Fm 100-15 Larger Units: Theater Army-Corps

rüOS* yo FM 100-15

FIELD MANUAL

President

Secretary of Defense

Military Joint Chiefs Departments^ of Staff

Unified Command (Theater) s—s—s—s_c _c —c _Jj

Navy Army Air Force Other I Component Component Component Forces and | (Theater Commands^ Army) L\ J Joint Force ^ \ (Subordinate2 Uni-Service Unified Com- Force2 mand or Joint Task Force)!

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE AtM Y APRILT973 Pentagon Library (ANR-PL) ATTN: Military Documents Section Room 1A518, Pentagon Washington, DC 20310-6050 # ARMY ROLE

NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR THEATER OPERATIONS

THEATER ARMY

TASCOM

ARMY COMPONENT

ARMY GROUP

FIELD ARMY Users of this manual are encouraged to submit recommended changes or comments to improve the manual. Changes should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which the change is recommended. FIELD ARMY Reasons will be provided for each comment to insure understanding and OPERATIONAL complete evaluation. Comments should be prepared using DA Form 2028 CONSIDERATIONS (Recommended Changes to Publications) and forwarded to Commandant, US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027 FASCOM

CORPS

CORPS OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

INDEPENDENT & SEPARATE CORPS

REFERENCES

ABBREVIATIONS

INDEX 9

f FM 100-15

PREFACE 1. This manual prescribes Army doctrine and guidance to commanders and staffs for the establishment, organization, administration, and employment of Army units from corps through theater army (TA) level. The manual defines the roles, interrelationships, and functions of the various levels of command to include their combat, combat support, and combat service support requirements to conduct operations in general war, limited war, and cold war, including stability operations. The levels of command discussed are the theater army, army groups, field army, and corps, including separate and independent corps. Where appropriate, the manual also discusses operations of other services that support Army ground tactical operations. Army doctrine is presented herein; however, some extracts or interpretations have been made of policies, procedures, or techniques contained in non-Army publications, e.g., International Standardization Agreements (STANAG) and Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) publications. 2. Most chapters include a doctrinal recapitulation that summarizes the most significant doctrine contained within the chapter. These sections are not necessarily all inclusive; however, they do provide the highlights of the chapter and facilitate a rapid review for the reader. In smaller chapters where a special section was not warranted, the significant doctrinal statements are italicized. 3. Chapter 2 outlines the basic role of the US Army in defense of the United States. A brief discussion of general, limited, and cold war situations and the basic functions of land combat are included. 4. Chapter 3 provides a limited discussion of echelons higher than theater army, e.g., joint, unified and combined command, to provide a basic understanding of the functions and duties of the commanders and staffs of these larger units. 5. Chapters 4 and 6 outline the organization, mission, and functions of the theater army and army group. The chapter also describes the responsibilities for component planning and the functions of the major subordinate commands of the theater army. 6. The bulk of the manual is devoted to the field army and corps (chapters 7 and 8 respectively). Each chapter contains a detailed discussion of operational considerations and the conduct of combat operations as viewed from both levels of command. Where appropriate, applicable considerations for the employment of nuclear weapons including tactical operations in a nuclear environment have been included. When the discussion of nuclear weapons employment appears to be complete under the field army chapter, further discussion in the corps chapter has been avoided. 1

ñ *FM 100-15

FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 100-15 WASHINGTON, D.C., 80 April 1978

LARGER UNITS: THEATER ARMY-CORPS

Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1- 1-1- 4 1-

2. THE ARMY ROLE 2- 1-2- 6 2- 3. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR THEATER OPERATIONS

Section I. National chain of command 3- 1-3- 6 3- 1

II. Area of operations 3- 6-3- 9 8- III. Organization of a US theater of operations 3-10—3-16 3- IV. Theater planning 3-17—3-22 8- 9

CHAPTER 4. THEATER ARMY MISSION, ORGANIZATION, AND FUNCTIONS

Section I. General 4-1, 4-2 4- II. Command relationships 4— 3—4— 6 4- III. Additional functions 4- 7-4-11 4- IV. Theater army headquarters 4-12, 4-13 4- V. Air defense brigade, theater army 4-14, 4-15 4- VI. Theater army support command 4-16—4-19 4- VII. Theater army communications 4-20—4-23 4- 8 VIII. Military intelligence group, theater army 4-24, ¿-25 4- 9 IX. Civil affairs brigade, theater army 4-26, 4-27 4- 9 X. The special forces group 4-28—4-30 4-10 XI. Theater army psychological operations group 4-31—4-33 4-11 XII. Major subordinate commands in the combat zone 4-34, 4-35 4-11 XIII. Other major units that may be assigned or attached to theater army 4- 4- 316—4-38 1

CHAPTER 5. ARMY COMPONENT PLANNING 5- 1-5-10 5- 1

6. ARMY GROUP 6- 1-6- 9 6- 1

7. FIELD ARMY

Section I. General 7- 1-7- 4 7- 1 II. Planning 7- 5-7- 9 7- 3 III. Operational considerations 7-10—7-20 7- 5 IV. Combat service support 7-21, 7-22 7-12 V. Rear area protection 7-23, 7-24 7-14 VI. Field army in stability operations 7-25—7-28 7-15 VII. Offensive operations 7-29—7-38 7-16 VIII. Defensive operations 7-39—7-48 7-18 IX. Retrograde operations 7-49—7-51 7-21 X. Supporting operations 7-52—7-56 7-22

CHAPTER 8. CORPS

Section I. General 8- 1-3- 4 8- 1 II. Planning 8— 5—8— 8 8- 3 III. Operational considerations 8- 9-8-21 8- 4 IV. Offensive operations 8—22—8—31 8- 9 V. Defensive operations 8-82—8-45 8-16 VI. Retrograde and supporting operations 8-46—8-52 8-28 VII. Independent and separate corps 8-53—8-55 8-25

APPENDIX A. REFERENCES A- 1 B. ABBREVIATIONS B- 1

INDEX . Index- 1

* This manual supersede* FM 100-15, 27 December 1968.

FM 100-15

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1-1. Purpose and Scope stability operations. Considerations for the employment of nuclear and chemical munitions; a. This manual provides guidance for the protection from nuclear, biological, and chemi- operation and functioning of the theater army, cal munitions; and operations in nuclear, bio- army group, field army, and corps. The manual logical, and chemical environments are treats echelons higher than theater army, to included. include US joint commands and combined commands, only as necessary to insure under- c. This manual is in consonance with the standing of the functions and duties of the international standardization agreements commanders and staffs of those larger units. listed below. Applicable agreements are listed b. The contents of this manual apply to gen- by type of agreement and number at the begin- eral war, limited war and cold war to include ning of each chapter.

Title NATO CENTO SEATO ABCA STANAO STANAO SEASTAO SOLOO Rear Area Security and Area Damage Control 2079 2079 2079 Relief of Combat troops 2082 2082 2082 Fire Coordination in Support'of Land Forces 2099 2099 2099 Friendly Nuclear Strike Warning to Armed Forces Oper- 2104 2104 130 ating on Land. Recognition and Identification of Forces on the Battlefield. 2109 2109 2109 Offensive Air Support Operations. 2134 2134 1-2. Reference 1-4. Impact of Nuclear and Chemical Users should employ this manual in conjunc- Weapons and Defensive Biological tion with FM 100-5, FM 100-10, FM 100-20, FM Operations 101-5, the FM 101-10 series, and other field manuals listed in the appendix, as appropriate. a. On 29 November 1969, the President an- In addition, when applying material herein in nounced changes to US policies pertaining to joint operations, users must consult joint doc- chemical and biological (CB) warfare. A White trine promulgated in JCS Pub 2 and JCS Pub 3. House press release on 14 February 1970 further enunciated US policy. Briefly, current pol- 1-3. Operational Environments icy— Conflicts in which US forces may participate involve a wide variety of situations and condi- • Renounces first use of lethal and incapa- tions. Cold war situations and limited war can citating chemicals. develop in any strategically significant area, • Confines military programs for toxins to and general war remains a constant threat. US research for defensive purposes only. forces may or may not employ nuclear or chem- • Renounces the use of biological agents ical weapons. Terrain; climate; weather; and and weapons and all other methods of biological social, political, psychological, and economic warfare. conditions differ greatly among the possible • Confines military biological research to areas of conflict. Formal treaties or agreements defensive measures. with host countries on the status of forces may inhibit greatly the freedom of military action. Consistent with the President’s renunciation, Similar inhibitions may arise from foreign pol- this manual reflects policies listed above and icy considerations and international law. Plan- outlines appropriate US Armed Forces doctrine ning and execution must always take into in chemical warfare (CW) and biological de- consideration these inhibiting factors. fense (BD).

1-1 FM 100-15

b. The possible employment of nuclear weap- likelihood of such attacks and their effects if ons or the initiation of enemy chemical or they do occur. biological operations requires emphasis on flex- c. Effective planning for use of ground areas ibility and mobility of maneuver forces and the include the use of vulnerability analysis as a combat service support system and on minimiz- means toward reducing the effects of hostile ing vulnerability to attack. Nuclear delivery attacks. Dispersion should be consistent with systems, airfields, communications centers, control to the degree that the situation requires troop reserves, rear area installations, head- and the mission permits. During peacetime, quarters, and combat service support installa- planners of troop installations and logistic tions are profitable targets for nuclear attack. complexes must evaluate the monetary and Concentration of personnel also invites chemi- management savings gained by consolidation cal or biological attack. Proper planning, dis- against the possible total destruction of these persion, and execution can reduce the facilities in case nuclear warfare is initiated.

1-2 FM 100-15

CHAPTER 2 THE ARMY ROLE

2-1. General essential to the fulfillment of the functions here Sections I and II, chapter II, JCS Pub 2 and after assigned. g. Develop, garrison, supply, equip, and paragraphs IV and V, AR 10-1 prescribe the common functions of the Military Departments maintain bases and other installations, including lines of communication, and provide ad- and Services and functions of the Department of the Army. These are restated below. The ministrative and logistic support for all forces functions for the other Services are also dis- and bases. h. Provide, as directed, such forces, military cussed in above references. missions, and detachments for service in foreign countries as may be required to support 2-2. Common Functions of Military the national interests of the United States. Departments and Services i. Assist in training and equipping the mili- The Military Departments, under their respec- tary forces of foreign nations. tive Secretaries shall— j. Provide, as directed, administrative and a. Prepare forces and establish reserves of logistic support to the headquarters of unified equipment and supplies for the effective prose- and specified commands, to include direct sup- cution of war, and plan for the expansion of port of the development and acquisition of the peacetimfe components to meet the needs of war. command and control systems of such head- b. Maintain in readiness mobile reserve quarters. forces, properly organized, trained and k. Assist each other in the accomplishment of equipped for employment in emergency. their respective functions, including the provi- c. Provide adequate, timely, and reliable de- sion of personnel, intelligence, training, facili- partmental intelligence for use within the De- ties, equipment, supplies, and services. The partment of Defense. forces developed and trained to perform the d. Organize, train, and equip forces for as- primary functions set forth hereinafter shall be signment to unified or specified commands. employed to support and supplement the other e. Prepare and submit to the Secretary of Services in carrying out their primary func- Defense budgets for their respective depart- tions, where and whenever such participation ments; justify before the Congress budget will result in increased effectiveness and will requests as approved by the Secretary of De- contribute to the accomplishment of the over-all fense; and administer the funds made available military objectives. As for collateral functions, for maintaining, equipping, and training the while the assignment of such functions may forces of their respective departments, includ- establish further justification for stated force ing those assigned to unified and specified requirements, such assignment shall not be commands. The budget submissions to the Sec- used as the basis for establishing additional retary of Defense by the military departments force requirements. shall be prepared on the basis, among other 2-3. Functions of the Department of the things, of the advice of commanders of forces assigned to unified and specified commands; Army such advice* in the case of component com- The Department of the Army is responsible for manders of unified commands, will be in agree- the preparation of land forces necessary for the ment with the plans and programs of the effective prosecution of war except as otherwise respective unified commanders. assigned and, in accordance with integrated /. Conduct research, develop tactics, tech- mobilization plans, for the expansion of the niques, and organization, and develop and pro- peacetime components of the Army to meet the cure weapons, equipment, and supplies needs of war. The Army, within the Department

2-1 FM 100-15 of the Army, includes land combat and service United States, its territories, and its posses- forces and such aviation and water transport as sions. may be organic therein. Listed below are the (3) Certain other civil activities prescribed primary functions of the Army. by law. a. To organize, train and equip Army forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained combat operations on land—specifically, forces tc 2-4. The Army Role defeat enemy land forces and to seize, occupy, As mentioned in paragraph 2-3a above, one of and defend land area. the primary functions of the Army is to org- b. To organize, train and equip Army air anize, train and equip Army forces for the conduct defense units, including the provision of Army of prompt and sustained combat operations on forces as required for the defense of the United land—specifically, forces to defeat enemy land States against air attack, in accordance with forces and to seize, occupy, and defend land doctrines established by the Joint Chiefs of area. These forces can be employed in general, Staff. limited, and cold war environments. c. To organize and equip, in coordination a. General war is an armed conflict between with the other Services, and to provide Army major powers in which the total resources of the forces for joint amphibious and airborne opera- belligerents are employed and the national sur- tions, and to provide for the training of such vival of a major belligerent is in jeopardy. forces, in accordance with doctrines established General war involves the application, in a po- by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. tential nuclear warfare environment, of the (1) To develop, in coordination with the most modern military technology in successful other Services, doctrines, tactics, techniques, accomplishment of military objectives. and equipment of interest to the Army for am- b. Limited war is an armed conflict short of phibious operations and not provided for by the general war, exclusive of incidents, involving Department of the Navy. the overt engagement of the military forces of (2) To develop, in coordination with the two or more nations. Incidents are brief clashes other Services, the doctrines, procedures, and or other military disturbances generally of a equipment employed by Army and Marine transitory nature and not involving protracted Corps forces in airborne operations. The Army hostilities. Limited war involves the capability shall have primary interest in the development to fight successfully for limited objectives under of those airborne doctrines, procedures, and definitive policy limitations as to destructive equipment which are of common interest to the power employed or the geographical area in- Army and the Marine Corps. volved. Limited war may involve the introduc- d. To provide an organization capable of fur- tion of enemy nuclear, biological or chemical nishing adequate, timely, and reliable intelli- weapons to the battlefield. gence for the Army. c. Cold war is a state of international tension, e. To provide forces for the occupation of wherein political, economic, technological, so- territories abroad, to include initial establish- ciological, psychological, paramilitary, and mil- ment of military government pending transfer itary measures short of overt armed conflict of this responsibility to other authority. involving regular military forces are employed /. To formulate doctrines and procedures for to achieve national objectives. Cold war in- the organizing, equipping, training, and em- cludes the complete scope of actions, other than ployment of forces operating on land, except limited or general war, that can be used in a that the formulation of doctrines and proce- power struggle between contending nations or dures for the organization, equipping, training, coalitions. Included in cold war are stability and employment of Marine Corps units for operations, which involve that portion of in- amphibious operations shall be a function of ternal defense and internal development opera- the Department of the Navy. tions and assistance that can be provided by g. To conduct the following activities: armed forces to maintain, restore, or establish a (1) The administration and operation of the climate of order within which responsible gov- Panama Canal. ernment can function effectively and without (2) The authorized civil works program, which progress cannot be achieved. Stability including projects for improvement of naviga- operations can involve the spectrum of activi- tion, flood control, beach erosion control, and ties ranging from advisory assistance through other water resource developments in the the commitment of US combat forces.

2-2 FM 100-15

2-5. Performance of the Army Mission 2-6. Functions During Combat Operations Strategy generally dictates the assignment of Success in combat is directly related to combat missions to the Armed Services. The bulk of support and combat service support. From missions normally assigned to the Army re- these two elements this success in combat is quires the movement of Army forces from one obtained from intelligence; mobility; firepower; point to another against resistance in the form command, control and communications; and of enemy, weather, terrain, and distance. There- personnel. These are recognized as the six func- fore, to perform assigned missions successfully, tions of land combat. These functions constitute the Army must have the means to overcome this a logical and useful division of the elements of resistance and to accomplish the required move- combat power and while one or more may be ment both tactically and strategically. emphasized in a given situation, all must be present to some degree and all must be analyzed in view of their impact during that given situation.

2-3

FM 100-15

CHAPTER 3 NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR THEATER OPERATIONS

Section I. NATIONAL CHAIN OF COMMAND

3-1. Commander in Chief maintains coequal status with the members of The President is the Commander in Chief of the the Joint Chiefs of Staff on matters that directly concern the Marine Corps. Armed Forces of the United States. National organization for defense is fully defined in 3-4. Secretary of the Army Joint Chiefs of Staff Publications (JCS Pub). a. The Secretary of the Army, appointed by 3-2. Secretary of Defense the President with the advice and consent of the a. The Secretary of Defense, appointed by the Senate, is the head of the Department of the President with the advice and consent of the Army. Subject to direction, authority, and Senate, is the head of the Department of De- control of the President, as Commander in fense. The Secretary of Defense is the principal Chief, and of the Secretary of Defense, the assistant to the President in all matters relat- Secretary of the Army is responsible for and ing to national defense. The Secretary of De- has the authority to conduct all affairs of the fense authorizes, controls, and directs Army. performance of all functions in the Department b. These affairs include, but are not limited of Defense and its component agencies. to, those necessary or appropriate for the train- b. The Department of Defense includes the ing, operation, administration, logistic support Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Joint and maintenance, welfare, preparedness, and Chiefs of Staff, the three military departments effectiveness of the Army, including research and the Services within these departments, the and development. The Secretary of the Army unified and specified commands, and such does not exercise operational command over other agencies as the Secretary of Defense es- Army forces assigned to a unified or specified tablishes to meet specific requirements. command.

3-3. Joint Chiefs of Staff 3—5. Chief of Staff, US Army а. The Joint Chiefs of Staff are the principal The Chief of Staff, US Army, as the principal military advisers to the President, the National military adviser to the Secretary of the Army, Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. plans, develops, and executes the Army б. The Joint Chiefs of Staff consist of the program. He is directly responsible to the Secre- Chairman, the Chiefs of Staff of the Army and tary of the Army for the efficiency of the Army, of the Air Force, and the Chief of Naval Opera- its state of readiness for military operations, tions. The Commandant of the Marine Corps and the plans therefor.

Section II. AREA OF OPERATIONS

3-6. Area of Operations b. An area of operations is that portion of an a. An area of war is the total land, sea, and area of war necessary for offensive or defensive air area that is, or may become, involved di- military operations, pursuant to an assigned rectly in the operations of war. An area of war mission, and for the administration incident to has no definable limits and may consist of one such military operations. The term “area of or more areas of operations. The term “area of operations” is prescribed for use in joint or war” is prescribed for joint and combined combined operations, and is synonymous with usage, and is synonymous with the term of the term “theater of operations.” “theater of war” (JCS Pub 1). c. In large-scale operations conducted over

3-1 FM 100-15 vast geographical areas, theater of operations 3-8. Chain of Command (US Theater) normally are assigned sufficient area to allow a. The chain of command extends from the for and support of allocated forces. Unless con- President through the Secretary of Defense to structed by geographical limitations, sufficient the commander of the unified command. Stra- breadth and depth are provided to secure ma- tegic and operational direction of US forces neuver room for all types of operations, security, and the operations of lines of runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense and through the Joint Chiefs of Staff to communication. the commander of the unified command (fig 3-7. Commander of the Unified Command 3-1). The President, or the Secretary of De- (Theater) fense, or the Joint Chiefs of Staff by the authority and direction of the Secretary of Defense a. The President, through the Secretary of issue orders to such commanders. Defense and the advice and assistance of the b. The chain of command for purposes other Joint Chiefs of Staff, establishes unified or than the operational direction of unified arid specified commands on an area or functional specified commands runs from the President to basis for the performance of military missions. the Secretary of Defense to the Secretaries of He also determines the force structure of such the military departments to the Service com- commands. ponent commanders within unified and speci- b. Forces assigned to a unified command fied commands. This chain includes the consist of two or more Services; each Service preparation of military forces and their admin- has its own commander. When the President istration and support. establishes a unified command and assigns sig- c. The President controls the release and em- nificant US Army forces to it, the commander ployment of nuclear weapons through command of the unified command normally establishes a channels. The President grants authority to theater army. US Army forces in a theater of expend or employ these weapons and transmits operations usually are assigned to a theater his decision through the military chain of army (chap 4). command. If treaty organizations are involved, c. The commanders of unified or specified he employs both the treaty organization chain commands are responsible to the President and of command and the military chain of the Secretary of Defense for the accomplish- command. ment of assigned military missions. d. Because of political considerations, nu- d. Commanders of unified and specified clear weapons are brought under the permissive commands exercise operational command over action link system employing special locks and the forces assigned. Operational command com- combinations. Control of the release of permis- prises those functions of command involving sive action link code words and codes is han- the composition of subordinate forces, the as- dled similarly to control of the release of signment of tasks, the designation of objectives, expenditure authority. and the authoritative direction necessary to e. Only the President may authorize the use accomplish the mission. Operational command of chemical warfare. Cominanders receive direc-; should be exercised by the use of the assigned tives relating to the einployment of CW muni- normal organizational units through their re- tions through command channels. The pattern sponsible commanders or through the com- and objectives for the use of CW agents depend manders of subordinate forces established by on such variables as US foreign policy, require- the commander exercising operational ments of the military situation, allied partici- command. It does not include such matters as pation, nature of the threat, and related factors. administration, discipline, internal organization, and unit training, except when a subordi- 3-9. Combined Operations (Theater) nate commander requests assistance (JCS Pub a. Combined operations involve the military 1 and Pub 2). The terms “operational command” forces of two or more allied nations acting and “operational control” mean the same; how- together for the accomplishment of a single ever, the term “operational command” uniquely mission under a single commander. is applied to indicate the operational control b. When operations require coordinated ac- (authority) exercised by the commanders of tion at the theater level, a combined theater may unified and specified commands over assigned be established. The organization of a combined forces (JCS Pub 2). The term “operational theater and the command relationships within control” is used in all other cases. it will be determined by international treaty

3-2 FM 100-15

President

Secretary of Defense

Military Joint Chiefs of Staff Department8J s I Unified Command j1 (Theater) u-s—s—s-s— T x JL I Navy Army Air Force Other I Component Component Component ■ Forces and | (Theater ’ Commands^ , Army) I I I I

Joint Force Uni-Service (Subordinate^ Unified Com- Force mand or Joint Task Force)1

I — LEGEND

Joint. 1

Command — — —» — Direct coordination and common, Joint or cross-service support.

