49), horse (n=42), cat (n=17) and wild infections to domestic animals. animals (n=132). All the samples were Haemoprotozoan diseases transmitted by ticks screened for the ova of helminths and oocysts cause serious economic losses in Asia and of coccidian parasites. Fecal samples were have become a potential barrier for the processed for concentration of ova by survival of exotic and crossbred cattle in India centrifugal sedimentation method and were (Velusamy et al., 2014). microscopically examined under 10X objective, followed by 40X for confirmation. In order to assess the prevalence of parasitic diseases in animals in Northern Kerala, a Blood smears retrospective study based on the data available from the register maintained for A total of 2,183 peripheral blood smears were recording the results of microscopical examined from various animals and birds viz., examination of clinical samples submitted to cattle (n=1,217), goat (n=321), buffalo the Department of Veterinary Parasitology, (n=35), dog (n=509), pig (n=20), horse (n=8), College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, cat (n=3), wild animals (n=24) and poultry Pookode, Wayanad was conducted during a (n=46). Thin blood smears were fixed with period from 2005 to 2015 (11 years). The methanol for 2 minutes and stained with results of the present study on the prevalence diluted Giemsa’s stain (1:10) for 45 minutes. of parasitic diseases in Northern Kerala will Blood smears were carefully examined for the be helpful for veterinarians and farmers for presence of blood parasites under the oil adopting effective control measures. immersion objective (100X magnification). Materials and Methods Skin scrapings This study was conducted by analyzing the Superficial and deep skin scrapings from data available from the register maintained for cattle (n=17), dogs (n=51), goats (n=13), pigs recording the results of microscopical (n=8), cats (n=2) and buffalo (n=1) were examination of clinical samples from cattle, screened for ectoparasites. The scrapings goat, dog, buffalo, poultry, pig, horse and were digested in 10 per cent potassium wild animals submitted to the Department of hydroxide solution and centrifuged. The Veterinary Parasitology, College of sediment was examined under 10X and 40X Veterinary and Animal sciences, Pookode, objectives of the microscope. Wayanad during 2005 to 2015. Nasal discharge Majority of clinical samples were collected from animals belonging to the districts of A total of 12 nasal discharges from cattle Northern Kerala viz., Kasaragod, Kannur, were examined for Schistosoma nasale Wayanad, Kozhikode and Palakkad. Details infection. Potassium hydroxide solution (10 of the clinical samples examined are shown in %) was added to the nasal discharge in a test table 1 and 2. tube. The mixture was boiled to lyse any 2382 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 2381-2392 mucus content in the sample. Finally, (46.03%) and least during April (26.51%). On centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 min and microscopic examination of the Giemsa’s sediment was examined under microscope. stained peripheral blood smears (n=1217) of cattle, 527 (43.30%) were positive for Results and Discussion haemoprotozoan organisms. Babesia spp., Theileria spp. and Anaplasma spp. were A retrospective study was conducted to identified in these samples. Theileria analyze the records of results of orientalis was the most predominant blood microscopical examination of clinical samples parasite of cattle accounting 32.62 per cent of submitted to the Department of Veterinary the total positive cases. The incidence of Parasitology, College of Veterinary and haemoparasitic diseases were reported more Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad from during the month of January (62.77%) and 2005 to 2015 to find out the prevalence of November (58.17%). During 2007, a survey parasitic diseases in Northern Kerala. Out of for detection of oocysts of Cryptosporidium the 2,473 fecal samples examined, 1,101 spp. was conducted using 44 bovine fecal (44.52%) were positive for ova of samples and five were identified as positive. gastrointestinal parasites. Of the 2,183 blood Out of 17 skin scrapings examined, none were smears that were screened, 684 (31.33%) detected as positive for any ectoparasitic were positive for blood parasites. On infestations. The examination of nasal examination of 92 skin scrapings, 20 discharge detected three samples positive for (21.74%) were positive for mite infestation. S. nasale out of 12 samples. The results of the screening of clinical samples are shown in table 1 and 2. Goat Cattle A total of 505 goat fecal samples were examined. The overall prevalence of intestinal The copro-examination of cattle from 2005 to parasitosis was 71.68 per cent. The 2015 accounted, 455 (34.89%) positive cases prevalence of strongylosis (36.63%) was the out of 1,304 samples. Of this overall highest, followed by coccidiosis (14.65%). prevalence, 50.99 per cent was due to the ova Ova of Moniezia spp. (7.33%), Strongyloides of nematodes, 28.79 per cent for the spp. (6.34%), Trichuris spp. (5.35%) and trematodes, 18.68 per cent for oocysts of amphistomes (1.39%) were also detected. protozoan parasites and 1.53 per cent for ova of the cestode (Moniezia spp.). The month wise prevalence of intestinal parasitosis was highest in September Parasitological examination of dung samples (93.18%) and lowest in February (30.23%). revealed the presence of ova of strongyle, Among 321 caprine blood smears examined, Strongyloides spp., Trichuris spp., Toxocara 78 (24.29%) were positive for Theileria spp. spp., amphistome, Schistosoma spindale, (13.08%) and Anaplasma spp. (11.21%). The Moniezia spp. and oocysts of coccidia. In the percentage prevalence of caprine present study, highest prevalence was anaplasmosis increased steadily during the recorded for strongylosis (11.35%) followed period from 2005 to 2015. In goats, parasitism by amphistomosis (9.36%) and coccidiosis was more during the month of September (6.13%). Month wise study revealed highest (50%) and least during July (12.55%). Only incidence of infection during the month of 13 skin scrapings were examined and September (47.79%) followed by August Psoroptes ovis was detected in three cases. 2383 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): 2381-2392 Buffalo Cats A total of 49 buffalo fecal samples were Coprological examination of cat samples examined for the detection of ova of various revealed ova of Toxocara spp.
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