Educational Verbatim Theatre
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Educational Verbatim Theatre: Developing student-centred playwriting for process and performance Thomas A. A. Coultas This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution and, to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference has been made in the text. I give consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, being made available for loan and photocopying online via the University’s Open Access repository eSpace. Signed by the candidate and dated. Dedication With immense gratitude, I acknowledge the astute support provided by my Principal Supervisor Dr Gemma Blackwood, whose dedication and encouragement of this topic has been invaluable to me across this study. I would also like to acknowledge the support of my Associate Supervisors Dr Christian Bök, Dr Aurora Scheelings and Professor Wayne Cristaudo, who have all given careful attention across the various stages of this project. I give much gratitude and love to my wife Lisa and my two children Kasia and Poppy, for their ongoing love and support throughout my research and writing. I give a special thank you to my father John: both for his editing assistance; and for taking me along to many plays as a child, which sparked my interest in the performing arts. Finally, I give many thanks to the staff and students of St Aloysius College in Adelaide, for their continued support of my study. Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 3 Chapter One: Literature Review .................................................................. 15 Part One – Children and Educational Theatre ................................... 15 Early Developments ................................................................... 15 Early Twentieth Century Approaches ........................................ 16 Developing Process Drama ....................................................... 20 Contemporary Twenty First Century Educational Theatre ...... 24 Entertainment and Education.................................................... 27 Part Two – Verbatim Theatre ............................................................ 29 Verbatim and Originality .......................................................... 38 The Fourth Estate? Verbatim theatre as Journalism ................ 41 Verbatim Ethics ......................................................................... 44 Local Verbatim: Australian Verbatim Theatre ......................... 50 Verbatim Techniques ................................................................. 53 Verbatim as Ethnodrama? ......................................................... 61 Chapter Two: Educational Verbatim Method ............................................. 67 Verbatim Methods and Ethnodrama/Process Drama Approaches .. 68 Results of Verbatim/Ethnographic Research ..................................... 75 Writing the Script: Teacher-led Creative Writing ............................. 80 Characterization ........................................................................ 83 Creating Conflict ......................................................................... 87 Chapter Three: Performance ....................................................................... 91 Audio-Visual Technologies ................................................................. 91 Post-Performance Student-Actor Evaluations .................................. 94 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 97 Chapter Four: Creative Work .................................................................... 103 Synopsis: An Image of Grace ............................................................ 103 An Image of Grace ...................................................................................... 106 References .................................................................................................. 201 Appendices ................................................................................................ 224 Appendix A – Key Verbatim texts .................................................... 224 Appendix B – Verbatim Theatre Resources .................................... 230 Appendix C – List of student questions for verbatim interviews ..... 231 Appendix D – Photos from An Image of Grace production ........... 232 Appendix E – Key Verbatim Practitioners, Playwrights and Companies ......................................................................................... 235 Appendix F – Types of Ethnographical Theatre .............................. 243 Abstract This project examines how to write a play about the “real-life” of young people within a secondary education framework. I have developed an approach that blends text drawn upon the “verbatim” theatre style of word-for-word sources in combination with creative writing informed by my pedagogical methods as a high school drama teacher and active practitioner within the South Australian secondary education system. The rationale for this new form is to understand the perspectives of young students, and to consolidate these perspectives by teacher-led responses that can shape the learning processes for the student cast and crew of the play, as well as the subsequent audience. I have named this hybrid form of playwriting “educational verbatim theatre”. The creative work produced in this project is a play script called An Image of Grace, performed by a student drama group in October 2016. I selected the topic of the play to connect to the “everyday life” of a secondary school-aged female Australian student, and hence to explore a topical issue that might not have found a place in the traditional classroom. The play examined the ongoing popularity of social media technologies, and in particular legal notions of consent in relation to image sharing on social media. I developed the script from verbatim interviews with a range of stakeholders – including students and teachers – and ethnographic methods. The play was workshopped with the student actors who would perform the play. My findings suggest that bringing a dual approach of verbatim technique and teacher-led creative writing becomes a valuable 1 approach within the context of high school teaching, and ensures that discussions of topical issues to students can take place within the appropriate ethical frameworks established by the secondary school education system. 2 Introduction This project examines how to write a play about an authentic “real-life” of young people within a secondary educational framework that assists in a learning experience. In the context of my work role as a high school drama teacher and active teacher-practitioner within the South Australian secondary education system, I set out to create a play script that could draw not only upon the real voices of students, but could also operate as a learning device about a pertinent real-world and cutting-edge issue that was not being addressed in traditional classrooms1. To do this, I wanted to see how established verbatim theatre techniques – especially in relation to research and data acquisition, as well as for subsequent play writing – could be utilised in a secondary educational context for the preparation of an educational play. Verbatim theatre has developed as a form of documentary theatre, and generally draws scripts from the spoken words of real life people. It has the potential to voice the concerns of marginalised and forgotten members of a society or culture, with the ability to focus on stories that might not reach the real media. Verbatim theatre is often thought to be akin to a form of investigative journalism, where words drawn from courtroom testimonies, crime investigations or an archive of letters (as some examples) are able to provide a refreshed perspective on a significant issue. Verbatim theatre may also provide an ethnographic lens onto a specific community, group 1 The work that is presented in this Masters Research project entirely aligns with the teaching and learning regulations and guidelines of the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE). 3 or even historical era through ethnodramas or ethnotheatre (Brown and Wake, 2010; Garton, 2005; Hobson, 2012; Saldaña, 2011). While verbatim theatre often has an educational or didactic function – often informing or teaching its audience about real life issues or historical facts – there has been little research to apply such methods in the educational framework of secondary school education programs. My Masters by Research project was connected with the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE), through the latter’s focus on student capabilities and learning requirements. The capabilities connect student learning within and across subjects in a range of contexts. They include essential knowledge and skills that enable people to act in effective and successful ways. The specific capabilities I focused this project upon were citizenship, personal development and learning. In Drama, students develop their capability for “citizenship” by nurturing their ability to empathise with others as they explore a variety of stories through dramatic texts and workshops