Operational command.

«—S*“S«™S““ Strategic and operational direction.

^The JTF exercises operational control.

^May be formed as required and as authorized

^Responsible for the preparation of military forces, their administration and support for Component Commands.

Figure 8-1. Chain of command for a type theater of operations. agreements. The President authorized the par- c. International standardization agreements ticipation of US forces in such combined opera- set forth the procedures for establishing unity tions. of effort of combined forces. Paragraph 1-lc sets

3-3 FM 100-15

International Alliance Authority

Allied Combined U.S. Unified Nation Command Command Command

Combined Land Force Headquarters ( )

Navy Air Force Theater Component Component Army i Allied U.S. Land .( Nation Force Land Force Component Component (Army Group ■SPT < TASCOM or Field Army or Independent Corps)

LEGEND

■0- Operational command/control (does not include administrative command or logistics responsibility).

-X- Operational command.

■SPT * Combat service support.

Commands.

Command less operational control.

Figure 3-2. Organization of a combined command. forth the standardization agreements that have may be a unified command, a specified command, been incorporated into this manual. a joint task force, or a uni-Service force. A type combined theater organization is shown in d. The US component of a combined theater figure 3-2.

3-4 FM 100-15

Section III. ORGANIZATION OF A US THEATER OF OPERATIONS

3-10. Territorial Organization based on jointly approved doctrine. Figure 3-4 a. The theater of operations is divided into a shows the major components and command re- combat zone and communications zone lationships of a unified command. Command (COMMZ) when adequate terrain is available. relationships may vary under different condi- The combat zone is that part of the theater tions from the unilateral scheme depicted in of operations that combat forces require for figure 3-4. The theater headquarters is estab- operations. The combat zone includes the lished for the operational direction of the ground, air, and sea areas within which the forces. commander can directly influence the progress b. The commander of the unified command or outcome of operations by maneuvering his exercises operational command of assigned ground gaining elements by delivering fire- forces (JCS Pub 2 and fig 3-4)— power with fire support systems under his Through the Service component command- control or command. Its size depends on the ers. area of interest, mission, organization, and By establishing a subordinate unified equipment of the force involved and the physi- command (when authorized). cal environment of the country. For tactical By establishing a uni-Service force (when control, the combat zone may be divided into authorized). army group, field army, corps, division, or sep- By establishing a joint task force. arate brigade areas. The commander of the By attaching elements of one force to an- unified command designates the rear boundary other force. of the combat zone; the boundary may change By directing specific operational forces as required by displacement of the combat that, because of the mission assigned and the forces (fig 3-3). urgency of the situation, must remain immedi- The communications zone is that part of a ately responsive to the commander. Such spe- theater of operations behind the combat zone. It cific forces must be identified by the contains the lines of communication, logistic commander and approved by the Joint Chiefs of support complexes, and other agencies required Staff and Secretary of Defense. for the immediate combat service support of the field forces (fig 3-3). The communications zone c. Service component forces within a theater includes sufficient area for the operation of are usually organized unilaterally. Each com- supply, evacuation, transportation, and combat ponent force (Army, Navy, or Air Force) has its service support installations and for their de- own organization for providing combat service fense. The communications zone also includes support. Exceptions occur when support is oth- any area necessary for the operation or support erwise provided by agreements or assignments of Navy or Air Force elements based outside the at force, theater, department, or Department of combat zone. The rear boundary of the commu- Defense (FM 100-10). nications zone is usually the rear boundary of d. Within the framework of operational the theater. command, the unified command commander b. Territorial organization of a theater of has authority to— operations varies with the type of theater, the Deploy and plan, direct, control, and coor- type of forces in a theater, and the nature of the dinate the actions of assigned forces. operations planned. FM 100-10, Combat Service Establish policy for and conduct joint Support, provides a more complete discussion training exercises. of the territorial communications zone. Establish personnel policies required to insure uniform standards of military conduct. 3-11. Command Structure, Unified Establish plans, policies, and overall re- Command quirements for the intelligence activities of his a. The commander organizes the unified command. command to perform his broad continuing mis- Establish plans, policies, and overall re- sion in accordance with the capabilities, quirements for the civil affairs activities of his strengths, and Service identity of the com- command. ponent elements. Although unified commands Plan and act in coordination with host vary in size, composition, and missions, their country for stability operations requirements. organizational structures are similar and are Exercise directive authority within his

3-5 FM 100-15

XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX COMBAT CORPS CORPS CORPS ZONE REAR REAR REAR AREA AREA AREA XXX XXX XXX

FIELD ARMY SERVICE AREA

-XXXX-

COMMZ

•oooo

Figure SS. Territorial organization of a type theater of operations. command in the field of logistics. (This author- programs to use supplies, facilities, and per- ity is intended to insure effectiveness and econ- sonnel effectively and to provide a balanced omy of operations and to prevent or eliminate effort in furtherance of his assigned mission.) unnecessary duplication of facilities and func- Direct joint activities in accordance with tions among Service components. It provides established joint doctrine and procedures. (Ex- for common-servicing, joint-servicing, or cross- amples of operations are unconventional war- servicing agreements or assignments. This au- fare, air defense, cover and deception, civil thority includes review of budgets and require- affairs, intelligence, and psychological opera- ments of the Service components of his tions; examples of combat service support are command and coordination of priorities and activities such as those supervised by the joint

3-6 FM 100-15

Unified Command (Theater)

T Tx JL i Army Air Force Other Navy Joint Force Uni-Service Component (Subordinate Forced Component Component Forces and Unified Command or (Theater Commands^ Joint Task Force)*- Army) T

Army Army Air Force Navy Navy Air Force Combat Service Combat, Combat Combat Servie : Combat Service Combat Combat Support Support Support Support Elements Elements Elements Elements Elements Elements I T-Ti IH->x—H—x—> X X SPT _L X

Navy Army Air Force SPT ■ SPT- Force Force Force

LEGEND

^Joint

Command

Direct coordination and common, Joint, or cross-service support.

X~~*—*X^—Operational command.

— SPT“““”Combat service support.

^■The JTF exercises operational control. ^May be formed as required and as authorized.

( ) Command during peacetime. Command less operational control during wartime. Figure 3-U. Organization of a type unified command. medical regulating office, joint military trans- Establish plans, policies, and overall portation board, joint petroleum office, and control structure for conducting electronic war- joint graves registration service.) fare activities.

3-7 FM 100-15

3-12. Component Commanders tion and tactical air support. Tactical air a. General. A Service component command support includes tactical airlift operations, (Army, Navy, or Air Force) commander and all close air support and tactical air reconnais- those individuals, units, detachments, organi- sance. Air Force combat support elements in zations or installations under his military the theater down to depot normally remain command which have been assigned to the oper- under command and control of the Air Force ational command of the commander of the uni- Logistics Command in continental United fied command. Each component commander is States, but are immediately responsive to air responsible for making recommendations to the force component needs. In addition to air force theater commander on the proper use of his component elements, other Air Force elements service component and for accomplishing such used for strategic operations may be present in operational missions as the theater commander the theater under the operational direction of may assign. The component commander is re- Department of Defense or a specified command. sponsible within his command for— The Air Force component commander exer- Internal administration and discipline, cises command of his forces through the Air except as may be otherwise provided: Force component command post. He plans, Training in service doctrine, techniques, controls, coordinates, and supervises activities and tactical methods. pertaining to tactical air operations (including Service intelligence matters. tactical air support) through the appropriate Combat service support functions normal to elements of the tactical air control system. his component except as otherwise directed. Additionally, the Air Force component com- Preparation of contingency plans and tacti- mander normally is assigned overall responsi- cal employment of the forces of his component bility for theater air defense, with the mission as directed. of coordinating and integrating the entire air Electronic w arfare policies and resources. defense effort -Within the theater. Subject to the The component commander communicates di- authority of the comhiander of the unified rectly with his Chief of Service on uni-Service command he establishes broad policies and pro- matters relating to administration, personnel, cedures for the employment of air defense training, logistics, communications, doctrine, means and the coordination of such means with combat developments, and other matters of in- the operations of other elements within the area ternal interest. The component commander in (para 3-16, JCS Pub 8, and FM 44-1). accordance with his departmental instructions, 3-13. Subordinate Unified Command subject to the directive authority of the commander of the unified command, retains and The commander of an existing unified exercises the operating details of the Service command may establish a subordinate unified combat service support system. command with the concurrence of or at the b. Army Component. Chapter 4 discusses the direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and with theater army commander’s duties and responsi- the consent of the Secretary of Defense. The bilities. subordinate unified command commander has c. Navy Component. The navy component functions, authority, and responsibilities at his commander’s responsibilities for navy forces level similar to those that the President estab- generally parallel the theater army com- lishes for the Unified command commander. mander’s responsibilities as discussed in Service component commanders of subordinate chapter 4. The commander of the unified unified commands communicate directly with command is provided a Navy task organiza- their respective Service component command- tion, consisting of combat forces with combat ers of the unified command on intra-Service service support elements. The navy component matters. In general, the responsibilities of com- commander exercises command through the ponent commanders of a subordinate unified Navy combat force commander. The com- command are comparable with those of the commander of the unified command bases the as- ponent commanders of a unified command. An signment of Navy forces on the tasks unconventional warfare element may be orga- anticipated. nized functionally as a subordinate unified d. Air Force Component. The air force com- command. ponent commander’s mission is to conduct prompt, sustained, and responsive air opera- 3-14. Joint Task Force (JTF) tions in combat, including counterair, interdic- A joint task force (JTF) is a short-duration

»-8 FM 100-15 force composed of elements from two or more comparable with those of the component com- Service components, established by the Secre- manders of a unified command. tary of Defense or by a unified command commander, by a specified command, or by an 3-15. Uni-Service Force existing joint task force. The joint task force commander exercises operational command With the approval of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, through the Service component commanders the commander of the unified command may comprising his force. He may exercise direct establish a separate uni-Service force and have command of the forces of his own Service com- the commander operate directly under him. ponent that comprise the joint task force. He 3-16. Other Forces and Commands exercises only that combat service support control or coordination necessary to the needs a. In a major emergency, the commander of of his subordinate commanders. Service com- the unified command assumes temporary oper- manders of a joint task force communicate ational command of all US forces in the theater. directly with their respective component com- He may not delegate this authority. manders of the unified command or parent b. Functional commands may be organized at joint task force on intra-Service matters. The the theater level to provide centralized control joint task force commander must designate of theater-wide functions. Examples of such Service component commanders and define commands may be ft theater civil affairs clearly command responsibilities and relation- command, theater air defense command, or a ships. In general, the responsibilities of com- theater unconventional warfare command ponent commanders of a joint task force are (chap 4).

Section IV. THEATER PLANNING 3-17. Information and Intelligence electronic warfare data base for potential wartime combat purposes. a. The theater headquarters is primarily a d. In wartime, the information collection strategic planning headquarters. To plan and effort focuses on existing and potential prepare for the execution of assigned missions, enemies. At the unified command, the com- the theater commander must possess timely mander emphasizes enemy order of battle, capa- intelligence of the enemy and the area of opera- bilities, materiel, environmental, and civil tions to include the civil population and related affairs considerations. environmental factors (political, economic, so- e. The commander of the unified command ciological, and psychological). In peace and provides overall direction and coordination of war, the collection of information and the pro- the intelligence effort of assigned forces. While duction and dissemination of intelligence are the Service component commanders maintain continuing processes. the functions and means of executing their own b. The intelligence agencies of the Armed intelligence functions, the commander of the Forces and the Defense Intelligence Agency, in unified command may establish an intelligence conjunction with the Central Intelligence organization, normally composed of intelli- Agency and other Federal agencies, produce gence elements of the Service components, intelligence and data base information for elec- under his direct command to perform theater tronic warfare on the capabilities, vulnerabili- intelligence requirements. When established, ties, and probable courses of action of the this organization also provides Service com- armed forces of foreign nations to include in- ponent forces with the intelligence required to surgent forces that they may sponsor; and they supplement their own organic intelligence capa- furnish timely warning of the nature of an bility. The commander of the unified command impending attack on the United States, its may delegate operational control of the theater forces abroad, and/or forces of friendly foreign military intelligence organization to the theater nations. The agencies develop descriptive intelligence officer. studies, such as the National Intelligence Sur- vey, of foreign countries and potential theater 3-18. Basis of operations. These studies provide a pool of basic intelligence. a. The National Security Council formulates c. Peacetime intelligence programs focus on national strategy and determines national se- the worldwide intelligence requirement and curity objectives. The Department of Defense,

3-9 FM 100-15 in coordination with other executive depart- Electronic warfare plan. ments, translates national strategy and objec- Cover and deception plan. tives into national military strategy with d. Decisive action results from clear-cut, com- strategic military objectives. The Joint Chiefs prehensive plans, based on full use of all availa- of Staff use these objectives and consider both ble forces and means. The commander may the recommendations of theater commanders foresee an opportunity for decisive action ini- and the total military capabilities of the nation tially or during the operation. In either case, he to arrive at a war plan that will accomplish the needs a flexible plan so that he can exploit objectives. favorable developments. Exploitation is en- b. The unified commander’shanced mission by is there- use of units having mobility ceived through an approved war plan, a letter of superior to that of the opposing forces. instruction, or other orders from the President, Secretary of Defense, or Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission, usually general in nature, grants 3-20. Consideration great latitude to the commander of the unified a. The mission, existing relationships with command. The basic war plan from the Joint host country or allied nations in the objective Chiefs of Staff provides a strategic concept and area, enemy situation, civil population, geogra- specifies forces for each Service component. phy, and local resources, including existing Based on these broad instructions, the com- routes and means of communication, and the mander of the unified command will formulate psychological impact of military presence, ac- specific plans for operations. tivities, and operations play key roles in planning the organization and operations of theater forces. An analysis of these basic factors dic- 3-19. Scope tates the subdivision of the theater into sepa- a. The commander of the unified command rate areas and the assignment of appropriate plans as far in advance as possible and makes missions to the forces allocated to each area. his operational needs known to Department of b. Regardless of whether the commander of Defense through the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The the unified command prepares the phan of commander of the unified command projects campaign to meet a probable situation or an his planning through the accomplishment of his existing situation, he considers in detail— mission. He may plan several campaigns con- The mission. currently, each including large-scale opera- Political constraints or limitations imposed tions. on his forces for the campaign. b. Campaign plans are normally prepared to Cover and deception considerations. cover long-range strategic missions, while oper- The relative capability of opposing forces. ational plans are used for those missions of The resources required to accomplish the shorter duration or of reduced scope. Prepara- mission. tion of the campaign plan follows the long-range The courses of action to accomplish the or strategic estimate of the situation. The pur- mission. pose of the plan is to outline an orderly sched- The area of concentration of opposing ule of the strategic decisions made by the forces. commander. This schedule should allow time to Combat service support requirements. procure and provide the means to secure de- Routes of communications. sired or assigned objectives. Signal communications. c. Each campaign plan includes— Psychological operations. The situation. Electronic warfare operations. The mission of the force. The terrain, weather, and operational envi- The concept of the operation, to include the ronment within the theater of operations. scheme of maneuver, phasing of the operation, c. In addition to assessing realistically the and its timing. combat power of infantry, armor, artillery, nu- Coordinating instructions. clear weapons, arid naval and air forces, he Logistics. particularly considers cover and deception cap- Command and signal matters, including abilities for achieving surprise by utilizing the general command relationships for the en- such highly mobile elements as airborne and tire campaign or portion thereof, and communi- airmobile forces or by employing electronic cations and electronic plan. warfare, unconventional warfare and infiltra-

3-10 FM 100-15 tion techniques. The commander must react subordinate headquarters are considered as an promptly to counter enemy employment of new integral part of theater planning. forces, weapons, tactics, or techniques. c. Theater forces are not always employed d. The following factors play an important role directly against the enemy’s main forces; they in the employment of forces: may advance toward some locality containing Climate and terrain to include hydrography the essentials of the enemy’s national life, forc- and major features, such as large rivers, lakes, ing him to decide whether to move to its defense marshes, swamps, jungles, heavily forested or to abandon important territory or areas of areas, and mountain ranges. significant military advantage. Character and position of frontiers. d. The commander may elect to seize an objec- Density of population, health hazards, avail- tive that pláces the enemy in an unfavorable able food resources, and potential refugee prob- position for decisive battle. The commander lems. may also elect to seize objectives that may Local resources to include transportation prevent the enemy from employing his total and communication facilities. combat power to dény the space to maneuver Social, political, economic, psychological, troops. He may also decide to electronically and military environment including probable isolate certain units on the battlefield and pre- reaction of the population of the area; e.g., clude their ability to coordinate dr communi- actively hostile, neutral, apathetic, friendly, or cate with superior subordinate or lateral actively friendly. commands or units. Enemy forces may be e. By timely and realistic planning, the. com- subject to defeat in detail if seizure of the mander selects the course of action that appears selected objective requires the enemy force to to offer thé greatest possibility for successful redeploy to defend it or to use separate avenues accomplishment of the mission. He especially of advance that are beyond mutual supporting plans cover and deception measures to insure distance of each other. security of friendly forces and to achieve sur- e. During the conduct of stability operations, prise over the enemy either at the outbreak of a fixed line of contact is seldom defined, and the hostilities or at the start of new operational seizure of objectives or terrain may have little phases. The plan must provide for a rapid con- or no significance. Usually, the primary objec- centration of means for employment in the deci- tive is an orientation on the population. There- sive direction. The commander also plans for con- fore, the need for timely and accurate tingencies to capitalize on successes as well as intelligence as a basis for planning becomes actions required should operations not develop increasingly important. These considerations as planned, since the movement and employ- are valid at all planning levels. ment of larger units require long-range planning and preparation, the theater commander must visualize the entire campaign from initiation to 3-22. Effect on Component and Other completion. While he never loses sight of the Subordinate Commanders objectives of the campaign, he also attempts to Theater plans provide sufficient guidance for foresee and evaluate the situations that may the component forces to conduct operations that develop as a result of his planned operations. insure unity of effort. Therefore, theater plans affect the subordinate commander by directing his efforts and defining the magnitude of his 3-21. Planning Initial Operations task in terms of area, operational scope, and a. Initially,. planning át theater level must combat service support requirements. Subordi- consider such factors as base development, nate commanders normally do not prepare command and control facilities, and force orders and plans to cover the entire time span/ structure. As tactical plahs develop, these fac- scope of the campaign plan. They plan in detail tors may require adjustment and different or for those initial actions for which necessary increased resources may be required. information is available and which they may be b. Unified command headquarters planning called on to execute early. For undertakings is accomplished in coordination with com- occurring later in the campaign plan, they ponent force headquarters. The estimates of conduct long-range planning.

3-11 FM 100-15

Doctrinal Recapitulation

• The Joint Chiefs of Staff are the principal military advisers to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense. • The Chief of Staff, US Army is directly responsible to the Secretary of the Army for the efficiency of the Army, its state of readiness for military operations, and the plans therefor. • Unified or specified commands are established on an area or functional basis. • The chain of command for the strategic and operational direction of US forces runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense and through the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the commander of the unified command. • The President exercises control and release of nuclear weapons through the military chain of command. • The organization of a combined command, to include command relationships, is established by international treaty agreement. • A subordinate unified command may be established by the commander of the unified command with the concurrence of or at the direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff with the consent of the Secretary of Defense. • A Joint Task Force may be established by the Secretary of Defense, unified command commander, specified command commander, or by the commander of an existing Joint Task Force. • The mission assigned to a commander of the unified command is usually broad in nature and provides him great latitude in its development. • Campaign plans are normally prepared to cover long-range strategic missions, while operation plans are used for those missions of short duration or of reduced scope. • Initial plans at unified command level include base development, command and control facilities, force structure, and cover deception. • Unified command plans provide sufficient guidance for the component forces to conduct operations and insure unity of effort.

3-12 FM 100-15

CHAPTER 4 THEATER ARMY MISSION, ORGANIZATION, AND FUNCTIONS

Section I. GENERAL

4-1. Theater Army Mission functions and prerogatives of subordinate headquarters. The theater army (TA) is the Army component b. Theater army normally consists of the of the unified command. Its mission is to or- headquarters elements necessary to provide ganize, train, and provide US Army forces in command, a variable number of field armies or support of operational requirements of the uni- army groups, an assigned theater army support fied or combined command. This mission may command (TASCOM), and an attached theater include tactical operations, training, adminis- army communications command (TACCOM). tration, combat service support, welfare, pre- Based on mission requirements, theater army paredness, and combat readiness and may include an Army air defense brigade effectiveness of assigned Army forces and sup- command, a civil affairs (CA) brigade port of other forces, as directed. When assigned command, a military intelligence (MI) group, a an operational tactical mission, theater army special forces (SF) group, a psychological oper- commander carries out the strategic plans and ations (PSYOP) group, and other groups or instructions of higher headquarters by issuing commands as required (fig 4-1). The field army broad directives or letters of instructions to and TASCOM are on the same command level. assigned combat forces. The commanders of both organizations have the combat service support means needed to per- 4-2. Theater Army Organization form their mission in the combat zone and a. As a component of the unified command, communications zone (COMMZ) respectively, the theater army does not duplicate efforts of subject to policy guidance and directives of the higher and collateral headquarters or usurp theater army commander.

4-1 FM 100-15

TAHQ

Sp Trp TACCOM TASCOM Army Gp

Fid Army r r I

I SF Gp MI Gp I PSTOP Gp

I 1 I I ADA ■ USASA I TCAC Bde ENC0M3 L (TA) L_ I

Communications Zone * Combat Zone

As required.

Command•

Operational control.

Command during peacetime. Command less operational control during wartime.

^•May be designated as AD command. ^Provides support in accordance with AR 10-122. JMay operate directly under TA or TASCOM. During wartime, the commander of the unified or combined command, may retain these units directly under his command. Theater civil affairs command is assigned when required and the theater commander delegates civil affairs authority to the theater army.

Figure 4—1. Typed Theater Army Structure.

Section II. COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS

4-3. General regulations is normally the theater army com- Except for the commander of the unified mander, unless another officer is so designated command and members of his joint staff, the by competent authority. Only in an emergency senior US Army officer assigned to the unified and on a temporary basis is the theater army command and qualified for command by Army commander also the commander of the unified

4-2 FM 100-15 command. When the commander exercises dual Support of cover and deception and elec- command, he uses separate and distinct staffs tronic warfare operations. to exercise the functions of operational c. The theater army commander operates command and component command. Army combat service support systems in accordance with Department of the Army instructions, subject to the directive authority of the 4-4. Relationships with the Commander of theater commander. The theater commander’s directive authority in the area of combat service the Unified Command support extends to the coordination of— a. The theater army commander makes rec- Acquisition, storage, movement, distribu- ommendations to the commander of the uni- tion, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition fied command on the proper employment of the of materiel. Army component and he accomplishes such op- Movement and evacuation of personnel. erational missions as may be assigned by the Acquisition or construction, maintenance, commander of the unified command. operation, and disposition of facilities. b. The US theater army commander is re- Acquisition or furnishing of services. sponsible within his command, as directed, for— Internal administration and discipline, 4-5. Relationship With the Chief of Staff, US except where these functions are of joint in- Army terest or where the theater commander is af- The theater army commander communicates fected. Training in Army doctrine, techniques, and directly with the CofSA, on uni-Service matters tactics. relating to administration, personnel, training, Combat service support functions normal to logistics, communications, doctrine, and the Army component, except as otherwise di- combat developments and on intelligence rected by higher authority. matters primarily of Army interest. The CofSA Employment of forces assigned to his oper- appoints the theater army commander. ational control by theater commander. 4-6. Relationship with Collateral Commands Army intelligence matters. PSYOP matters. The theater army commander coordinates his Enemy prisoner of war and captured US operations with those of the Navy component, military personnel policy and planning Air Force component, and other major subordi- matters. nate commands of the unified command (fig 3-1 Civil affairs. and 3-3). In a joint task force (JTF), the theater Army air defense as part of theater air army commander provides combat service sup- defense. port to both the US Army component of the JTF Special Forces operations. and its other components as the commander of Special ammunition support. the unified command directs.

Section III. ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS 4-7. Territorial Responsibility 4-8. Intelligence The unified commander assigns geographic responsibility for the area required for conduct a. The theater army commander provides and support of ground force operations to the overall direction and coordination of the intelli- theater army commander. The theater army gence effort of Army forces under his opera- commander recommends to the commander of tional control. This effort involves collecting the unified command the division of this area and processing information and disseminating into a combat zone and COMMZ and assigns intelligence and counterintelligence, including geographic responsibility to the army group, technical, scientific and target intelligence. field army commander or commanders and While he delegates the functions to his subordi- TASCOM commander respectively, in accord- nate major commanders, the theater army com- ance with joint command arrangements. These mander, during peacetime, retains an commanders are responsible for rear area pro- intelligence group under his direct command to tection (RÀP). carry out theater army intelligence require-

4-3 FM 100-15 ments. This organization also provides subordi- support (GS) units. Close liaison is necessary nate field armies and TASCOM with the between the TASCOM and the field army sup- intelligence required to supplement their or- port command (FASCOM), their higher head- ganic intelligence capability. The theater army quarters, and their subordinate functional commander may assign operational control of activities and units. The theater army com- the theater military intelligence organization to mander provides for the exercise of technical the theater army intelligence officer. supervision (including technical inspections b. During wartime, the commander of the and instructions) by combat service support unified command may require that certain ele- commanders applicable to the force as a whole ments of the theater army intelligence organiza- (supported and supporting forces) and is re- tion be placed under the unified command sponsible for logistic readiness of Army equip- control for execution of theater intelligence re- ment. quirements. In these instances, the theater b. The theater army commander is responsi- army commander has the task of organizing, ble for Army construction and provision of real training, and providing the required intelli- property maintenance activities (RPMA) sup- gence elements in support of the mission of the port throughout the theater including that per- unified command and providing these elements formed for other US Military Services and with combat service support. Also during war- Government agencies and for support of allied time the commander of the unified command forces as may be directed by joint, unified, or assumes operational control of certain SIGINT combined command commanders concerned. activities. He may then wish to redirect their The theater army commander discharges his activities to EW support functions. In these construction and RPMA responsibilities instances the theater army commander has the through the engineer command (ENCOM). De- responsibility for establishing and implement- pending on availability of engineer resources, ing his EW policy to subordinate commands the magnitude and diversity of the engineer and Army component commands as well as tasks, and the theater army commander’s con- coordination of such policies with JCS and sideration of span of control, the ENCOM may National Security Agency (NSA). operate under direct control of the theater army or under the TASCOM (para 4-16—4^19). 4-9. Combat Service Support 4—10. Theater Army in Stability Operations a. The theater army commander retains the a. The stability operations mission of theater overall control of combat service support opera- army is to provide assistance, as specified by tions to insure uniformity of the support effort the commander of unified command, to request- within the theater. He exercises control by issuing host countries to prevent oï defeat insuring appropriate policies, mission directives, gency. All forces assigned to the theater army broad planning and program guidance, alloca- components of a unified command are potential tions, and priorities for accomplishing the stability operations forces. Theater army orga- theater army mission. The theater army com- nizations and units have a capability to per- mander generally delegates authority and re- form in-country surveys; to plan for the sponsibility for executing the foregoing to the advising, training, and supervision of host TASCOM and the field army commanders. country forces in the performance of the TASCOM is responsible both for interzonal combat, combat support, and combat service services and throughput shipments of supplies support aspects of internal defense and in- and personnel originating in the TASCOM area ternal development programs; and to deploy and for the use of allocated Air Force Tactical combat service support, combat support, and Air Command (TAC) and Military Airlift combat forces to cope with deteriorating in- Command (MAC) aircraft. The MAC fleet of ternal defense situations. US Army forces serve aircraft with augmentation by commercial air- under the guidance of the Chief, US country craft provides the theater army with a rapid team, and their efforts are integrated with those capability for the movement of critical and of other US Government agencies and services. high-priority cargo. These aircraft are particu- Such agencies and services to include US larly useful in the implementation of the direct Military are coordinated and integrated at na- support supply system (DSS) for the shipment tional level by participation in the National of supplies from theater oriented depot com- Internal Defense Coordination Center plexes in continental United States (CONUS) (NIDCC). US forces’ support is provided direct to oversea direct support (DS)/general through area coordination centers (ACC) estab* FM 100-15

lished by host country at intermediate (re- 4-11. Tactical Operations Center gional, provincial, and district) and local levels. In most cases echelons above field army do not These combined civil/military headquarters have a tactical operations center because they (NIDCC/ACC) perform a twofold mission: are engaged primarily in long-range planning Provide integrated planning, coordination, and are not extensively involved in day-to-day and direction of all internal defense and in- operations. However, a command and control ternal development efforts. operations center (CCOC) or other similar Insure immediate, coordinated response to command center is normally established to pro- operational requirements. vide the commander with a high-speed commu- b. FM 100-20 provides discussion on internal nications link to the unified command defense and internal development. FM 31-23 headquarters, higher authorities and subordi- contains a discussion of stability operations. nate commands.

Section IV. THEATER ARMY HEADQUARTERS

4-12. Theater Army Headquarters (HHC), theater army, is a TDA unit and has no Organization fixed organization. It is organized and staffed The headquarters and headquarters company to meet the varied requirements of the theater

Comd Sec

IG SJA CofS Sec Sec gee

ACofS ACofS ACofS ACofS ACofS ACofS G1 Sec G2 Sec G3 Sec G4 Sec G5 Sec Compt Sec

AG Engr Info HQ Comdt PM C-E SurgJ Sec Sec Sec Sec Sec Seel

Other HQ Co Comm Scty Trans Units^

Icommunications-electronics staff officer. Also commands TAACOM. O As required. ^Provided by and organic to medcom.

Figure b-H. Type theater army headquarters.

4-5 FM 100-15 staff officer training. In most cases the expan- the enlarged activity occasioned by the increase sion of staff sections is sufficient to cope with of subordinate major commands, assigned mis- organization. The commander can structure the sion, and the variation of conflict missions. organization to suit his mission and require- Staff officers work in close coordination with ments. The number of spaces required depends their counterparts in the other Services and on the size of the theater, environmental fac- with the theater headquarters staff. tors, level of conflict intensity, and desires of b. Other staff section functions, e.g., informa- the commander (fig 4-2). tion officer, inspector general, and staff judge advocate, not integrated into the general staff, are performed either by separate staff sections 4-13. Theater Army Staff or by administrative and technical service per- a. The theater army headquarterssonnel assigned (TAHQ) to the commander’s personal staff assists the commander in accomplishing staff. When the ENCOM is assigned to the his mission. It is organized to permit fragmen- theater army the ENCOM commander may be tation of the headquarters and operation in the theater engineer. The theater army staff separate locations. Staff activities concern pol- officers rarely perform day-to-day operational icy planning and coordination rather than functions; their primary concern is planning direction of operations. Similar functions are and policy formulation. FM 101-5 provides a grouped and assigned to a staff to standardize discussion of staff officer functions.

Section V. AIR DEFENSE BRIGADE, THEATER ARMY 4-14 General army commander for the control and operational employment of Army air defense means The theater army commander is responsible to that are organic, attached, or assigned to the the commander of the unified command for the field army. employment of Army air defense resources. The b. In the COMMZ, the air defense operational control of air defense elements in the army requirements, available units, and area organi- group or field army areas is delegated to the zation govern the organization for theater army army group or field army commander. The Air air defense. The major US Army air defense Force component commander coordinates and unit in the COMMZ, is the US Army ADA integrates the theater air defense effort through brigade, a subordinate command of theater a theater air defense organization. The theater army (fig 4-1). Exceptionally, an air defense army commander’s responsibilities include— command, theater army may be formed when Providing the commander of the unified administrative and logistic requirements command with theater army air defense re- exceed the capability of a brigade headquarters. quirements in priority. The theater army commander’s responsibility Allocating, organizing, and employing for these units is usually confined to command Army air defense means in accordance with less operational control. The theater army head- theater operational plans. quarters staff is responsible for broad policy Prescribing unit training, operating, and guidance concerning air defense priorities and logistic and administrative procedures. allocation of resources. The air defense brigade Planning, coordinating, and staging addi- commander has normal command responsibil- tional Army air defense forces into the theater ities for training, administration, and combat of operations (TO). service support of his forces and for operational missions as assigned. The TASCOM provides 4-15. Organization and Mission combat service support in response to the a. In the combat zone, the regional air defense theater army air defense brigade commander’s commander may delegate authority to the field requirements.

Section VI. THEATER ARMY SUPPORT COMMAND

4-16. Mission b. Direct and general support to the COMMZ. The TASCOM provides combat service support c. Rear area protection (RAP) in the COMMZ. to Army and other designated forces in a In addition, the theater army commander as- theater of operations. Services provided are— signs to TASCOM responsibility for area emer- a. General support to the field army. gency warning in the COMMZ.

4-6 FM 100-15

FASCOM

xxxx

TASCOM 8 r 21 PERSCOM MATCOM ENCOM TRANSCOM MEDCCM L___ J

TAACOM CA Bde

^ 0

^General support combat service support to the combat zone.

^May be directly under TA control.

^Provide DS combat service support in the COMMZ. Figure i-S. TASCOM. 4-17. Basis marily in the field of personnel, administrative and logistic service, construction, maintenance, a. TASCOM, a major subordinate command supply, transportation and logistic services. of theater army, is assigned on the basis of one Theater army headquarters provides TASCOM per theater army. necessary policies, priorities, allocations, direc- b. TASCOM headquarters accomplishes its tives, and guidance to permit conduct of theater mission through centralized control operations activities in the execution of assigned missions. of its subordinate commands. The commands are self-sufficient, having the resources to per- The TASCOM commander, when delegated au- form their assigned missions. When a TASCOM thority, may issue technical instruction to sup- headquarters is not provided, subordinate ported units of theater army and may conduct technical inspections thereof. He may further combat service support (CSS) units may oper- delegate authority to major subordinate com- ate directly under theater army. manders to perform these technical instruc- 4-18. Functions tions and inspection functions. a. TASCOM combat service support functions b. The theater army commander assigns the include services provided operating forces pri- TASCOM commander territorial responsibility

4-7 FM 100-15 for the COMMZ and defines the elements and a. Headquarters, TASCOM. limits of this responsibility. The TASCOM com- b. Personnel command (PERSCOM). mander further assigns the area responsibilities to the commander, theater army area c. Materiel command (MATCOM). command (TAACOM). d. Engineer command (ENCOM). (May be c. FM 54-7 and FM 100-10-series provide directly under theater army control.) detailed discussions of the TASCOM. e. Transportation command (TRANSCOM). 4-19. Organization /. Medical command (MEDCOM). A TASCOM (fig 4-3) may be composed of the following major subordinate units: g. Theater army area command (TAACOM).

Section VII. THEATER ARMY COMMUNICATIONS 4-20. Theater Army Responsibilities situation requires. The organization of each TACCOM will be different because each will be a. The theater army commander provides for tailored to support a specific force structure in communications services to Army elements and a specific theater of operations. to other services and agencies as directed. The theater army assistant chief of staff, communi- 4-22. Theater Army Communications System cations-electronics, plans and supervises the formulation and implementation of signal The theater army communications system (TACS) consists of a multi-means, multi-axis, plans, policies, and procedures for installation, maintenance, operations, and management of integrated network extending from the rear of the theater, through the COMMZ, and interfac- Army communications services in the theater. ing with the communications systems of the b. The manner of organizing and controlling communications for the combat zone and the combat zone. The theater army communications COMMZ is different. The major difference system must also interface with the defense between COMMZ and the combat zone commu- communications system (DCS) at theater nications, is that the combat communications access points. The theater army communica- are provided by signal units organically as- tions system, composed of long lines radio and signed to field army, corps, and divisions. The cable trunking systems, communications field army provides area communications centers, patching and switching facilities and system support to those subordinate elements multichannel access systems, varies in compo- not having organic area communications capa- sition and magnitude from one theater to another depending on many operational, terrain bility. In the COMMZ, communications systems and tactical considerations. Details on the are established by the theater army communica- TACCOM and the theater army communications command. tions system are contained in FM 11-23. 4-21. Theater Army Communications Command 4—23. Communications Security Logistic Support a. The theater army communications command (TACCOM) installs and operates the a. Organizational elements, for providing theater army communications system (TACS). communications security (COMSEC) logistic The TACCOM commander also serves as the support in a theater of operations are the theater army communications-electronics staff theater COMSEC logistic support center officer. The TACCOM provides internal commu- (TCLSC), the COMSEC logistic support center nications for headquarters and installations in (CLSC), and the COMSEC logistic support unit the COMMZ that do not have organic communi- (CLSU). cations elements; e.g. mission commands, b. The TCLSC is the principal COMSEC lo- theater army support command (TASCOM) and gistic support facility in the theater. The theater headquarters when Army is the pro- TCLSC is an element of the TACCOM and, as ponent command. such, is responsive to the Army component com- b. The basis of allocation of the TACCOM is mander through the TACCOM commander. one per theater army. To provide the required c. The COMSEC CLSC provides COMSEC flexibility, TACCOM is made up of building logistic support to a field army, or equivalent block units that can be added or deleted as the force, and other activities as directed; e.g., other

4-8 FM 100-15

Services, the State Department, and allied general support (GS) and has a mobile mainte- commands. The CLSC is responsive to the field nance capability. The CLSU may be established army commander through the field army C-E to meet variations in the typical theater or field staff officer and is under the technical direction army. It can be an organic element of a TCLSC of the TCLSC. or a separate unit for support on a geographical area basis. In the latter case, the CLSU may be d. The CLSU in a typical field army is an an element of a TACCOM subordinate organic element of the CLSC on the basis of two command but under the technical direction of per corps. It provides direct support (DS) and the TCLSC.

Section VIII. MILITARY INTELLIGENCE GROUP, THEATER ARMY 4-24. General sonnel; and intelligence, counterintelligence, and technical intelligence staff personnel. The MI group supporting headquarters theater These personnel are employed directly within army provides intelligence and intelligence spe- the theater army ACofS, G2, staff sections. cialist support services that are beyond the c. The relationship to other theater army and organic capability of theater army subordinate component commands follows: commands or that can be centralized more The MI group, theater army operates in DS effectively and efficiently. Subordinate theater of theater army headquarters and in GS of the army commands retain intelligence responsibi- MI battalions assigned to the field army and the lities and resources that are essential to their MI group, counterintelligence TAACOM/ mission and whose assignment to the theater TASCOM. If the commander of the unified army reduces response time to a degree consti- command establishes a joint intelligence orga- tuting an unacceptable risk. FM 30-9 provides nization, the MI group can provide the Army the basic reference for the MI group and opera- element. tions. The MI Group, theater army coordinates closely with comparable intelligence units of 4-25. Organization and Functions other Service component commands to provide а. MI group, theater army provides personnel for the timely exchange of intelligence informa- support to theater army for collecting and proc- tion, consolidation of appropriate operations, essing of intelligence information. The group is and the elimination of conflicts and duplica- assigned to theater army headquarters and re- tion. ceives staff supervision from the theater army The MI group, counterintelligence, intelligence officer. TAACOM/TASCOM, provides MI specialist sup- б. The theater army headquarters staff support for TASCOM units and all Army units and port section provides augmentation to the installations, including the theater army head- theater army G2 in the form of MI intelligence quarters in the COMMZ. The group is responsi- staff and production specialists, as required. ble for conducting personnel security This section may also provide army intelligence investigations of Army personnel, and for con- staff personnel to augment the intelligence staff ducting counterintelligence operations in sup- section at theater. The theater army headquar- port of the TAACOM RAP mission. ters support element is commonly constructed The MI units assigned to theater army, field through the use of MI cellular teams and per- army, and TASCOM support those commands sonnel of the TOE 30-500 and TOE 30-600 in the exercise of their command intelligence series on the basis of the current and antici- responsibilities. Although the three echelons es- pated requirements of the command. Examples tablish working-level coordination in many of of MI specialists who may be included in this their activities, they operate under the staff section are strategic intelligence and order of supervision of their respective command intelli- battle production specialists; censorship per- gence officers.

Section IX. CIVIL AFFAIRS BRIGADE, THEATER ARMY

4“26. General theater army commander. The theater army The commander of the unified command may commander then determines the method of con- delegate CA authority for the theater to the ducting theater CA operations and the organi-

4-9 FM 100-15

zation to support that method. The theater army which case he also attaches necessary CA units commander may delegate CA authority for the to the TAACOM. combat zone to the field army commander or commanders and for the COMMZ to the theater 4-27. Mission army support commander. The CA brigade is The CA brigade assists the parent headquarters normally assigned to the TASCOM and in planning, coordinating, directing, and super- FASCOM and they are delegated CA authority. vising CA operations and provides CA elements The TASCOM commander may further delegate to subordinate commands to assist in executing CA authority to the TAACOM commander in their CA responsibilities.

Section X. THE SPECIAL FORCES GROUP

4-28. General Plan and conduct advisory and training activities in stability operation. The theater army organization usually will include a US Army Special Forces (SF) group. When a theater unconventional warfare (UW) command is established, the SF group func- 4-30. Capabilities tions as the Army component of the command. The SF group is the major table of organization SF possess specific capabilities to include— and equipment (TOE) unit within the US Army Infiltrating and exfiltrating specified areas SF that provides command, control, adminis- by air, land, or sea. tration, and support for assigned strategic or Surviving and operating in remote area/ tactical missions and provides flexible response. and hostile environments for long periods with It can undertake a variety of tasks and mis- minimum external direction and support. sions, in many modes and configurations, Planning and conducting military opera- under circumstances and in environments not tions to include developing, organizing, equip- customarily envisioned for regular forces, and, ping, training, and directing indigenous forces most importantly, in all levels of conflict. SF in guerrilla warfare. participation in operations may be either in a Participating in evasion and escape opera- primary or supporting role in conjunction with tions or supporting them. other forces or agencies. Deployment for opera- Participating in other UW missions in ru- tions may involve only selected individuals or ral or urban areas, either unilaterally or in detachments with specific capabilities, or it conjunction with indigenous resistance forces. may require one or more SF groups. The SF Training, advising, and assisting indige- group establishes the special forces operational nous military or paramilitary forces, to include base (SFOB) in friendly territory as required. operational, logistic, and fiscal support. FM 31-21 and FM 31-21A provides discussion Participating in reconnaissance and sur- of SF operations. veillance missions in remote or hostile areas, to include long-range patrols. 4-29. Mission Plan and direct deep penetration missions. Attacking critical strategic targets and As a multipurpose force, the US Army SF target acquisition in deep penetration missions. group must be prepared for a commitment to Conducting training for US personnel in any mission within its capability. These mis- SF operational techniques that have utility in sions are— conventional force operations. Plan and conduct unconventional warfare Selected independent operations of a sensi- operations. tive or critical nature when directed by higher Plan, conduct, and support stability opera- authority. tions. Assisting in the collection of intelligence Plan and conduct direct action missions through normal functions or actively engaging which are peculiar to Special Forces due to in intelligence collection missions when intelli- their organization, training, equipment and gence collection personnel are attached or as- psychological preparation. signed to the group.

4-10 FM 100-15

Section XI. THEATER ARMY PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS GROUP

4-31. General The team AC (group) is the largest of the The theater army commander implements three command and control units and is a PSYOP through the supporting PSYOP group. flexible organization designed to assist com- The group formulates plans in accordance with manders at theater in planning and conducting psychological operations. the theater commander’s guidance. The team AB (battalion) is a light mobile 4-32. Mission organization designed for employment at field The mission of the US Army PSYOP organiza- army and corps, and it can aid the commander tion is to— by implementing policy, planning, programing, Plan and conduct PSYOP in support of and producing propaganda. military operations. The team AA (company) is a small Support the attainment of US national command and control unit and is designed to objectives abroad. provide personnel for support of PSYOP activi- Be prepared to conduct such operations ties at corps and division or in other areas unilaterally or in support of, or in coordination when a small composite unit is required. with, other military Services and other US Gov- 6. Operational teams are assigned to the ernment agencies. command and control teams at each level in the numbers and the types desired according to 4-33. Capabilities and Functions operational requirements. The cellular struc- a. The PSYOP organizationture of the provides PSYOP forunit sup- provides a flexibility port to the TA, field army, and other commands for adding a mix of teams that permits it to or agencies of the government within the theater accomplish an assigned mission in any given as required. situation.

Section XII. MAJOR SUBORDINATE COMMANDS IN THE COMBAT ZONE

4-34. Army Group b. In small theaters, the field army or independent corps may be the Army component of a. The army group, a major subordinate the theater. In such cases, the concepts of orga- command of theater army, usually is estab- nization, mission, and functions outlined in lished only in a large theater of operations this chapter apply to the smaller theater, modi- where the ground force comprises two or more fied as necessary to satisfy the requirements of field armies. a particular theater. When a field army or corps b. In a theater of operations in which US is the major Army component of a theater, its Army units are a part of a joint or combined normal preoccupations with the combat mission force, the army group may be under the OPCON may prevent the assignment of theater army of theater army or function under the opera- responsibilities. In that case, the commander of tional direction of a superior unified or com- the unified command establishes a small bined command headquarters. theater army headquarters. When the field c. Chapter 6 provides discussion of army army or corps has theater army responsibil- group organization and functions in detail. ities, the theater headquarters exercises tacti- 4-35. Field Army or Independent Corps cal as well as strategic direction. a. If the theater army commander does not establish an army group, he may establish a c. Chapter 7 provides discussion of the orga- field army or an independent corps as a major nization, functions, and operations of the field subordinate command of theater army. army. Section XIII. OTHER MAJOR UNITS THAT MAY BE ASSIGNED OR ATTACHED TO THEATER ARMY 4-36. General within the spectrum of war, the geographical area assigned to theater army, and existing Other major units may be assigned or attached unique combat service support requirements. to theater army as required to accomplish the commander’s mission, the existing condition

4-11 FM 100-15

4-37. US Army Security Agency Units 4-38. Theater Army Finance and Accounting The USASA theater army and the USASA Element (army group) are organized under TDA and Each theater army headquarters is authorized provide support as specified by AR 10-122. one central finance and accounting element to Their composition varies with mission and sup- perform the combined duties of an operating port command requirements. A USASA group agency and of an installation finance and ac- (field army) is organized under TOE and at- counting office. The element operates under the tached to the field army that it supports. FM staff supervision and technical control of the 32-10 provides details on the organization and ACofS Comptroller assigned to the staff of the functions of USASA units. theater army commander.

Doctrinal Recapitulation • The theater army commander may be assigned an operational tactical mission to implement the strategic plans of higher headquarters. • The senior US Army officer assigned to the unified command is ordinarily designated the theater army commander. • The commander of the unified command assigns geographic responsibility for the area required for conduct and support of ground forces operations to the theater army commander. • The theater army commander retains the overall control of combat service support operations to insure uniformity of the support effort within the theater. • The Air Force component commander coordinates and integrates the theater air defense effort through a theater air defense organization. • The theater army support command provides combat service support to Army forces in a theater of operations and to other designated forces. • The theater army communications system, operated by theater army communication command, interconnects the organic tactical communications system of the major theater army maneuver forces, the theater army headquarters and Defense Communications System. • In small theaters, the field army or independent corps may be the Army component of the theater. FM 100-15

CHAPTER 5 ARMY COMPONENT PLANNING (STANAG 2099, 3134, and SEASTAG 2099)

5-1. General 5-2. Information and Intelligence a. Army component planning supports the a. Higher headquarters keeps the field com- commander of the unified command plans. Con- manders advised of pertinent political, eco- sequently, much of the discussion in chapter 3 nomic, psychological and military information relates to Army component planning and is of potential enemies to include ground, air, and necessary guidance in such planning. naval order of battle; enemy capabilities; and b. This chapter outlines the planning and probable courses of action. Field commanders operational responsibilities of Army component require such information and intelligence to forces in a US theater of operations (TO). insure the constant preparation of forces under In peacetime, the theater army (TA) com- their command to cope successfully with mander usually is responsible for command changes in the strategic and tactical situation. and operational control of all theater army All intelligence agencies focus on obtaining forces. early warning of impending hostile action and In wartime, the responsibility for tactical deception action efforts. Commanders of Army planning and operations of forces in the combat combat forces base their plans on intelligence zone normally is retained by the commander of provided by both higher headquarters and intel- the unified command. However, the commander ligence agencies within their respective forces. of the unified command may delegate this re- b. The missions of intelligence agencies of sponsibility to the commander of a subordinate Army combat forces during wartime are to ob- unified command or to the senior commander of tain complete information of the hostile forces Army combat forces in the combat zone. confronting them or those capable of interven- c. The planning discussed in this chapter is ing in current or planned operations as well as divided and often parallel between the theater provide a data base to support planning of army (army component) commander and the electronic counter measure (ECM) and elec- commander who is assigned control of army tronic counter counter measure (ECCM) func- forces in the combat zone, hereafter referred to tional activities. They must also obtain as commander, army combat forces. In that information concerning the weather, the case the two commanders develop parallel and terrain, and the population and its institutions mutually supporting plans in their respective in areas of actual and projected operations. areas of responsibility. The commander of Army Correct evaluation and interpretation of this combat forces in a theater may be any of the information and its integration with that pro- following: independent corps commander, field vided by the higher headquarters assist in pro- army commander, army group commander, or viding a sound basis for planning and senior land forée commander. executing operations. They may also be used to channel false information into enemy intelli- The theater army commander is responsible gence sources in support of cover and deception to the theater commander for planning and operations. operations within the communications zone (COMMZ) and for coordinating plans and oper- 5-3. Basis of Planning ations to provide combat service support to The commander of the unified command as- Army forces in the theater. signs missions, which are a part of the theater The commander of Army combat forces is campaign plan, to the commander of Army the tactical commander of US Army elements in combat forces. the combat zone. He is responsible for tactical operations, planning, and the coordination re- 5-4. Estimates quired to accomplish his mission. a. The commander of Army combat forces on

5-1 FM 100-15 the basis of assigned theater missions prepares commander’s strategic concept for the entire written estimates to determine the best course military campaign and also the strategic objec- of action for conducting the campaign and ac- tives. complishing each specific mission that forms a c. The commander of Army combat forces part of the campaign. Estimates are normally coordinates his plan for ground combat with the written above the division level. Having deter- other Services before publication to subordinate mined the best course of action, the commander echelons. The commanders of Army combat of Army combat forces prepares an analysis of forces and theater army analyze the overall the forces, the materiel, and the support re- mission and visualize the major tactical and quired to carry it out. This analysis of require- logistic operations necessary to accomplish the ments is coordinated with the theater army assigned mission. They relate what is strategi- commander when required, who utilizes the cally desirable to what is tactically and logisti- analysis in determining total theater require- cally possible in terms of the capabilities of ments for Army resources. These requirements field armies and their required support. This will be the basis for determining the allocation relationship includes consideration of other of Army forces and resources to the theater by Services’ modes of transportation to provide the the Department of Defense (DOD) through the troop and materiel lift required, as well as Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and, in turn, by the tactical support. Department of the Army (DA). b. When the estimated requirements exceed 5-6. Operational Directives the allocations, the theater army commander Prior to issuing directives for an operation, the may recommend to the commander of the uni- commanders of Army combat forces and theater fied command— army review the original estimates and detail A change in the theater army troop, special plans for the operation; if necessary, revised weapon, and combat service support alloca- directives are made and issued to their respec- tions. tive subordinate commanders. A change in the theater army mission with respect to scope or time phasing or objectives. 5-7. Coordination with Other Commands The acceptance of a greater calculated risk a. The theater army commander maintains on certain missions. close liaison with the Navy and the Air Force A change in the type and the amount of component commanders. The theater army com- support that theater or strategic Navy and Air mander coordinates combat service support Force forces furnishes to Army forces. plans and other operational plans as required A change in support that theater army fur- with those of the other Service components be- nishes to Navy or Air Force component forces. fore the issuance of orders. Submission of requirements for the Army, b. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 cover planning at quick reaction capability (QRC) program to army group, field army, and corps respectively. respond to when specific electronic threats are identified. 5-8. Tactical Air Support c. When force requirements exceed authoriza- Tactical air support missions are normally exe- tions, the commander will identify the force cuted by fighter, reconnaissance, and airlift shortfall to the Department of the Army with a aircraft of the Air Force component; however, detailed impact statement for possible resolu- the Navy and the Marine Corps may provide tion. tactical air support to the Army component 5-5. Scope of Planning under certain conditions (para 5-10). Tactical air support operations include close air sup- a. The commanders of Army combat forces port, tactical air reconnaissance, and tactical and theater army are primarily supervisors, airlift. planners, and coordinators, who decentralize the more detailed aspects of combat and combat a. Close air support by non-army aviation service support operations to their subordinate aircraft are air attacks against hostile targets commanders. that are near friendly ground forces. Detailed b. The commanders of Army combat forces integration of each close support mission with and theater army base their planning on the the fire and movement of those forces is re- unified command strategic concept. These com- quired. Close air support strikes are controlled manders must be aware of the unified command by an element of the tactical air control system

5-2 FM 100-15

(TACS) operating with the supported maneuver b. After approval, the Army component com- unit. mander allocates most of his apportioned tacti- b. Tactical air reconnaissance is the use of cal air support sorties to subordinate tactical aircraft to obtain information on commands. This allocation is expressed as a terrain, weather, and the disposition, composi- specific number of sorties. The Army com- tion, movement, installations, lines of commu- ponent commander informs the Air Force com- nications, and electronic and communication ponent commander of the number of sorties emissions of enemy forces. Tactical air recon- allocated to each subordinate Army command. naissance provides direct support to Army tac- Subordinate field army commanders ordinarily tical operations. It includes systematic and use a portion of the allocated tactical air sup- random observation of ground battle areas, port sorties to accomplish preplanned requests targets, and airspace sectors by visual, optical, and suballocate the remainder to lower echelons electronic, or other sensory devices. to meet immediate requirements. Chapters 7 c. Tactical airlift is the air movement of per- and 8 and FM 100-26 contain additional details sonnel and cargo by tactical air forces available on the air-ground operations system (AGOS). to the commander of the unified command. It is part of the delivery link to the battlefield. Tacti- 5-10. Navy and Marine Corps Operations cal airlift operations include air movement of a. The Navy and Marine Corps have primary personnel, supplies, and equipment; aeromedi- interest and responsibility in amphibious oper- cal evacuation; parachute operations; and spe- ations and ground operations incident to the cial warfare support operations. prosecution of a naval campaign, including air operations relative thereto. FM 31-10, FM 5-9. Allocation of Tactical Air Support 31-11, FM 31-12, and FM 61-100 provide dis- Resources cussions of Army participation in amphibious a. The commanderoperations. of the unified FM 31-12 command provides a discussion of apportions his tactical air resources to each of the fundamental doctrine relative to Army the combat functions of counterair, air inter- shore-to-shore operations. diction, and tactical air support. His decision is b. The Navy and Marine Corps may, as a based, in part, on the recommendations of the collateral mission, participate in air operations component commanders. incident to a ground campaign. Usually, the Air The Army component commander bases his Force provides the preponderance of the air apportionment recommendations on review and effort; Navy and Marine Corps forces may as- analysis of the air support requirements of sist in this effort. subordinate commands. Only those require- c. If the Navy or Marine Corps forces provide ments that cannot be accomplished by Army the preponderance of the air effort in support of aviation or field artillery resources available at ground operations, the Navy or Marine air the command concerned are forwarded for con- commander normally directs the total air effort sideration. and conducts air-ground operations in accord- The Air Force component commander bases ance with their own system for tactical air his apportionment recommendations on his direction and control. This system parallels the mission, the enemy air threat, availability of Army air-ground system. resources, and the requirements of subordinate commands.

5-3

FM 100-15

CHAPTER 6 ARMY GROUP (STANAG 2099 and SEASTAG 2099)

6-1. General control, air defense, and civil affairs (CA) coordination. The army group commander, in turn, This chapter pertains to a US army group may assign this territorial responsibility to the composed of US Army forces operating in a field army commanders. theater of operations (TO). Responsibility for directing US ground force operations may be 6-4. Army Group Headquarters retained by the unified command commander or delegated to the commander of a subordinate a. Army group headquarters is a table of unified command. This responsibility may also distribution and allowances (TDA) unit, orga- be delegated to the commander of the Army nized for a specific operation or campaign. combat forces (para 5-1). The principles dis- b. The headquarters of an army group is cussed herein also apply to an army group echeloned; it has a relatively small rear echelon containing allied units or operating under the that is concerned primarily with providing ad- direction of a combined force headquarters. ministrative support to the main echelon. The army group commander may organize a tacti- 6-2. Organization cal command post based on the immediacy of a. The army group consists of a headquarters tactical requirements and the adequacy of the and those units necessary for command, com- communication system. c. Command communication links between munications, operations, intelligence, and ad- army group headquarters and its major subor- ministrative support; two or more field armies; dinate headquarters are provided by the theater and, in some situations, separate corps and/or army communications system (TACS). In- separate divisions (fig 6-1). ternal communications for army group head- b. The army group headquarters plans and quarters are provided by an attached Theater conducts tactical operations. It performs the Army Communication Command (TACCOM) staff action necessary to translate the opera- signal operations company, medium headquar- tional directives received into definitive tacti- ters. cal actions for subordinate unit execution. The army group headquarters is primarily a tacti- 6-5. Staff cal echelon of command with limited combat service support responsibilities. a. Army group headquarters uses the US c. The army group commander determines Army general staff organization. FM 101-5 pro- the composition and the strength of the forces vides guidance on staff organization, proce- required based on his plans for conducting the dures, and responsibilities of the general staff. campaign and accomplishing each of the basic The army group general staff provides policy, missions that make up the campaign, the mis- control, coordination, and direction for persion assigned to the army group, the character- sonnel and administration, intelligence, opera- istics of the area of operations, and enemy tions, logistics, psychological operations and capabilities and probable courses of action. civil affairs. b. Figure 6-2 provides a type organization of 6-3. Command an army group headquarters. a. The Department of the Army or the Army component commander designates the army 6-6. Strategic and Tactical Functions group commander. The strategic and tactical functions of the army b. The army group commander normally has group headquarters are to— territorial responsibility for the combat zone. This responsibility includes rear area protec- Translate broad strategic plans and in- tion (RAP), highway management, traffic structions into operational plans for tactical

6-1 FM 100-15

Army Cp

r __L _ _±__ HQ rid Sep Sep Sp Trp Army Corps Div

I.ECKND -As required. Figure 6-1. Type army group. execution by the subordinate units, usually tion and other items or services to major subor- field armies. dinate commands in accordance with assigned Direct all ground force operations within tactical missions. the boundaries of the army group. Insures that subordinate units are ade- Provide guidance for the conduct of future quately supported. operations to its major subordinate commands. Estimates the overall combat service sup- Assign responsibilities for the execution of port requirements to support army group oper- tasks to major subordinate commands. ations and recommends the allocation of appropriate means. 6-7. Combat Service Support Functions Assigns territorial responsibility to major а. The army group is primarily a tactical unit subordinate commanders and recommends the and, as such, does not operate combat service location of the field army rear boundaries. support installations. Its headquarters is not in the automated system for combat service sup- 6-8. Planning and Conducting Operations port. The methods employed by army group a. The army group prepares plans for its headquarters to discharge combat service sup- operations. Plans include the— port functions are to— Assignment of zones of action or sectors of Direct field army (armies) to conform to responsibility to the field armies and other group-established allocations and priorities major subordinate elements. when transmitting requirements to theater Army group commander’s concept of opera- army support command (TASCOM). tion to include cover and deception. Recommend allocations and priorities to Allocation of means to the field armies. the theater army headquarters (TAHQ), which, Assignment of broad missions and objec- in turn, directs TASCOM headquarters to re- tives to field armies and other major subordi- strict acceptance of field army requirements as nate elements. necessary. Necessary measures for the coordination of б. Army group— the movements and efforts of the major ele- Establishes priorities for supplies and cred- ments of the army group. its for its assigned and attached units. The army group commander publishes orders Establishes priorities for movements and to the field armies in letters of instructions. insures adequate movements control and traffic The field army commanders are responsible for control. development of the more detailed operational Establishes priorities for the allocation of plans for the execution of the army group plans. replacements to major subordinate commands. b. During the conduct of current operations, Allocates available combat service support the army group plans for operations to be con- troops to major subordinate commands. ducted weeks or months in the future. In its Usually controls the allocation of ammuni- operations, the army group uses all the per-

6-2 FM 100-15

Comd Sec

IG S.IA Sec Sec

CofS Sec

ACofS, ACofS, ACofS, ACofS, ACofS, G1 Sec G2 Sec G3 Sec^ G4 Sec^ G5 Sec4

Compt Med 10 C-E HQ Comdt PM AD Sec ^ Sec6 Sec Sec Sec Sec Sec

HQ Co C-E Trans Scty Others

Încludes AG and chaplain. Încludes CBR, EW, avn. 3Includes engineer, ordnance. Încludes civil affairs, psychological operations. Âs required. ^Provided by organic to ined. bde. ^May be Included in G3. Figure 6-2. Type army group headquarters. sonnel and materiel resources under its control. to form reserves at army group, the army When required, the army group may dispatch group does not normally retain a maneuver forces to the communications zone (COMMZ) to element in reserve. Newly arrived units in the assist in the conduct of RAP operations. theater or units being rehabilitated and re- trained may be the army group reserve. 6-9. Army Group Reserve b. Army group retains a reserve of nuclear a. The retention ofweapons a maneuver from theelement assignment in that it receives army group reserve depends on the army group from the theater army. Army group generally commander’s tactical plan, missions assigned integrates such employment with the interdic- to the field armies, the characteristics of the tion mission of the tactical air force. area of operations, the availability of friendly c. Army group may also retain a portion of its forces, and the enemy capabilities and probable allocated tactical air support in reserve. courses of action. Because of the lack of forces

6-3

FM 100-15

CHAPTER 7 FIELD ARMY (STANAG 2079, 2082, 2099, and 2104; SEASTAG 2079, 2082, and 2099; SOLOG 48, 49, and 130)

Section I. GENERAL

7-1. Introduction zone or arctic area would be organized for a. This chapter pertains to a US field army optimum operations in the respective area. composed of US Army units operating— d. The overall combat power of a field army is Under a US army group. not limited to that provided by the attached or Directly under US theater army (TA). assigned Army units. Supporting forces of the Directly under the unified command. Army and other Services naturally strengthens Directly under a subordinate unified this combat power. command. e. Figure 7-1 depicts a type field army. b. The principles discussed herein also apply to a field army containing allied units or operat- 7-3. Field Army Headquarters and Staff ing under the direction of a combined force a. TOE 51-1 provides the organization for the headquarters. field army headquarters (fig 7-2). The field army headquarters may be augmented as re- 7-2. Organization quired by the existing situation. a. The field army is a tactical and adminis- b. During combat operations, the field army trative organization composed of a headquar- headquarters consists of a main and a rear ters, certain organic army troops, service echelon. The main echelon consists of a main support troops, a variable number of corps, and command post and an alternate command post. a variable number of divisions. If necessary, the commander may also establish b. The composition of a field army is not a tactical command post. The rear echelon pri- fixed; however, TOE 51-1 prescribes the organi- marily is concerned with the provision of zation of the field army headquarters and head- combat service support. FM 101-5 provides a quarters company (HHC). Units assigned or discussion of the echelonment of headquarters. attached to the field army by higher headquar- c. Field army headquarters uses the US Army ters may either be further assigned or attached general staff organization. FM 101-5 provides to the corps. guidance on staff organization, procedures, and c. The type and the number of troop units responsibilities. assigned or attached to the field army depend on the mission, the characteristics of the area of 7-4. Field Army Tactical Operations Center operations, the availability of units, and the To assist in coordinating current operations, contemplated operation. For example, a field the field army commander may establish a field army deployed in a jungle area, savanna, or a army tactical operations center (FATOC). FM cultivated or an industrial area in a temperate 101-5 provides a discussion of the FATOC.

7-1 FM 100-15

Fid Army

Arm Ml ADA HHC FASCOM FA Bn

I ±~-\ I I Armd Sig i « i MP Engr Cav I USASA Gp I 4 Bde Bde Avn5 6 I I L^J Bde Regt

Other combat Ml Bn Corps' and combat Air support units Recon not attached Spt to corps

LEGEND

^Attached as required.

^Army arty section plus FA gp HQ and bns not attached to corps. ^HHB, ADA bde, plus ADA gp HQ and bns not attached to corps. ^For organization of FASCOM, see figure 7-5. 4Assigned one per fid army and may be attached to FASCOM. ^Avn co assigned. Other elements attached as required. 6HHC, engr bde, plus engr combat gps, and engr topo bn, army. ^For organization of a typical corps, see figure 8-1.

Figure 7-1. Type field army.

7-2 FM 100-15

CofS

ACofS, ACofS, ACofS, Gl ACofS, G2 ACofS, GA G-3 G-5

AG Sec ARTY Sec Ch Sec- C-E Sec IG Sec Info Sec: JA Sec-

2/3 1 PM Sec Surg Sec AD Sec Engr Sec HQ Comdt

^Provided by and organic to engr. bde.

^Provided by and organic to med. bde.

^Direct access to CG as a personal staff officer as required.

^Personnel and equipment provided from other TOE.

Figure 7-2. Type field army headquarters.

Section II: PLANNING 7-5. General ordinate commanders to initiate their own a. Field army planningplans and supports provides the for plans continuity of of planning. b. Field army projects its planning well the next higher headquarters—the army group, a joint task force (JTF) headquarters, the uni- beyond current operations. While one operation (or phase of the higher echelon campaign) is fied command, US theater army, or a combined force headquarters. Keeping in mind the next progressing, the field army staff plans the next two or three operations or phases. higher commander’s anticipated plans for future operations, the field army commander ad- c. Planning at field army requires continuous vises his major subordinate commanders of his and reliable intelligence as to the strengths, tentative plans. This procedure allows the sub- dispositions, composition, and probable courses

7-3 FM 100-15 of action of hostile forces. The field army com- the written staff estimates, makes his own esti- mander employs all the information-gathering mate, and arrives at his decision, which he agencies available to him to secure information amplifies as necessary for clarity and under- concerning the enemy forces opposing his standing. The commander’s decision is the ba- command as well as information of terrain, sis for preparation of the concept of operation weather, local civilian attitudes, and resources and the preparation of the remainder of the available within his area of operations. These field army OPORD. The concept of operation agencies also secure information of those en- treats such matters as the purpose of the opera- emy forces located in other areas but capable of tion, the development or phasing of the opera- affecting the execution of the planned field tion, the scheme of maneuver, the main attack army operation. or most critical sector, fire support (including nuclear, chemical, naval, and air), cover and 7-6. Missions deception and other measures of significance to The field army receives its mission from higher the entire force. The staff prepares the detailed headquarters in a letter of instructions (LOI). plans, and the field army commander approves The mission usually is broad in nature and them for publication. permits the field army commander latitude in its accomplishment. The field army commander 7-8. Phasing a Field Army Operation must make a thorough analysis of his mission a. A phase is a distinct period or subdivision to determine whether the mission contains ad- of an operation at the conclusion of which the ditional tasks that the LOI did not specifically nature and characteristics of the action change delineate but that he must accomplish if he is to and the commander initiates another action. fulfill his overall mission. Phasing facilitates detailed planning for the execution of the commander’s adopted course of 7-7.. Command and Staff Actions action. By reducing the operation to phases, the a. The sequence of command and staff action commander can develop the details of execution in planning field army operations is similar as the operation progresses. to that at lower echelons and follows the b. The commander usually phases larger unit procedures outlined in FM 101-5. Reference in operations because of their wide scope and long this manual to the commander’s concept of op- duration. A field army phases its operation eration is specifically directed to paragraph 3a when there is— of the operation order (OPORD), which con- A change in the form of maneuver or nature tains a statement of the commander’s tactical of the operation. plan and visualization concerning the progres- A major regrouping of forces. sion or flow of the operation. c. Considerations affecting phasing include b. Following the analysis of his mission, the the enemy capabilities and probable courses of field army commander issues his planning action, friendly force dispositions, characteris- guidance to his staff as a basis for the written tics of the area of operations, combat service staff estimates. In developing his initial staff support, and distance involved. planning guidance, the commander considers the requirements of all members of the general 7-9. Scope of the Field Army Operation Order staff. In addition, he may provide guidance to а. The field army OPORD establishes the the special staff members, e.g., the artillery concept of operation for execution of the overall commander and the air defense artillery com- course of action adopted. It prescribes the mander. FM 101-5 covers planning guidance in details of execution for at least the first phase greater detail; FM 101-31 series and FM 3-12 of the operation and outlines instructions for further amplify the nuclear aspects; FM 3-10 succeeding phases. At the appropriate time, ad- series and FM 101-40 provide guidance for ditional orders are developed and published to employment of chemical agents; and FM 21-40 cover succeeding phases. The commander gener- covers measures for defense against chemical, ally issues the detailed operation plan biological, radiological, and nuclear hazards; (OPLAN) for the next phase after the current and FM 31-40 provides guidance for cover and phase is underway. He may use fragmentary deception considerations. orders if only minor changes to the current c. Staff estimates help the commander to OPORD are required. select the best course of action to accomplish his б. The concept of operation and the assign- mission. The field army commander considers ment of tasks contained in the OPORD permit

7-4 FM 100-15 major subordinate units to execute at least the commander assigns tasks for succeeding phases first phase of the operation and initiate plan- on a “be prepared” basis. ning for one or more succeeding phases. The

Section Mi. OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

7-10. General 7-12. Fire Support The field army allocates each corps combat a. General. In nonnuclear operations, ma- power commensurate with accomplishing its as- neuver is the dominant element. The com- signed mission. This allocation may include— mander plans his scheme of maneuver and Maneuver units to include divisions, ar- develops the plan of fire support. Fire support mored cavalry regiments, and separate bri- is highly flexible and is one of the principal gades. resources available to the commander for influ- Fire support to include both conventional encing the outcome of battle. The effective em- and special ammunition. ployment of firepower can be the decisive factor Other support to include electronic warfare in accomplishing the commander’s plan of ac- (EW), Army aviation, engineer, signal, military tion. In operations initially employing nuclear police (MP), psychological operations weapons or chemical agent munitions, the (PSYOP), civil affairs (CA), intelligence, and effects of such fire support may dominate the tactical air support. battlefield. In this case, the commander may plan the employment of his nuclear and chemi- 7-11. Maneuver Units cal munitions and develop the scheme of ma- a. Divisions. The immediate higher headquar- neuver to exploit their effects. When nuclear ters may assign infantry, mechanized, air- and chemical weapons are employed, the estab- borne, airmobile, and armored divisions to the lished principles for the coordination of fire field army in any combination. The field army support remain unchanged. commander further places divisions under op- b. Field Army Fire Support Means. Field erational control (OPCON) of or attachment to army fire support means consist of field artil- the corps in the combination that he desires to lery firing conventional and special nuclear organize each corps for the scheduled operation. munitions in a surface-to-surface role, air de- Field army commanders may retain divisions fense artillery firing conventional and special in the field army reserve. FM 61-100 covers munitions in a surface-to-air or surface role, division operations. and attack helicopters (to include aerial field b. Armored Cavalry Regiment. The field artillery) providing air-to-surface direct aerial army commander may use the armored cavalry fire support. Fire support means available to regiment as a field army rear area security the field army with capability may deliver (RAS) force, attach it to the corps, or hold it in direct aerial fires. Available tactical air sup- field army reserve. He normally attaches one port from the Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps armored cavalry regiment to each corps and and naval gunfire support may supplement retains one under field army control. FM 17-95 Army means. covers armored cavalry regiment operations. c. Field Artillery. Except for the field army c. Separate Brigades. Separate airborne, in- long-range ballistic missile delivery systems, fantry, mechanized, and armored brigades may the field army in most situations attaches all be assigned to the field army. Maneuver battal- its field artillery and aerial field artillery to the ions of any type (infantry, mechanized, air- corps. borne, airmobile, or armored) may be assigned d. Air Defense Artillery. or attached to or placed under OPCON of these The area (regional) air defense commander separate brigades. The brigades may be re- may delegate field army commanders the au- tained under field army control or attached to thority for control and operational employment corps. Under field army control, these brigades (para 4-15a) of assigned Army air defense may be employed as a security force or as part means within the field army area to optimize of the field army reserve. FM 7-30 and FM the air defense support of ground force scheme 17-30 discuss operations of the separate bri- of maneuver. Field army and US Air Force gades. electronic coordination and control means must

7-5 FM 100-15

be compatible and operationally connected for for allocation to an adjacent delivery unit or as optimum combat effectiveness. reserve weapons of higher headquarters. For Air defense artillery (ADA) units in the this reason, authority to expend must be explic- field army carry out their assigned missions itly stated in implementing orders. within the policies and procedures established c. Concurrent planning by field army and by the theater commander. The field army staff corps for tactical employment of nuclear weap- accomplishes coordination of air defense activi- ons is necessary to insure preparation of inte- ties with tactical operations of field army units grated and detailed nuclear fire planning and the integration of ADA weapons used in a warnings. The executing commander issues surface-to-surface role with other ground fire friendly nuclear strike warnings to US and support means. allied forces. Field army usually provides an air defense d. The field army’s primary concern in allo- group in direct support (DS) of each corps and cating or assigning nuclear weapons to the retains the remaining units in general support corps is the provision of the proper number and (GS) of the field army. mixture of yields and types of weapons com- FM 44-1 provides a detailed discussion of mensurate with their missions. The field army air defense operations. may allocate nuclear weapons to the corps for a single phase of the field army operation, or for 7-13. Nuclear Weapon Employment succeeding phases. The field army reserve in- a. Because of the nature of nuclear weapon cludes nuclear weapons to be used for addi- effects, their employment is a major element of tional allocations or assignments to the corps the commander’s planning guidance. He may for succeeding phases. employ other fires and direct maneuver forces to extend and exploit the predicted effects of 7-14. Field Army Functions in Nuclear nuclear weapons. In the decision-making proc- Weapon Employment ess, the commander gives careful consideration a. Commanders at the various echelons con- to employment of nuclear weapons in the devel- currently prepare plans for the tactical employ- opment of courses of action. Nuclear weapons, ment of nuclear weapons. Concurrent planning because of their destructiveness, permit the by field army and army group and by field adoption of courses of action that may not be army and corps is necessary to insure prepara- feasible in nonnuclear operations. The com- tion of integrated and detailed nuclear fire mander, therefore, gives the same detailed con- planning. sideration to the employment of nuclear b. The field army commander allocates or weapons that he gives to employment of his assigns weapons to the corps for the first phase major subordinate units. of a field army operation. He subsequently allo- b. The field army receives either an allocation cates nuclear weapons as required for later or assignment of nuclear weapons for a specific phases. The field army retains a reserve for the period, for a special mission, or for a phase of entire operation. The duration of the allocation the higher headquarters operations. An alloca- period may differ at each echelon of command. tion specifies numbers and types of nuclear c. Field army fires long-range ballistic mis- weapons provided to a commander for a stated siles on deep targets, but it may fire on more time period as a planning factor only. (Addi- shallow targets in response to a request from a tional authority is required for the actual dis- subordinate command. Some air defense persal of allocated weapons to locations desired weapon systems possess a surface-to-surface by the commander to support his war plans. capability that field army may use to deliver Expenditure of these weapons is not authorized nuclear weapons. When the field army com- until released by proper authority.) Assign- mander employs missiles in this manner, he ment specifies the number of complete nuclear must consider the effect on the air defense rounds authorized for expenditure by a com- mission. mander. An assignment may be made for a d. Field army prescribes specific restrictions specific period of time, for a phase of an opera- on the subordinate units’ employment of nu- tion, or to accomplish a particular mission. The clear weapons. Such restrictions may limit the use of the term “assigned” implies authority to employment of atomic demolition munitions expend; however, it does not always carry the (ADM), surface bursts, and nuclear weapons inherent authority to expend as in cases where against large populated areas or their use in a nuclear weapons are assigned to custodial units specific area because of the requirement for

7-6 FM 100-15 future operations in that particular area. a casualty threat to individuals entering the e. Field army prescribes security measures area. Agents which are normally nonpersistent for the protection of nuclear delivery systems can be employed either immediately before or and nuclear rounds. Security measures include during offensive operations for either lethal or provisions for the transportation of nuclear incapacitating effects. weapons from the special ammunition supply d. To insure the most effect employment of points to the delivery unit. MP physical secu- chemical weapons, commanders and their staffs rity companies assigned to the MP brigade and/ need to know what agents and munitions are or attached to ammunition battalions normally available; their characteristics, capabilities, provide intransit and static close-in physical and limitations; the major factors affecting security for special ammunition. The field their employment; and the logistic factors in- army standing operating procedures (SOP) volved in chemical operations. FM 3-1, FM 3-2, should include these measures. FM 3-10, FM 3-10B, FM 3-12, FM 3-50, FM /. Responsibility for issuing necessary initial 20-33, FM 21-40, and FM 101-40 provide de- warnings to friendly forces rests with the exe- tailed discussions of chemical operations. cuting commander. Commanders authorized to expend nuclear weapons insure the coordina- 7-16. Tactical Air Support tion of strikes endangering the safety of ad- a. Field army ground operations and tactical jacent or other commands with those commands air operations against hostile forces are com- in sufficient time to permit dissemination of plementary. Field army planning for ground warnings to friendly forces and the execution of force operations includes the integration of al- appropriate protective measures. Conflicts located tactical air support, i.e., close air sup- must be submitted to the next higher com- port (CAS), tactical air reconnaissance, and mander for decision. FM 101-31-1 and FM tactical airlift (para 5-8). The ground liaison 100-30 (Test) provide information on the em- officer (GLO) advises and assists tactical ployment of nuclear weapons and friendly nu- fighter unit commanders on matters pertaining clear strike warnings. to army operations. b. The tactical air support element (TASE) 7-15. Chemical Weapons composed of G2 air and G3 air personnel, plans a. When the theater commander has received and coordinates tactical air reconnaissance authority to employ chemical weapons, field and CAS operations respectively for the field army fire plans include the use of such weapons army. An Air Force tactical air control party to support the scheme of maneuver. Chemical (TACP) usually is collocated with the tactical weapons and nuclear weapons are complemen- air support element to provide technical assist- tary. They provide the commander a wide range ance and liaison with the Air Force tactical air of effects and the capability of attacking a control center (TACC). If the TACC and the variety of targets varying from small, well- tactical air support element are collocated, defined point targets to ill-defined and large there is no requirement for a TACP at field area targets. army level. b. Since chemical weapons do not destroy c. The field army G3 and G4 jointly plan and materiel, they do not have the associated total coordinate tactical airlift operations. The G4 destruction resulting from the use of high-ex- plans and coordinates airlift of troops, cargo, plosive munitions or nuclear weapons. Chemi- and supplies for administrative movement and cal agents provide a means of neutralizing combat service support operations. The G3 personnel in areas where the destruction of plans and coordinates the tactical airlift of physical facilities is undesirable, such as com- troops and equipment for combat support oper- munications centers, or major ports that may ations. be required for combat service support at a later d. Missions for tactical air support are either date. preplanned or immediate. Preplanned missions c. Chemical agents can be persistent or non- are those for which a ground force commander persistent subject to the properties of the agent can foresee a requirement in sufficient time to employed, the weather, the terrain, and the permit detailed planning and coordination. Op- method of dissemination. Agents which are nor- erational plans, target information, and allo- mally persistent are employed to restrict the cated tactical air support are bases for use of terrain and/or equipment and remain in preplanned missions. Immediate missions are the target area for long periods, thus providing those for which the ground force commander

7-7 FM 100-15 xxxx. JffîL TACC TASE T If the resources allocated to corps are exceeded.

XXX TOC DASC TASE

TOC TACP TASE Monitors and acknowledges^^ receipt; transmits disapproval only.

FSCC TACP

CO Comdr

Figure 7-8. Immediate tactical air support request channels. cannot foresee a need in sufficient time to narily, field army is the highest echelon that permit detailed planning and coordination. Im- becomes involved in the detailed planning for mediate missions result from the ground force preplanned tactical air support. Each echelon commander’s request for immediate support or of command evaluates the requests and, if ap- from the appearance of an unexpected threat. proved, forwards to the next higher echelon of e. Requests for preplanned tactical air sup- command. Preplanned requests are transmitted port may be initiated at any echelon of by the most expeditious means available. The command. Preplanned requests are processed tactical air support element at field army takes through command channels to the senior tacti- final action on the requests and forwards them cal operations center (TOC) in the area. Ordi- to the TACC.

7-8 FM 100-15

Bde DTOC CTOC FATOC FSCOORD FSCOORD FSCOORD FSCOÜÏÏÜ FO FSCC FSCC TASE TASE TASE FSE FSE FSE

NGF Ln Tm NGF Ln Tm NGF Tm NGF Tm NGF Tm TAC P TAC P T ACP TAC P TAC P Arty AOBSR \ \ NGF NGF NGF NGF A Spotte Spotter NGF Spotter Spotter Spotter / /

DS of Bn rGS of Bde’* of Dlv of Corps

LEGEND

Call for fire from supported unit to supporting ship via ANGLICO channels.

-► Call for fire from artillery forward observer.

Call for additional fire.

^Provided as required.

Figure 7-4. NGF and naval close air support channels.

f. Commanders atg. Whenany army requests echelon exceed can the allocated tactical request immediate tactical air support. Com- air support, the field army commander can panies forward support requests to the battal- request additional allocations from the army ion command post by the most rapid means. If group commander or other appropriate higher battalion approves, the battalion TACP for- headquarters. The field army commander also wards the request over the Air Force-operated may make aircraft available for a high-priority air request net to the direct air support center mission by diverting it from a mission of lesser (DASC) located at corps. The TACP at each priority. higher echelon monitors these transmissions, h. A military intelligence battalion, air recon- acknowledges receipt, and passes the request tó naissance support (MIBARS), usually is as- the tactical air support element at its level. signed to the field army. This battalion’s Acknowledgement of the request by intermedi- mission is to produce and disseminate intelli- ate TACP indicates approval by the associated gence obtained or developed from air reconnais- headquarters. Coordination takes place at alt sance units operating in support of the field echelons simultaneously. If the ground com- army and to provide liaison between the field mander, at any echelon, disapproves the army and tactical air force reconnaissance request, the monitoring TACP notifies the corps units supporting the field army. Capabilities, DASC and the requesting TACP. If the corps employment, planning and operations of the headquarters or a higher headquarters disap- MIBARS is covered in FM 30-35. proves the request, the DASC notifies the ori- ginator and the request is canceled. Figure 7-3 7-17. Attack Helicopter Operations depicts the immediate tactical air support a. Army aviation units have attack heli- request channels. FM 6-20-series and FM copters (to include aerial field artillery) that 100-26 contain detailed request procedures for provide air-to-surface fires for combat units. tactical air support. Field army aviation units and aerial field artil-

7-9 FM 100-15 lery units provide the primary source of attack division. The attached ANGLICO elements in- helicopter direct fires. These units normally are clude Navy and Marine personnel who advise attached to or are placed in support of the on the employment of NGF and naval CAS and corps. provide the communications necessary to 6. The request procedures for those units request, direct, and control this support. which do not have organic or attached attack d. The naval gunfire (NGF) liaison team or helicopters are as follows: NGF team monitors and coordinates all calls (1) Preplanned requests for attack heli- for fire from air an-d ground NGF spotters (fig copters in a fire and maneuver role will be 7-4). made through command channels and may originate at any level of command. When pro- 7-19. Electronic Warfare vided, attack helicopters will be placed under a. The extensive use of electronics for the operational control of the supported com- command and control of forces, operation of mander. Aerial field artillery helicopter fire equipment, and employment of weapons has support units are requested, controlled, and introduced an electromagnetic environment coordinated through fire support channels in that is a major component of the military envi- the same manner as other fire support means. ronment. Electromagnetic radiations, whether (2) Immediate requests for attack helicopter intentional or unintentional, directly reflect the support are made through command channels command and control arrangement and other for fire and maneuver role or fire support elements of the organization with which they channels for aerial field artillery when a threat are associated. From these radiations, the com- develops or a target is acquired and time is mander can determine hostile command and insufficient for advance planning and coordi- control and other systems and selectively nation. The immediate request procedure does disrupt or deceive them to support the force not differ significantly from the preplanned mission. request procedures, except that delivery time, b. An EW system that enables the commander planning and coordination are abbreviated. to reduce the effectiveness of hostile electronic 7-18. Naval Gunfire and Naval Close Air activities and, at the same time, insures effective use of his own electronics represents a Support powerful weapon in support of both offensive a. Naval gunfire (NGF) and naval close air and defensive operations. Electronic operations support (CAS) support ground forces during conducted within the field army include intelli- amphibious operations. Naval forces may con- gence, target acquisition, jamming, tactical tinue to provide this support to ground forces cover and deception, security, and command after termination of the amphibious operation. and control. All contribute to a command’s FM 6-20-series and FM 31-12 provide detailed available combat power. discussions of fire support in amphibious oper- c. EW is integral to military operations at ations. each echelon. The field army commander is b. Naval forces may also provide NGF and responsible for integrating EW operations into CAS to ground forces when the supporting his operational planning. EW units are pro- ships are within range of the target area. The vided to him to assist in accomplishing this ground force commander is responsible for de- responsibility. termining his requirements for this support. d. AR 10-122, AR 105-87, AR 105-2, FM 32-10 NGF and CAS are integrated with other fire and FM 32-20, provide detailed discussions of support means at the appropriate fire support EW. coordination facility. c. When naval fire support is available, naval 7-20. Other Field Army Combat Support liaison officers at all echelons from battalion a. Army Aviation. Army aviation elements through army group advise and assist the com- provide the supported commander with heli- mander in the employment of NGF and CAS. copters and fixed-wing aircraft. The field army The Navy designates ships to provide DS to employs these aircraft to support the ground specific units such as battalions. These ships units in their performance of the functions of also furnish GS to brigades, divisions, or higher combat; e.g., mobility; firepower; combat serv- echelons. Commonly a Fleet Marine Force ice support; command, control, and communi- (FMF) air/naval gunfire liaison company (AN- cations; and intelligence. The field army GLICO) is attached to each supported Army habitually places a portion of its Army aviation

7-10 FM 100-15

units under OPCON of or attachment to corps combat support and construction missions or and retains a portion under field army control. tasks or both to the engineer combat groups and Army commanders are provided the services of organizes them for specific missions by attach- Army aviation units that can perform the fol- ing the appropriate number of combat battal- lowing functions and that, in many cases, can ions and separate companies. FM 5-1, FM augment organic aircraft of divisions and bri- 5-142, and FM 5-162 cover engineer support of gades: corps and field army operations in detail. Command, control, and communications. c. Communications-Electronics. The field This includes airborne command post, courier army communication system is installed and and liaison missions, control of movements, operated by signal battalions assigned to the message drop and pickup, and wire laying. field army signal brigade. Communication sup- Intelligence. Army aviation provides air ob- port at the field army level is provided by three servation and surveillance over the operational separate systems: the field army command com- area normally as an integral part of the unified munications system, the field army area com- airborne intelligence-gathering effort at divi- munications system, and the ADA command sion, corps, and field army. Air observers are communications system. The field army used for intelligence gathering, target acquisi- command communications system connects the tion, and specifically to adjust and register echelons of field army headquarters with each artillery fires. Additionally, flights are con- other, with major subordinate commands, with ducted in support of air survey operations and army area signal centers, and with adjacent radiological monitoring. FM 30-20, Aerial Sur- field armies. The system provides multi- veillance Reconnaissance, Field Army provides channel links between command signal centers, a detailed discussion of Army aviation intelli- long-range high-frequency radio links, radio gence capabilities. wire integration (RWI) facilities, and air and Mobility. By airlifting troops and combat motor messenger service. The field army area equipment, Army aviation provides an addi- communications system consists of area signal tional means of maneuver to the ground com- centers located throughout the field army in the mander. Army aviation’s airmobility capability areas of greatest troop density. These centers permits rapid emplacement of weapons and are interconnected by means of multichannel quick transportation of troops over obstacles. radio and cable trunking facilities. This system Firepower. Army aviation provides attack extends from the field army rear boundary to helicopters to furnish responsive direct aerial the division rear boundary and provides fires against personnel and materiel on areas common signal support to its subscribers. It or point-type targets to include the launch and connects with the theater army communication control of antiarmor missile systems. Attack systems (TACS) and the division communica- helicopters’ direct aerial fires fill the gap tions system. The ADA command communica- between conventional ground fire and CAS pro- tions system is installed, operated, and vided by tactical aircraft of other Service com- maintained by signal units assigned to the air ponents. defense brigade. This system provides direct Combat service support. Army aviation communications between various air defense supports combat service support operations by headquarters (ADA brigade and group), from providing air movement of troops and materiel, these echelons to subordinate elements (ADA * * air movement of patients, and evacuation of battalions), and to air defense fire units (this damaged equipment within the combat zone. portion of the communications system is or- FM 1-15, FM 1-100, and FM 57-35 cover Army ganic to the ADA battalions). The ADA aviation organization and employment. command communications system is interfaced b. Engineer. Engineerwith thecombat field units army perform area communications combat engineering to impede enemy mobility system at designated points. and to assist the movement of forces. Each d. Psychological Operations. PSYOP are con- corps and field army may have an attached ducted within policy guidance from theater engineer brigade headquarters. The engineer army or other appropriate headquarters. They brigades are organized to accomplish the en- are designed to reduce the combat effectiveness gineer tasks within their respective areas by of enemy armed forces and to influence hostile, attachment of an appropriate mixture of en- neutral, and friendly groups to support the gineer combat groups, battalions, and separate operations of the field army. Opportunities de- companies. The engineer brigade assigns termined through the continuous evaluation of

7-11 FM 100-15 intelligence are quickly exploited. The field designated to provide combat support, may be army commander is responsible for the integra- attached to a division flame operation. FM 3-1 tion of PSYOP into overall military planning. contains a discussion of chemical, biological, He allocates PSYOP resources from the PSYOP and radiological (CBR) support organizations. units or teams to subordinate commands. FM g. US Army Security Agency. Normally a US' 33-1 and FM 33-5 cover details of PSYOP. Army Security Agency (USASA) group with its e. Military Police. MP support to the field subordinate units supports the field army if army contributes to the broad areas of required in the tactical support effort specified command and control, intelligence, combat sup- in the AR 10-122. FM 32-10 provides a detailed port, and combat service support throughout the discussion. field army. The MP brigade provides GS to the h. Ranger Operations. Higher headquarters field army in the field army service area and usually allocates airborne infantry ranger DS to the corps in the functional areas of (AIR) companies on the basis of one per field enforcement and maintenance of military laws, army and one per corps. These companies are orders, and regulations; circulation control; especially trained and equipped units orga- route security/reconnaissance and convoy nized specifically to perform reconnaissance, escort; police intelligence; physical security; surveillance, and target acquisition. FM 31-18 custody and control of enemy prisoners of war contains details of employment of the AIR com- (PW); civilian internees/detainees; confine- pany. ment and correctional treatments; and rear i. Military Intelligence. Military Intelligence area protection (RAP) activities. FM 19-4 con- (MI) units provide specialized intelligence sup- tains detailed information regarding MP opera- port to the field army commander. An MI bat- tions. talion ordinarily is assigned to each field army in a theater of operations (TO). These MI units /. Chemical. Chemical smoke generator units are designed to support field army headquar- may be assigned to the field army and attached ters and its tactical subordinate commands in to corps or divisions. FM 3-50 discusses chemi- accomplishing their intelligence missions. FM cal smoke generator units and smoke opera- 30-9 covers intelligence support of field army tions in detail. Mechanized flame teams, also and corps operations in detail.

Section IV. COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT 7-21. General the field army. The field army headquarters a. Theater Army or other appropriate head- makes broad, long-range plans for the combat quarters allocates combat service support service support of anticipated tactical opera- means to the field armies to support the tions and issues mission-type orders to the campaign plan. Field army further allocates FASCOM. The FASCOM develops detailed these means, or employs them, based on the plans, policies, and directives for combat serv- recommendations of the corps, to support their ice support in conformance with field army corps and divisions in the conduct of field army policies, directives, and guidance. Figure 7-5 operations. depicts a type FASCOM organization. b. Combat service support is an important b. FASCOM headquarters performs the normal staff functions of a higher headquar- consideration at any level of command when ters, such as development and provision of pol- planning tactical operations. Especially, in icies, planning guidance, priorities, and planning operations of larger units, the capa- allocations to its subordinate brigades. bility to logistically support one particular FASCOM also develops army-wide plans for course of action as opposed to another may be combat service support to include estimates and the controlling factor in the commander’s deci- analyses. FASCOM also computes overall sion. Field army staff functions include the combat service support requirements for the allocation of combat service support units and field army; manages the field army reserve the establishment of priorities for this support. stocks; coordinates movements and throughput distribution with elements of the TASCOM; de- 7-22. Organization for Combat Service velops and manages the maintenance support Support plan; balances resources; and coordinates per- a. The field army support command sonnel records, management, and pay activities (FASCOM) is a major subordinate command of of FASCOM and nondivisional support units.

7-12 FM 100-15

MMCl \ f C3) FASCOM ( MCC2

HHC and Mov Con Mat Mgt Sp Trps Cen Cen Co ADP Unit FASCOM Unit

Corps Army Spt Bde Spt Bde CA Bde Med Bde

r 1 MP Bdeq I Trans I J Bde

^■Materiel management center.

^Movement control center.

^Personnel are provided by the materiel management company and the movement control unit.

^May be assigned to field army and attached to FASCOM. Figure 7-6. Type FASCOM.

FASCOM accomplishes much of its centralized source limitations, and environmental control, evaluation, and management through conditions. To function effectively, the its two functional centers, materiel manage- FASCOM must have access to extensive comment centers and movements control center. FM munication resources. Internal communica- 54-3 provides details of the FASCOM headquar- tions and terminal facilities are provided by a ters organization and operations. Signal Operations Company. c. The FASCOM depicted in figure 7-5 is d. Support brigades provide supply and serv- designed to support a type field army of three ices as follows— corps of four divisions each engaged in sus- (1) Corps Support Brigade. The corps sup- tained ground combat. For larger forces or for port brigade must be responsive to the combat longer operations, FASCOM operating units service support needs of the corps tactical can be organized to meet the requirements im- units. The corps support brigade provides GS posed by the size and mission of a force, re- supply, maintenance, transportation, personnel

7-13 FM 100-15 services, and finance support to divisions and the army-wide service brigades less medical, to separate brigades and DS and GS to nondivi- the support brigades to provide additional sup- sional units within the corps area. port as required. However, centralized control (2) Army Support Brigade. The army sup- is preferred since fragmentation of these units port brigade provides DS and GS to all Army reduces their effectiveness. units and to units of other services, as directed, /. The CA brigade, commonly allocated on the located in or passing through the field army basis of one per field army, provides CA sup- service area. However, the army support bri- port to all field army units. Usually, CA author- gade does not provide transportation, move- ity for the FASA is delegated to the FASCOM ments control, or ammunition services. The commander. corps support brigades provide ammunition g. The MP brigade operates PW, and civilian services for the corps slices of field army, while internee/detainee facilities to which captured the F ASCOM provides transportation and and detained personnel are evacuated from di- movements control services in the field army vision collecting points. After interrogation by service area. trained intelligence personnel the MP units of e. The medical and transportation brigades the theater army support command (TASCOM) and MP brigade when assigned or attached to may evacuate them to communications zone FASCOM provide their respective services on (COMMZ). FM 19-40 and FM 100-10 provide an army-wide basis. A motor transport battal- procedures for enemy PW and civilian internee/ ion is assigned to each corps support brigade. detainee handling. FM 19-4 contains detailed FASCOM commanders can attach elements of information regarding MP operations.

Section V. REAR AREA PROTECTION (RAP)

7-23. Rear Area Protection Operations of responsibility. FM 31-85 provides details and a. The FASCOM commander hasdiscussion responsibil- of RAP and organization for RAP ity for RAP operations in the FASA. He may requirements. delegate RAP authority to the commanding of- b. The field army commander may physically ficer, army support brigade, for the FASA. A locate tactical forces in the FASA and direct support center, rear area operations center them to conduct RAS operations in support of (RAOC), generally is assigned to each support the FASCOM. These forces conduct limited group of the army support brigade. RAOC coor- screening and intelligence activities. Their pri- dinates RAP activities and acts as focal points mary mission is to act as a mobile strike force. for the receipt and dissemination of informa- Tactical force commanders designated to sup- tion. Most combat support and combat service port the FASCOM commander normally oper- support units have a potential for providing ate under mission-type orders. personnel for RAP operations. Details of this c. Units located in the rear area can provide potential can be found in FM 31-85. Training, surveillance of local areas and report intelli- planning, and operations in RAP matters are gence and damage or contamination informa- coordinated by the RAOC. The FASCOM com- tion. FM 3-12 provides guidance for reporting mander— nuclear bursts and collecting and processing Defines areas for RAP purposes and in- radiological contamination information (NBC sures that all units are aware of their respective reports). FM 3-12 also describes the radiologi- RAP areas. cal operations of a TOC of a division or compa- Establishes unit priorities for RAP pur- rable operations center of other commands. FM poses. 21-40 contains doctrine for operations in a Designates areas and subareas as “criti- CBR environment and for reporting enemy cal,” “priority,” or “controlled.” chemical and biological attacks (NBC reports). Delineates command and control arrange- Allied forces are trained as required, and all ments for RAP purposes. All commanders are capabilities of a friendly government are em- responsible for local security and damage ployed as required. MP units, because of their control at their respective units and installa- detached mobile deployment, have a limited tion. Local security for US Air Force and Navy capability of conducting counterguerrilla activ- installations is a responsibility of those Serv- ities alone or in concert with tactical units or ices. Designated commanders are responsible civilian police and paramilitary security for coordinating RAP efforts within their area forces.

7-14 FM 100-15

7-24. Tactical Reinforcement and whether additional tactical troop reinforce- Airborne, guerrilla, or other attacks may occur ments are diverted to the area under attack. The that are beyond the FASCOM commander’s de- FASCOM commander may delegate authority fense capability. In this event, the field army [or RAS to a tactical commander when such commander determines the priority of effort forces are attached.

Section VI. FIELD ARMY IN STABILITY OPERATIONS 7-25. Field Army Role in Stability Operations 7-27. Planning a. A force as large as a field army in most a. The three phases in the escalation of insur- situations is not deployed in support of stabil- gency outlined in Communist doctrine, without ity operations; however, the field army com- distinct demarcation between phases, are clas- mander may be required to train, equip, and sified as follows: dispatch elements for such operations. The Phase I. The potential subversive situation staffs of larger units such as field army, corps, and the initiation of corrective or suppressive and division may be required to advise host measures by established authority. country (HC) counterparts. Phase II. The outbreak of organized guer- b. Situations may arise during other opera- rilla warfare or related violence against estab- tions that could involve the field army in stabil- lished authority requiring military action by ity operations. government forces. Phase III. The war of movement between 7-26. Principles organized forces of the insurgents and those of a. Field army participation in stability oper- established authority. b. The field army commander may have to ations is directed by higher headquarters. FM redeploy his forces to assist the HC during 31-23, FM 100-5, and FM 100-20 contain guid- stability operations^ When the army is directing ance for the actions of a larger unit in actual or corps combat operations or defensive cold war potential stability operations situations. b. The US military objective during stability operations along a front or border, it maintains operations is to increase the overall capability the main troop dispositions and conducts coun- of the HC military, paramilitary, and other terguerrilla tactical operations as a normal security forces to maintain or restore a climate RAS mission. When no frontal attack or border of order within which responsible government threat exists in the theater, the field army com- can function effectively. Military assistance mander deploys his forces as dictated by his can range from advisory assistance in training mission, the situation, terrain, operational en- and employment of individuals and units or vironment, and instructions of higher head- reinforcing a military assistance advisory quarters. Field army missions may include— group (MAAG) or mission through the employ- Reinforcing MAAG or missions in counter- ment of combat elements of US military forces. ing phase I insurgency operations by providing Military capabilities that all branches of the US specialists, mobile training teams (MTT), and Army can bring to bear on the internal defense other support. problem generally parallel those of HC armed Providing advisers and instructors and forces. These capabilities include advisory as- combat support and combat service units to the sistance and CA, psychological, intelligence, po- MAAG in internal defense assistance opera- lice, population and resources control, and tions to defeat phase II insurgencies. tactical operations. Providing combat, combat support, and c. Discontent and unrest caused by economic, combat service support units to operate with political, sociological, ethnic, religious, or other HC forces when the insurgency escalates to factors that could lead to covert or overt in- phase II or phase III insurgency operations. surgent activities may be latent in any political FM 100-20 provides further discussion of the community. Insurgent actions range in scope phases in the escalation of insurgency. and degree of violence from subversive political activity to combat by large guerrilla elements. 7-28. Initial Operations The early recognition and identification of The field army commander, as directed by these activities and the prompt initiation of higher headquarters— internal defense and internal development a. Directs the efforts of his command to assist programs are of vital interest to the military the HC in preparing comprehensive national commander concerned. internal defense plans designed to integrate

7-15 FM 100-15 and coordinate measures for preventing in- dissident individuals and groups. He directs surgent acts of violence and preserving law and the collection effort to determine local condi- order. tions and situations conducive to unrest. The b. Assists, in coordination with MAAG, mis- field army commander takes measures through sions, Agency for International Development HC and US agencies in the country to locate (AID), United States Information Service and confiscate or control weapons, explosives, (USIS), and other agencies, in the training, and tools of sabotage. motivating, and outfitting of civil police, par- e. Assists, in coordination with USIS or other amilitary, and civilian officials. These actions nonmilitary US agencies in the country, the HC are most effective at the incipient stages of an in conducting an aggressive public information insurgency and may preclude the need for program that disseminates factual reports to large-scale counterguerrilla warfare actions the population, thereby neutralizing and dis- later. crediting subversive propaganda. c. Emphasizes training of US military per- /. Requires increased security measures sonnel in military civic action, PSYOP, lan- within US installations and organizational sec- guage facility, country and area orientation, tors. and active and passive counterguerrilla opera- g. Prepares to conduct additional operations. tions. The roles and missions of nonmilitary FM 19-50, FM 31-16, FM 31-23, FM 31-73, FM agencies are a part of the orientation of mili- 33-1, FM 33-5 and FM 41-10 provide detailed tary personnel. information concerning employment of US d. Implements, in concert with HC agencies Army forces in counterguerilla operations, sta- and US nonmilitary intelligence agencies, bility operations, and security action force op- intelligence plans designed to detect and report erations.

Section VII. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

7-29. General are stated in broad terms to provide the corps a. This section covers aspects of planning and commanders maximum flexibility and freedom conducting field army offensive operations and of action. Assignment of specific terrain objec- should be considered in conjunction with the tives is avoided since they tend to restrict the general operational consideration outlined in corps commander’s freedom of action. paragraphs 7-10 through 7-20. b. Since field army offensive operations b. The field army undertakes offensive opera- usually take weeks or months to accomplish tions to achieve decisive results and to main- and may extend over distances iri excess of tain freedom of action. These operations are several hundred kilometers, it is impracticable designed to— for the field army commander to assign mis- Permit the field army commander to exer- sions to the corps for the entire army operation. cise his initiative and to impose his will on the Accordingly, his assignment of corps missions enemy. and his concept of operation are so stated to Set the pace and determine thé course of enable the corps to plan one phase of the field battle. army operation in detail and to initiate plan- Exploit enemy weaknesses and rapidly ning for succeeding phases. changing situations. 7-31. Corps Zones of Action Meet unexpected developments. Generally, large-scale offensive operations re- a. After translating the field army com- quire great impetus; sufficient reserves of men, mander’s decision and concept of operation into weapons, and materiel; and flexible plans to corps missions, the field army assigns corps insure success and continuity of effort. FM zones of action. Zones of action are designated 100-5 provides a detailed discussion of offen- by boundaries. Boundaries are drawn to deline- sive operations. ate a commander’s area of responsibility, to insure coordination between adjacent com- 7-30. Missions to the Corps manders, and to enhance the control of the next higher commander. Field army designates the a. Missions to the corps and subordinate location of the corps boundaries. units reporting directly to field army headquarters are derived from the commander’s decision b. Lateral boundaries between the corps are and concept of the operation. Corps missions established to provide sufficient maneuver

7-16 FM 100-15 room and lines of communications (LOG) for predicated on an analysis of the terrain, availa- each corps to execute its tactical plans. Corps ble time, disposition of field army forces, ability rear boundaries are established to provide suf- to support the operation, and the enemy situa- ficient room to employ the committed divisions, tion. the corps reserve, combat support units, and the c. The field army commander rarely specifies FASCOM combat service support units operat- the form of maneuver for the corps. However, by ing in the corps rear areas. his assignment of missions and zones of action c. When establishing lateral boundaries, the and by allocation of combat power to the corps, field army commander and staff will focus at- he may impose limitations that may dictate the tention on the major aspects of terrain, e.g., the adoption of a specific form of maneuver. major road nets and principal communications Chapter 8 and FM 100-5 provide additional centers, the larger hill masses and mountain discussion of the offensive forms of maneuver. ranges and the larger rivers. Minor adjust- 7-34. Field Army Reserve ments in the boundaries assigned to the corps aré a matter of coordination between the corps. а. The field army commander ordinarily con- Firm lateral boundaries are established at a stitutes or designates a reserve of combat power sufficient distance past the objective area for for employment as the field army reserve. The the first phase of the operation to coordinate the retention of this reserve allows the field army fires and maneuver of the corps. Boundaries to commander to influence the battle at critical be effective on order are extended to more times and places. distant objective areas to show the intended б. The field army reserve usually consists of zones of action for the later phases of an opera- maneuver elements and fire support (including tion. nuclear weapons). The maneuver elements of the reserve may include divisions, separate bri- 7-32. Allocation of Combat Power gades, or armored cavalry regiments. When allocating combat power, the planner c. The reserve may be constituted and re- must consider the requirements for a reserve tained under field army control or the field and for other activities, such as rear area secu- army commander may designate the reserve of rity, concurrently with what the corps will re- one or more of the corps as the field army quire to accomplish their mission. This reserve. In this latter case, the field army com- allocation includes maneuver units, combat mander usually will place specific restrictions support units and nuclear weapons. It is on the corps use of the reserve. through this allocation of combat power and the establishment of combat service support priori- 7-35. Employment of the Field Army Reserve ties and employment of the reserve that the field a. The field army commander positions the army commander exerts his influence on the maneuver element of the field army reserve tactical battle. FM 100-5 provides a detailed where it can best influence the action. Time and discussion of the elements of combat power. space factors are major considerations when positioning larger unit reserves. 7-33. Maneuver in the Offensive b. The field army in most instances does not a. During offensive operations, the field army employ the reserve under its own control or maneuvers its attacking forces to gain an ad- develop the detailed tactical plans for the use of vantage over the enemy, to close with him, and the reserve. The field army commander usually to destroy him. Attacks may be oriented against releases the reserve to a corps for commitment. the front, flank, or rear of the enemy or from the Field army contingency plans for the employ- air employing one or a combination of the ment of the reserve normally designate a force forms of maneuver. The three basic forms of to reconstitute the reserve. maneuver employed in the offense are— Penetration. 7-36. Meeting Engagements Envelopment. a. A meeting engagement is the combat action Frontal attack. that occurs when a moving force, incompletely The double envelopment and turning movement deployed for battle, engages an enemy, static or are variations of the envelopment. mobile, at an unexpected time and place. The b. The forms of maneuver are generally the action ceases to be a meeting engagement when same as those employed at lower echelons. How- the enemy’s situation has been developed and ever, usually only corps echelons and above when subsequent planned or coordinated opera- possess sufficient firepower to conduct a frontal tions are undertaken. attack. The selection of a form of maneuver is b. Except at the onset of hostilities in a 7-17 FM 100-15 theater of operations, the field army or the achieved during the progress of an offensive corps rarely needs to gain contact with the operation. enemy. The reconnaissance and intelligence- gathering means available at field army, corps, 7-38. Offensive Operations During and division provide the commanders, as a Employment of Nuclear Weapons minimum, with the general location of major a. During offensive operations in a tactical enemy formations. nuclear environment, the field army empha- c. The mobility of tactical units of the field sizes the use of nuclear weapons. Maneuver army and the range and lethality of weapons forces are employed in dispersed formations to are conducive to highly mobile warfare in which minimize the effects of enemy nuclear strikes combat units are dispersed laterally and in and to exploit the effects of friendly strikes. depth. Under these conditions, meeting engage- Maneuverability of ground forces on a nuclear- ments may occur frequently at lower echelons of saturated battlefield is drastically reduced and command. the loss or destruction of battalion-size forces d. During defensive operations, the reserves and larger may not be uncommon. Following of the field army or corps may be required to enemy nuclear strikes, the field army com- locate and destroy enemy forces that have pene- mander must be prepared to reconstitute re- trated rear areas. Counterairborne or counter- maining elements of divisions or corps into airmobile operations by the field army may also effective operating units with appropriate result in meeting engagements. combat support and combat service support means. 7-37. Exploitation and Pursuit b. The use of nuclear weapons assists in a. An exploitation is an offensive operation, rupturing the enemy’s principal defensive posi- usually following a successful attack, designed tions to facilitate penetration and envelopment to secure an objective deep in the enemy rear to maneuvers. Since the impact from extensive fácilitate pursuit of a retreating enemy force. use of nuclear weapons is overwhelming, the The field army drives deep into the enemy’s frontal attack may become the most desirable rear to destroy his ability to reconstitute an form of maneuver. organized defense or to conduct an orderly c. During nuclear operations, attacks are withdrawal in the face of threatened destruction characterized by fire and maneuver that pro- or capture. duce an overwhelming preponderance of combat b. A pursuit is an offensive operation de- power. The field army commander must antici- signed to capture or annihilate an enemy force pate the rapid tempo of nuclear operations in attempting to escape. As enemy demoralization which difficult tasks may be accomplished in begins and enemy forces disintegrate under hours rather that days. He must insure that the relentless pressure, an exploitation may de- bypassed enemy force’s capability to call for velop into a pursuit. A pursuit differs from the nuclear strikes on friendly forces is destroyed exploitation in that its primary function is to or neutralized. d. The field army commander must retain the complete the destruction of the enemy force flexibility to exploit advantages rapidly. Be- attempting to disengage. Although the field cause of the destruction caused by extensive use army may designate a terrain objective, the of tactical nuclear weapons, an exploitation or enemy force itself is the primary objective. pursuit may begin shortly after the attack com- c. While smaller units may exploit local suc- mences. The rapid employment of highly mobile cesses within the framework of their current field army reserves, to include airmobile units operations, the field army plans operations to and reserve nuclear weapons, on preplanned reduce the relative enemy combat power to targets facilitates the destruction or capture of permit exploitation and pursuit deep into the fleeing enemy forces. Ordinarily the corps exe- hostile rear with decisive results. Units may cutes the exploitation and pursuit. start the exploitation as a result of successes

Section VIII. DEI SIVE OPERATIONS 7-39. General b. Defense is a basic form of combat in which a. This section covers certain theaspects purpose of plan- is to prevent, resist, repulse, or ning and conducting field army defensive oper- destroy an enemy attack. The field army under- ations and should be weighed in conjunction takes defensive operations to— with the general operational considerations Develop more favorable conditions for sub- outlined in paragraphs 7-10 through 7-20. sequent offensive operations.

7-18 FM 100-15

Deny the enemy entrance into an area. actual disposition of assigned and attached Reduce the enemy combat power with mini- corps troops. The field army commander’s mum losses to friendly forces. concept of the employment of field army’s Trap or destroy enemy forces. combat means is essential to the soundness of Provide an economy of force measure. the allocation of combat power. c. In defensive operations, the field army c. Limitations on available forces or the as- commander— signment of extended frontages may require the Seeks to force the enemy to react in con- field army commander to examine in detail the formity with the field army defense plan. terrain and the enemy capabilities to determine Retains a degree of initiative by selecting where he must defend in strength and where he the battle area and by taking every opportunity can employ economy of force measures. to exploit enemy weakness and errors. Needs to seize the initiative and to achieve 7-42. Forms of Defense decisive results by offensive action. a. The field army conducts a defense by em- 7-40. Defensive Planning ploying the corps in a mobile or area form of defense. a. In field army planning for defensive opera- Area defense. An area defense is based on tions, the field army commander normally retention of specific terrain. selects a course of action employing all corps in Mobile defense. The mobile defense is one the forward defense area. He provides the pre- in which minimum forces are deployed forward ponderance of available field army maneuver to— units to the corps. The field army commander’s Warn of impending attack. selection of his course of action to provide the Canalize the enemy in less favorable best overall defense requires a consideration of terrain. the— Inpede and harass them. Mission. Cause their disorganization. Nature of the terrain and degree to which The preponderance of the combat power of the specific terrain must be held. corps is employed in vigorous offensive action Relative mobility of opposing forces. to destroy the enemy at a decisive time and Depth of the defense area. place. Relative combat power of opposing forces. b. The area defense and the mobile defense Relative air and nuclear situations. are at opposite ends of a scale of wide varia- Reserves available at higher echelons. tions in defensive operations. Frequently, nei- Ability to provide combat service support ther pattern will be suitable in a given for the various plans. situation, and a variation incorporating appli- Deployment of the TASCOM and facilities cable portions of both must be employed. Within supporting the field army. the field army defense, the operations of the Employment of chemical warfare munition/ various components may encompass both defen- agents and the impact on future operations. sive patterns and delaying operations, with cer- b. Based on the selected course of action, the tain units being assigned primarily an field army commander and his staff analyze the offensive role. FM 100-5 provides a discussion key terrain and the enemy avenues of approach. on the principles involved in the defense. They determine corps missions, designate corps sectors, and allocate appropriate combat power. 7-43. Defensive Echelons 7-41. Allocation of Combat Power Defensive echelons include the security echelon, the forward defensive echelon, and the reserve a. The allocation of combat (including nu- echelon. The field army commander allocates clear), combat support, and combat service sup- the combat power of the field army to each port assets to the corps is based on the field echelon in accordance with the field army de- army commander’s analysis of what each corps fense plan. will require to accomplish its assigned mission. b. When determining the allocation of combat 7-44. Security Echelon power to the corps, the field army commander visualizes how each corps can defend its as- a. The security echelon begins at the forward signed sector. An analysis of the attached divi- edge of the battle area (FEBA) and extends to sion’s capabilities to defend in the type of whatever distance to the front and flanks that terrain involved provides this visualization. security elements are employed. Forces operat- The corps commanders are responsible for the ing under field army control in this area com-

7-19 FM 100-15 monly perform air surveillance and flank rear of the forward defensive echelon, usually security missions. Usually a corps controls the the rear boundary of the corps, to the rear covering force; however, field army may retain boundary of the field army. In the defense, as in control of the covering force on an exceptional the offensive, the field army reserve consists of basis. maneuver elements and fire support (including b. When field army directs corps to establish a nuclear weapons) which the field army com- covering force to the front, field army desig- mander can employ to influence the battle at nates initial coordinating points and prescribes critical times and places. Uncommitted reserve the period of time that the covering force is to echelon troops under field army control and hold the enemy forward of the FEBA. The corps located in the field army service area (FASA) is responsible for the composition of the cover- may be assigned a secondary mission to sup- ing force, the details of coordination, and its port the FASCOM in RAP operations. operation. c. Usually the organization of a defensive 7-47. Employment of the Field Army position when in contact with major enemy Reserves forces precludes the establishment of a covering a. As in the offense, the maneuver element of force by the field army. the reserve should be positioned where it can 7-45. Forward Defensive Echelon best influence the action and be released to a corps for commitment. The field army com- a. The forward defensive echelon extends mander delegates the responsibility for develop- rearward from the FEBA and includes the area ing the detailed tactical planning for occupied or organized by the frontline units. As employment of the reserve to one or more of the an independent force, the field army has lati- corps. tude in selecting the areas for conducting the b. The field army may release all or part of defense. As a part of a larger force, the field the reserve— army conducts defensive operations in con- Before engagement with major enemy for- formance with the instructions from higher mations. headquarters. The field army describes the gen- Before penetration occurs in the forward eral trace of the FEBA designating coordinat- defensive echelon. ing points on the corps boundaries. After penetration occurs in the forward de- b. The selection of the coordinating points fensive echelon. between the corps on the FEBA and the desig- After the corps have committed all or part nation of boundaries fix the corps defensive of their reserve. sectors. When designating the corps sectors, the c. The release of all or part of the army field army commander primarily considers— reserve before engagement with major enemy Missions assigned to the corps. formations or before penetrations occur in the An evaluation of the terrain. corps sectors is based on updated intelligence Enemy force capabilities. as to the size of the enemy force confronting the Friendly force capabilities. corps. If the enemy force is beyond the capabil- Composition of enemy forces. ity of the corps, based on initial allocation of Future field army plans. combat power from field army, additional c. When establishing boundaries, the field combat power from the field army reserve is army commander assigns the responsibility for released to the corps. Also, if nuclear or conven- a major avenue of approach to a single corps. tional firepower has destroyed certain elements The field army commander considers an avenue of the corps before engagement with major of approach into the field army area as one that forces or before the occurrence of a penetration, permits the unrestricted maneuver of the major releasing part of the field army reserve to the combat elements of one or more enemy division- corps may be necessary. size units. The commander is careful to insure d. The field army commander and staff ana- that the area assigned to the corps can provide lyze the situation and determine, in priority, maneuver room to execute the corps tactical penetrations that may occur in the corps sec- plans. The maneuver room and the communica- tors that will require release of all or part of the tions network available to each corps may be as army reserve. Plans are then formulated to important as the terrain itself. release that portion of the field army reserve for those assumed penetrations that are beyond the capability of the corps reserve. Planning for 7-46. Reserve Echelon these penetrations is accomplished in the fol- The reserve echelon extends rearward from the lowing sequence:

7-20 FM 100-15

Field army visualizes penetrations that 7-48. Defensive Operations During may occur and may require release of all or Employment of Nuclear Weapons part of the army reserve. Field army provides the corps with the as- a. In a nuclear environment, the prepared sumed penetration, the assumed enemy field army defensive plans, especially the strength in the penetration, and that part of the barrier and nuclear fire plans, are the most field army reserve that it will release to the positive methods of control that the field army corps to use in destroying or ejecting the enemy commander has over the battle. The use of ADM to complement the conventional barrier system * „ force in the penetration. These assumed penetrations may be in the corps forward defense provides the field army commander with the area, on the corps flank, or on the boundaries capability to emplace formidable barriers uti- between corps. If a penetration falls on the lizing a minimum of personnel and logistic boundaries between two adjacent corps, field tonnage. When engagement with major enemy army may adjust the corps boundary and as- formations has occurred, decentralized opera- sign one corps the entire responsibility for the tions below corps level are common. penetration or retain responsibility at field b. Defensive operations in a nuclear environ- army level. ment will in all probability require the employ- Corps prepares the detailed counterattack ment of small, mobile units (usually battalion size) that are well supported by nuclear weap- plans for use of its own uncommitted reserve ons. Field army’s missions to the corps provide and includes the additional combat power re- maximum coverage of the high-speed ap- leased from the field reserve. proaches into the forward defense area. Subor- Field army reviews and analyzes each dinate units are assigned a specific area within corps counterattack plan for conformity with which the commander controls the movement the army defense plan and directs changes as and positioning of his units during the battle. required. Attacking enemy forces are subjected to mas- Field army integrates all assumed penetra- sive nuclear destruction as they attempt to tions into a priority list for the release of the overtake the forward defense area. army reserve and assigns priorities of each Counterattacking forces are dispersed and con- assumed penetration based on the degree of cealed to the rear of the forward defense area. criticality to the field army defense. Maximum use of nuclear weapons and minimum use of forces characterize the counterattack.

Section IX. RETROGRADE OPERATIONS

7-49. General serve the integrity of the field army. The higher During retrograde operations, the field army is headquarters in most cases designates the next moved to the rear or away from the enemy. The defensive position, defines the army’s sector of operation may be a voluntary action or one withdrawal, specifies the time when the retro- forced by the enemy. During a retrograde oper- grade operation is to begin, and specifies the ation, elements of the field army may be con- time when the field army units are expected to ducting a combination of withdrawals, delaying close on the new defensive position. Denial op- actions, and retirements, either simultaneously erations are associated with retrograde movements and are discussed in paragraph 7-53 by adjacent units or by one type of operation below. developing into another. The basic purpose of a b. In planning a retrograde operation, the retrograde operation is to preserve the integrity of the field army for future operations; how- field army develops the overall tactical plan; ever, it can be employed for other reasons, e.g., however, the detailed planning and the tactical to reposition forces on more defensible terrain execution of the operation are accomplished by or to eliminate a vulnerable salient. the corps. The field army plan may include— 7-50. Field Army Role in Planning Phasing of the operation. Successive defensive positions. Retrograde Operations Withdrawal sectors for each corps. a. The higher headquarters controlling field Defensive sectors for the first defensive po- armies may order the field army to conduct sition. Defensive sectors for subsequent defen- retrograde operations when necessary to pre- sive positions and the final defensive position

7-21 FM 100-15

may be designated for assignment on order. ate action to limit the forward movement of Time when the retrograde is to begin and supplies and to reduce the level of supplies in time when the corps are expected to close on the the forward field army supply points by con- first defensive position. Closing times for sub- sumption or evacuation of excesses. Field army sequent defensive positions and the final defen- may issue specific instructions limiting the sive position will be specified as the order/plan destruction of supplies and equipment and de- for each phase of the operation is implemented. fining procedures for such destruction. It also Allocation of forces to each corps necessary acts to establish supply points at all successive to accomplish its assigned mission. The major- defensive positions and at the final defensive ity of the combat and combat support units will position. Military police units are utilized to a be attached to the corps during retrograde oper- maximum to enforce circulation control, route ations. Combat service support units, as re- priorities, and individual as well as unit move- quired, may also be attached to the corps during ments. These same MP units concurrently per- retrograde operations. Because of the decentral- form route reconnaissance of the primary ized execution of retrograde operations, the routes of withdrawal developing alternate field army retains minimum required units routes around possible obstacle areas. Engineer under its direct control. units under field army control improve the c. In developing the task organization for the primary routes of withdrawal, construct defense operations, field army makes minimum bridges at critical points, or begin preparations changes in the corps force structure in effect for of the final defensive position. In planning the the retrograde movement. Such action simpli- support of the retrograde operation, close coorT fies corps planning and execution of the retro- dination with corps is required to insure ade- grade operations and facilitates occupation and quate combat service support for the corps organization of the defensive positions. tactical plans with minimum loss, destruction, d. Field army’s major responsibilities in or unnecessary movement of supplies. planning and executing a retrograde operation 7-51. Retrograde Operations During the are the development of the administrative/logistic plan and the traffic control plan. The admin- Employment of Nuclear Weapons istrative/logistic plan provides adequate combat Field army responsibilities for retrograde oper- service support with particular emphasis on the ations in a nuclear environment are similar to evacuation of supplies and equipment and the those discussed for defensive operations. How- prompt evacuation of casualties. The traffic ever, restrictions on the employment of nuclear control plan provides for maximum effective weapons to preclude the creation of obstacles use of the primary routes of withdrawal in the for the withdrawing forces are particularly em- army’s withdrawal sector. Once field army phasized. begins a retrograde operation, it takes immedi-

Section X. SUPPORTING OPERATIONS

7-52. Tactical Cover and Deception security to a plan, operation, or activity as well a. Large-scale operations under all conditions as to intensify normal security and passive of general war are joint and strategic. The defense measures. Deception is an activity de- theater commander develops strategic cover and signed to mislead the enemy by manipulating, deception plans to support the strategic cover distorting, or falsifying evidence. and deception plan. Deception is strictly con- c. The field army executes tactical cover and trolled to insure compliance with national pol- deception measures assigned by higher head- icies. quarters. Tactical cover and deception planning b. Tactical cover and deception support oper- is a normal staff activity; however, temporary ations frequently require coordination with planning groups may plan certain cover and other Services and with allied commanders. deception operations. Plans may include the Properly conceived and employed, cover and employment of specifically trained and orga- deception deceive the enemy as to the true dis- nized units and the use of regular combat, positions, capabilities, and intentions of combat support, and combat service support friendly forces, thus causing him to react ad- units. vantageously to the friendly forces. Cover in- d. Deception plans must provide sufficient cludes special measures designed to provide time for the enemy to receive the deception

7-22 r

FM 100-15

story, analyze the pattern of US activities, and 7-54. Barriers react in a manner previously determined as a. Barriers are a coordinated series of natu- prejudicial to his interests. The deception oper- ral and artificial obstacles employed to canal- ation must be initiated so that the enemy has ize, direct, restrict, delay, or stop the movement time to react to the intended deception. Tactical of an opposing force and to impose additional cover and deception require strict security mea- losses in personnel, time, and equipment on the sures and minimum dissemination of plans opposing force. A barrier ordinarily links natu- and information. Tactical cover and deception ral and artificial obstacles in a linear form. In plans are developed concurrently with OPLAN. e. FM 31-40 describes tactical cover and de- the initial stages of development, a barrier is not an impenetrable line of great depth and ception considerations. continuous strength. 7-53. Denial Operations b. Commanders at each echelon have authority to make full use of natural and artificial a. Denial operations include those actions obstacles for security and for the strengthening taken to prevent or hinder the enemy’s use or of close-in defenses. Barrier planning, however, benefit from areas, personnel, facilities, or ma- is a major function of the field army. Corps and teriel. They may include destruction, removal, higher commanders have the authority to direct contamination, or erection of obstructions. the employment of barriers on an extensive b. Subject to the limitations imposed in direc- scale. This authority may be delegated to divi- tives from higher authority, the commander of sion commanders. The basic principle involved the unified command establishes the theater in the employment of barriers is their use to policy governing denial operations. The com- augment the combat effectiveness of available mander of the unified command may conduct forces. Barriers are not a substitute for troops denial operations as a part of his overall and weapons; but, if properly employed, campaign. His denial policies provide informa- barriers materially increase their effectiveness. tion on specific targets and types of items to be Barriers are comprehensively integrated with denied, the degree of denial desired, the priority the overall tactical scheme of maneuver, the fire of preparation and execution, and the subordi- support plan, and the combat service support nate commander responsible for planning and plan. execution. The Army component commander c. Barriers are used in the offense to— and the joint force commanders receive the Contribute to flank security of the attack- major share of responsibility for planning and ing force. executing denial operations. Impede enemy counterattacks. c. Below theater, the commander issues in- Assist in entrapment of enemy forces. structions for denial operations as an annex to Serve as an economy of force measure. an LOI, OPLAN, or OPORD. Based on the type d. Barriers are used in the defense to— and significance of the denial targets involved, Delay and disrupt the enemy advance to- the army group commanders determine and ward the front or flanks. assign targets to units under their direct Delay, limit, or canalize the movement of a control and to subordinate units. penetrating or enveloping force. d. At field army and below, commanders com- Separate enemy armor from infantry. bine applicable portions of the strategic denial Assist in flank and rear area security. plan of higher headquarters with the barrier Serve as an economy of force measure. plan into a single, comprehensive, coordinated e. Barriers are used in retrograde operations plan and publish it in the barrier and denial to— annex to the OPORD. The plans are consoli- Impede the enemy advance. dated because most denial targets are executed Permit the adoption of economy of force similarly to the work of preparing barriers. measures. e. Authority for execution of specific barrier Gain time. and denial targets is based on tactical expedi- /. Army groups and higher headquarters pre- ence, subject to restrictions, priorities, or plans pare broad barrier studies based on studies of of higher headquarters. FM 31-10 discusses au- the weather and terrain. They issue instruction, thority and procedures for denial operations based on these studies, for the planning and and barriers in detail. employment of barriers. /. The doctrine and guidance to be followed in g. Field army or corps barrier plans are part emergency denial of nuclear weapons are con- of the tactical plan and are issued as an annex tained in FM 6-20-1. to the OPORD. The field army barrier plan is

7-23 FM 100-15 not a detailed plan showing all the individual operation, and such other UW operations as obstacles in the field army area. It is a frame- may be required in assigned operational areas. work around which corps can develop its d. When UW operational areas come within barrier plan. the area of influence of the advancing tactical h. Applicable portions of the field army command, OPCON of UW forces in these areas barrier plan are included in the corps barrier is usually transferred from the unified or speci- plan. The same type of instructions contained fied command level to the field army concerned. in the army plan are included in the corps The field army, in turn, may assign OPCON of barrier plan, but the corps plan is more detailed the UW forces to any of the subordinate tactical and covers the location of those natural and units. This control is seldom delegated below artificial barriers including the use of atomic division. demolition munitions and barrier minefields e. FM 31-21 and FR 31-21A provide detailed essential to the corps tactical plan. discussions of the employment of Special i. FM 31-10 covers barrier planning in detail. Forces in support of UW. Use of ADM is discussed in FM 5-26. 7-56. Camouflage 7-55. Unconventional Warfare The basic principles of camouflage are followed a. The commander of the unified command is in an offensive operation as well as in a static responsible for the conduct of unconventional or defensive situation. The responsibility for warfare (UW) in the theater of operations. As camouflage rests on the commander, and all part of this responsibility, he designates opera- troops must be aware of the principles and tional areas for the conduct of UW and related techniques of camouflage. Technical advice and UW activities. assistance is provided by the engineers. The b. The principal US Army element available engineer under the general staff supervision of to the commander of the unified command to the G-3, is responsible for camouflage planning organize UW operational areas is the special in coordination with the G-2 and G-4. In a fast forces (SF) group assigned to theater army. moving offensive situation it is doubtful if time c. A theater UW command may be established will allow extensive artificial camouflage mea- as a subordinate unified command by the sures. However, engineers advise and assist theater commander to provide joint planning other troops in utilization of natural features and coordination for UW operations. The Army which will aid in camouflage and concealment. component of the theater UW command, an SF During preparation for offensive operations, group, establishes the required special forces special attention is given to camouflage, con- operational base (SFOB) in friendly territory. cealment, and disguise of units and activities The group plans for, directs, controls, and which may reveal friendly plans. Camouflage is supplies SF operating in denied or hostile an important supporting element of tactical areas in organizing, training, equipping, and cover and deception. controlling irregular forces in UW, a ground

Doctrinal Recapitulation

• The composition of a field army is not fixed; the number and types of troop units assigned or attached depend on the mission, the characteristics of the area of operations, the availability of units, and the contemplated operation. • Missions assigned to field army usually are broad in nature and permit latitude in their accomplishment. • A mission is analyzed to determine whether it contains tasks not specifically stated that must be accomplished to fulfill the overall mission. • A field army operation is phased when there is a change in the form of maneuver or nature of the operation or a major regrouping of forces. Except for long-range ballistic missile delivery systems, the field army usually attaches all its field artillery and aerial field artillery to the corps.

7-24 FM 100-15

• Allocations/assignments of nuclear weapons are for specific period, a specific mission, or a phase of the higher headquarters operation. • Planning for ground force operations includes the integration of allocated tactical air support. • Communications support at the field army level is provided by a command communications system, an area communications system, and an air defense artillery communications system. • In offensive operations, the corps mission and field army concept of operation are so stated to enable the corps to plan one phase of the field army operation in detail and initiate planning for succeeding phases. • The basic forms of maneuver employed in the offense are the penetration, envelopment, and frontal attack. • In offensive and defensive operations, the field army reserve usually is released to a corps for commitment. • In the defense, all corps of the field army normally are employed in the forward defense area. • An avenue of approach into the field army defensive area is one. that permits the unrestricted maneuver of one or more enemy division- size units. • The basic purpose of a retrograde operation is to preserve the integrity of the command for future operations.

7-25 . « FM 100-15

CHAPTER 8 CORPS (STANAG 2099 and SEASTAG 2099)

Section I. GENERAL

8-1. Introduction c. The overall combat power of the corps is not This chapter pertains to a US corps operating restricted to that provided by attached or as- as part of a US field army. The principles signed field army units. Operations of support- discussed herein also apply to an independent ing field army units and elements from other or separate corps operating under the direction Services frequently strengthen the corps combat of a joint task force (JTF) or combined force power. headquarters. 8-3. Corps Headquarters and Staff 8-2. Organization a. TOE 52-1 provides the organization for a а. The corps is a tactical organization, corps headquarters. When engaged in combat usually consisting of two or more divisions operations, the corps headquarters usually con- together with supporting arms and services. sists of one main echelon organized as the main The composition of the corps is not fixed; how- command post and an alternate command post. ever, the TOE 52-series establishes the organi- It may establish a tactical command post as an zation of the corps headquarters and extension of the main CP, if required. When headquarters company (HHC). Although the employed as an independent or separate corps, field army assigns or attaches units to the corps a rear echelon may be required. FM 101-5 con- for a specific tactical situation, some units tains a detailed discussion of the echelonment habitually are assigned to the corps to provide of headquarters. the means required to facilitate command and b. Corps headquarters uses the US Army control (fig 8-1). The type and the number of general staff organization. FM 101-5 provides troop units assigned or attached to the corps guidance of staff organization, procedures, and depend on— responsibilities. Assigned mission. Characteristics of the area of operations. 8—4. Corps Tactical Operations Center Availability of units. The establishment of corps tactical operations Enemy situation. center (CTOC) usually is necessary to assist Type of future operations contemplated. the corps commander in reducing staff reaction б. In a combined theater of operations (TO), time and coordinating current operations to the corps may contain allied units. This chapter insure sound command decisions and their specifically discusses a corps composed entirely rapid implementation. FM 101-5 provides de- of US units; however, the principles are appli- tailed discussion of the CTOC. cable to a corps composed of both US and allied units.

8-1 FM 100-15

CORPS

SUPPORT r r-- .—J r 1 r-l--| J 1 \ I L i ±~"\ r--1—i I CORPS .1 CA i , TRANS i I FASCOM j MP , 1 1 Spt ' I Elms I I Elms I MEDE1 I I Bn • L_S4ê I I I I I L_ ^_ J I I

HQ Co.Corpa Corps Sig Army Engr Arty Bn Avn Bde ADA CP3 £E

FA Btry FA FA USASA Engr Engr Slt5 4 3 TAB Gp Hq, Bns,5 Bn Topo Cbt Gp(s) Sep Btrv(s) Co

Arma Sep Smoke Dlv MI PSYOPS Cav Bde3 Genr Units5 Units3 Regt3 Bn3

Air Rgr Cav Co SgdQ •FASCOM organization for corps combat service support.

1>DS or attached; may be attached corps spt bde. ^Aviation company and surveillance airplane company assigned to corps. Other elms attached as required. 3Attached as required. ^Provides support in accordance with AR 10-122. Attached.

Figure 8-1. Type corps organized for combat on a large landmass.

8-2 FM 100-15

HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS COMPANY, CORPS OR AIRBORNE CORPS

Comd Sec

CofS Sec

Cl Sec C2 Sec G3 Sec G4 Sec G5 Sec AG Sec

. 1 Uli Sec C-E Sec 1C Sec Info Sec JA Sec PM Sec

Surg Sec ADA Sec Arty Sec^ Engr Sec *■ HQ Comdt CO HQ

^Direct access to CG, as a Personnel Staff Officer, as required.

^Personnel and equipment provided from other TOE.

Figure 8-2. Type corps headquarters and airborne corps headquarters.

Section II. PLANNING

8—5. General vides corps timely information of contemplated а. Corps fight the tactical battle for the field field army operations to allow corps command- army. The field army commander provides ers and their staffs to project their plans well corps commanders the necessary combat and into the future. Similarly, corps provide their combat support units to conduct successful major subordinate commanders information of tactical operations. The field army commander contemplated corps operations to facilitate the usually retains responsibility for providing development and preparation of effective and combat service support to corps and for other detailed plans. support that corps commanders do not immedi- c. During operations for a current phase of a ately require to wage the tactical battle. field army operation, corps simultaneously pre- б. Planning of tactical operations by corps is pare the detailed plans for at least the next based on field army plans. The field army pro- phase. Planning is continuous and, as informa-

8-3 FM 100-15

tion becomes available and the situation ments in fire support can readily be made, but permits, the corps planners prepare plans for major changes affecting the planned movement subsequent phases. of corps maneuver forces require adequate con- d. The corps commander requires adequatie sideration of time and space factors. The timely and timely information of the enemy to plan the and effective employment of corps units results employment of his forces. Intelligence, recon- from decisions made early enough to permit naissance, and surveillance agencies assigned thorough coordination and planning. and attached to the corps develop the enemy c. The sequence of actions in the decision situation. Information and intelligence of in- making process at corps is similar although terest to subordinate commanders are transmit- less general than that of field army. ted to those commanders without delay. In addition to the information that is of value to 8-7. Phasing a Corps Operation specific elements, each major subordinate com- a. Corps phases its operation under the same mander remains aware of the situation and the general conditions as field army. Phasing facil- current enemy capabilities by means of intelli- itates detailed planning for the execution of the gence estimates, reports, and situation maps. commander’s adopted course of action. By re- Liaison officers at field army, division, and ducing the operation to phases, the corps com- adjacent corps are particularly valuable in ex- mander can better develop the details of changing such information. execution as the operation progresses. b. A corps usually phases its operation 8-6. Command and Staff Actions when— a. Although the missions assigned to the corps The form of maneuver or nature of the are more specific than those assigned to the operation changes. field army, they are relatively broad in nature. A major regrouping of forces occurs. The corps commander analyzes the mission received from field army to determine whether 8-8. Scope of the Corps Operation Order additional tasks, not specifically stated in the a. The corps OPLAN/OPORD establishes the field army mission, must be undertaken to in- concept of operations for execution of the sure the accomplishment of the overall mission. course of action adopted by the corps com- On completion of his analysis, the corps commander. It contains the details of execution for mander provides his staff the restated mission at least the first phase of the operation and and initial planning guidance. The corps staffs outlines instructions for succeeding phases. Ad- prepare their staff estimates and provide ap- ditional plans are developed and published as propriate recommendations to the commander. required to execute succeeding phases. The After considering the staff recommendations, corps commander issues the detailed OPLAN the corps commander completes his own esti- for the next phase after the current phase has mate of the situation, makes his decision, and commenced. Fragmentary orders are appropri- provides the staff with his overall concept of the ate when only minor changes to the current operation. The corps commander’s decision and OPORD are necessary. concept of the operation provide the basis for b. The concept of operation describes the the development of the detailed corps operation corps commander’s overall tactical plan, to in- plan (OPLAN) or order (OPORD). clude phasing if required, to accomplish the b. Once execution of the plan starts and the mission assigned to the corps. The assignment corps units are committed, radical changes in of tasks to subordinate units will require them the scheme of maneuver are avoided. However, to execute at least one phase of the operation the plan/order must allow the commander suffi- and to initiate planning for one or more suc- cient flexibility so that he may take advantage ceeding phases. Tasks assigned for succeeding of the situation during the execution. Adjust- phases are on a “prepare to” basis.

Section III. OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

8-9. General army assigns or attaches most of its combat This section discusses the combat and combat and combat support units to the corps for support units that may be attached or assigned combat operations. The corps commander may to the corps and their general method of employ- further attach some of these combat support ment; support provided by other Services is units to the divisions, or he may employ them also discussed where appropriate. The field under corps control to support the divisions. In

8-4 FM 100-15 offensive operations, the division making the b. Field Artillery. The bulk of the field artil- corps main attack receives primary considera- lery battalions assigned to the field army are tion. attached to the corps. This attachment provides the corps commander a powerful means of in- 8-10. Maneuver Units fluencing the outcome of battle. a. Divisions. The field army commander at- (1) Corps artillery provides depth to taches from two to six divisions to each corps. combat; augments the fires of the divisions, All types of divisions in various combinations separate brigades, and armored cavalry regi- may be attached to organize each corps for a ments; provides the bulk of fires on hostile particular mission or operation. The employ- cannon, missiles, and rockets; and performs ment of a division in a particular role, espe- corps-wide target acquisition functions. cially airborne and airmobile divisions (2) Corps artillery controls the operations employed in an infantry division role, require of nondivisional field artillery and coordinates combat, combat support, and combat service the activities of the other field artillery availa- support augmentation. Since most of the ble to the corps. The corps artillery headquar- combat and combat support units assigned to ters controls large-scale employment of field the field army are attached to the corps, the artillery; it brings into play the bulk of heavy corps provides the necessary combat and artillery, the longer range missiles, and its nu- combat support required to augment the combat clear capability. The corps commander accom- power of the divisions. FM 61-100 discusses plishes control and coordination by assigning division operations in detail. tactical missions to subordinate units, attach- b. Armored Cavalry Regiment. The armored ing artillery to subordinate units, providing cavalry regiment performs reconnaissance and survey and communication to the field artillery security operations for the corps. The regi- with the corps, and prescribing the available ment’s organic air and armored cavalry units ammunition supply rate. can operate over wide areas at an extended (3) Types of missions regularly assigned to distance and may serve as a reconnaissance or corps field artillery groups and battalions in- a security force. In addition, the regiment may clude general support (GS), reinforcing, and engage in offensive, defensive, or delaying ac- GS-reinforcing. Corps field artillery units also tions as a part of the main battle in an economy may be attached to the divisions of the corps. of force rolé. The attachment of additional The corps commander, on the recommendation combat and combat support units to a regiment of the corps artillery commander, may assign increases the regiment’s capability to conduct missions to the division artillery of a reserve reconnaissance, security, and economy of force division; however, he makes provision to return operations. One armored cavalry regiment gen- this divisional artillery to the .control of its erally is attached to the corps. This regiment parent unit before its commitment. Field artil- can operate under corps control or be attached, lery support also is provided for nondivisional in whole or part, to a division. FM 17-95 con- elements of the corps reserve when these forces tains guidance for employment of the regiment. are committed independently. In offensive oper- c. Separate Brigade. A separate brigade head- ations, the main attack of the corps is weighted quarters may be attached to the corps. Infantry, with responsive field artillery support. The nu- mechanized infantry, airborne, or tank battal- clear delivery capability of field artillery weap- ions are attached to the brigade headquarters ons reduces the requirement for massed for command and control. The brigade with its conventional fire during nuclear operations. attached battalions may work directly under Corps usually attaches corps cannon field artil- corps control, perform a rear area or flank lery and a portion of the shorter range missile security mission, serve in the corps reserve, or units to an exploiting force. FM 6-20-series be attached to a division to augment its combat contains detailed discussions of the employment power. of field artillery units. 8-11. Fire Support c. Air Defense Artillery. The air defense artil- a. General. Firelery support (ADA) meansgroup providesunder corps air defense of the control include the nuclear and nonnuclear corps area in a direct support (DS) role. In an fires of attached surface-to-surface and surface- independent operation, the ADA group usually to-air weapon systems. Tactical air support is is attached to the corps. In either case, the ADA provided to corps by the Air Force, Navy, and commander provides air defense of corps instal- Marine Corps. When appropriate, naval gunfire lations and forces based upon the ADA priori- support may be provided. ties established by the corps commander. Air a-s FM 100-15 defense of the corps area is provided by the Retaining an appropriate nuclear reserve. forward area and low and medium-altitude c. When planning the employment of nuclear ADA battalions attached to the group. When weapons, the corps commander considers the required, ADA units may be either placed in characteristics of the available weapon system, support or attached to the division. Coordina- to include their range, responsiveness, reliabil- tion of ADA activities with other tactical opera- ity, accuracy, and the yields that the weapon tions of the corps is a normal staff activity. FM system can deliver. The corps commander’s as- 44-1 contains a detailed discussion of air de- signment and/or allocation of nuclear weapons fense operations. to subordinate units may include weapons d. Army Aviation. Attached Army aviation whose delivery systems are not under the units may operate directly under the corps or control of the subordinate commander. Nor- may be further attached or placed in support of mally, subordinate units are assigned/allocated subordinate elements for specific missions. The nuclear weapons whose delivery systems are attack helicopters of these aviation units sup- under their control. plement and extend the firepower available to d. To insure a high state of responsiveness of the corps commander from ground-based weap- nuclear weapon support, the corps maintains ons and close air support (CAS) provided by current information concerning the location other Services. and condition of readiness of nuclear weapons e. Fire Support Coordination Line. The fire and delivery means available to the corps. This support coordination line (FSCL) is an imagi- includes recommending to the corps support nary line arranged, if possible, to follow well- brigade commander the successive locations of defined geographical features. It is established special ammunition units of the brigade that by the corps commander to coordinate support- usually provide a portion of the corps’ nuclear ing fires delivered by forces not under corps allocation. control. The location and the effective time of the FSCL are coordinated with supporting tac- 8—13. Nuclear Weapon Allocation and tical air, naval gunfire, adjacent units, and Assignment Procedures higher headquarters. The FSCL is established a. The development of corps plans as far as beyond the farthest point to which the corps possible in advance of the actual opération may employ patrols, penetration forces, or cov- should include the nuclear weapon allocation to ering forces to permit supporting fires to attack subordinate corps units. The corps commander targets beyond the FSCL without danger to or provides his staff with planning guidance on coordination with the corps. Supporting employment of nuclear weapons not covered in agencies outside the corps must coordinate with the corps SOP. The nuclear weapons aspects of the corps before engaging targets short of the the corps commander’s planning guidance is FSCL. However, field artillery and naval gun- contained in FM 101-31-1; supplemental infor- fire under corps control may deliver fire mation can be found in FM 100-30. between the FSCL and the no-fire line (NFL), established by the divisions, without coordina- b. Based on the nuclear assignment/allocation. FM 6-20-series contains additional details tion by field army and the corps commander’s on the establishment of the FSCL. planning guidance, the corps staff develops 8-12. Nuclear Weapon Employment corps assignments/allocations by estimating the number and the type of weapons scheduled for a. Field army assigns and/or allocates nu- delivery at the corps level, retention in corps clear weapons to the corps for a specific period, reserve, and assignments/allocations to major specific mission, or a phase of the field army subordinate units. The major subordinate units operation. The corps commander uses allocated are informed of the corps commander’s concept weapons as a planning factor for future opera- of operation, their assigned mission, and the tions and assignment of nuclear weapons for tentative assignment/allocation of nuclear actual employment. weapons and are requested to submit their nu- b. Corps accomplishes the detailed integra- clear weapon requirements. The corps staff rec- tion of assigned nuclear weapons with the onciles these requirements with the availability scheme of maneuver by— of weapons and, with the corps commander’s Assigning and allocating nuclear weapons approval, announces the corps’ assignment/allo- to major subordinate units. cation. The final assignment/allocation of nu- Planning the employment of nuclear weap- clear weapons for each corps OPORD is usually ons to be fired by corps delivery means. contained in the Fire Support Annex. 8-6 FM 100-15

8-14. Chemical Weapons request, the DASC notifies the requesting TACP. Silence by the intermediate TACP indi- The operational considerations for the employ- cates approval of the request. FM 100-26 con- ment of chemical weapons to support corps tains a detailed discussion of the air-ground operations are similar to those discussed for operations system (AGOS). field army operations (para 7-15). 8-16. Attack Helicopter Operations 8-15. Tactical Air Support a. The discussion at paragraph 7-17 on attack* a. Planning for tactical air support is closely helicopter operation is applicable to the corps. integrated with corps planning for ground tac- Army aviation units have attack helicopters (to tical operations. The G3 and G2 air of the corps include aerial field artillery) that provide air- coordinates close air support operations and to-surface fires for combat units. Field army air reconnaissance operations respectively. The aviation units and aerial field artillery units corps G3 and G4 jointly plan and coordinate provide the primary source of attack helicopter tactical airlift operations. The G4 plans and direct fires. These units normally are attached coordinates airlift of troops, cargo, and to or are placed in support of the corps. supplies for administrative moves and combat b. The request procedures for those units service support operations. The G3 plans and which do not have organic or attached attack coordinates the airlift of troops for a tactical helicopters are as follows: movement that results in airborne assault or (1) Preplanned requests for attack heli- airlanded operations. The ground liaison of- copters in a fire and maneuver role will be ficer (GLO) advises and assists tactical fighter made through command channels and may orig- unit commanders on matters pertaining to inate at any level of command. When provided, Army operations. attack helicopters will be placed under opera- b. The organization of the Air Force tactical tional control of the supported commander. Aer- air control system (TAGS) closely parallels the ial field artillery helicopter fire support units Army echelons of command, figure 7-3. A tacti- are requested, controlled, and coordinated cal air control party (TACP) habitually is at- through fire support channels in the same tached to battalion, brigade, separate brigade, manner as other fire support means. division, and corps to advise the associated (2) Immediate requests for attack helicopter commander oft all aspects of tactical air sup- support are made through command channels port operations, to forward immediate requests, for fire and maneuver role or fire support and to coordinate and control tactical air sup- channels for aerial field artillery when a threat port provided Army forces. The TACP may also develops or a target is acquired and time is be located at field army depending on the tacti- insufficient for advance planning and coordi- cal situation. A direct air support center nation. The immediate request procedure does (DASC) is designed to operate with the CTOC not differ significantly from the preplanned as a forward element of the tactical air control request procedures, except that delivery time, center (TACC) to provide a fast-reaction capa- planning and coordination are abbreviated. bility to satisfy immediate requests from Army forces for tactical air support. The TACC is the 8-17. Naval Gunfire and Naval Close Air operations center of the Air Force component Support and is equivalent to the senior Army tactical operations center (TOC). Naval gunfire (NGF) and naval CAS are pro- c. Requests for tactical air support are either vided during amphibious operations and may preplanned or immediate. Preplanned requests be provided when supporting ships are within are forwarded by division through the most range of the target area. NGF support is inte- expeditious Army channels available for proc- grated with other fire support available to the essing at corps. The corps headquarters assigns corps. Paragraph 7-18 provides discussion of priorities to each request and/or approval of NGF support. the corps commander, forwards the requests to field army. Immediate requests are forwarded 8—18. Electronic Warfare by the initiating unit’s TACP directly to the The electronic warfare (EW) system provides DASC using the Air Force-operated air request the means of reducing the effectiveness of hos- net, figure 7-3. The TACP at each headquarters tile electronic activities and insuring the effec- monitors and acknowledges receipt of the tive use of friendly electronics. Discussion of request from the commander concerned. If an EW and basic references are provided in par- intermediate commander disapproves the agraph 7-19.

8-7 FM 100-15

8-19. Stability Operations and construction support for combat, combat support, and combat service support units When required, the field army commander within the corps area. The corps engineer bri- directs stability operations. The principles enu- gade combat units work closely with divisional merated in paragraphs 7-25 through 7-28 are engineer units in support of combat operations applicable to the corps in a stability operations by accomplishing tasks which exceed, either by environment. FM 19-50, FM 31-1, FM 31-23, number or by nature, the capabilities of divi- FM 31-73, and FM 41-10 provide detailed infor- sional engineer battalions. In addition, ele- mation concerning employment of US Army ments of this brigade usually operate in direct forces in stability operations. support of the divisions and within the area of the forward divisions on a task or area assign- 8-20. Other Corps Combat Support ment basis. FM 5-142 contains a detailed dis- а. Army Aviation. Field army habitually at- cussion of nondivisional combat engineer units. taches a portion of its Army aviation units to d. Communications-Electronics. The corps corps. These units provide the corps with re- signal battalion operates the corps communica- sponsive aviation units to augment and support tion system consisting of a command point-to- the ground units in accomplishing their mis- point voice and radio teletypewriter (RATT) sions. Infantry and airborne infantry divisions system and a multichannel system (FM 11-92). have an organic aviation battalion with the The corps commander uses the command capability to lift a rifle company in a single lift. system for control of corps tactical operations. The airmobile division has the organic capabil- The corps also has access to the field army area ity to airlift simultaneously the assault ele- system as a backup for organic communica- ments of two airmobile infantry battalions and tions and to facilitate combat service support three 105-mm howitzer batteries or any combi- traffic. Messenger service is used to transmit nation thereof. The aircraft of the mechanized orders, overlays, bulky items, and other reports and armored divisions are primarily used for or messages not suitable for electronic trans- command and control purposes. When the air- mission. mobile force to be lifted is larger than a rifle e. Military Police. Military police (MP) sup- company, the infantry and airborne infantry port of the corps is provided by a battalion of divisions require the support of additional the MP brigade from field army. The military corps or army aviation units. Corps provides police battalion may be assigned in DS or at- Army aviation support to the divisions by plac- tached to the corps. Separate MP company or ing units under the operational control of the company minus are normally employed to the division, assigning a DS mission to the avia- respective headquarters for security of field tion unit, or attaching the aviation unit to the army, FASCOM, corps support command division for the duration of the operation or for (COSCOM), and support brigades. FM 19-4 a specific period. FM 57-35 contains a detailed provides detailed information on MP opera- discussion of airmobile operations, and FM tions. 1-100 contains the doctrine and guidance for /. US Army Security Agency. The US Army the utilization of Army aviation. Security Agency (US AS A) battalion with its б. Chemical. Chemical smoke generator units subordinate units provides support to the corps provide concealment for friendly troops, instal- to render that tactical support effort specified lations, and tactical areas under all operating in AR 10-122. FM 32-10 provides a detailed conditions. Chemical smoke generator battal- discussion of USASA operations. ions generally are assigned to field armies. g. Psychological Operations. Ordinarily, One They are further attached to corps or divisions psychological operations (PSYOP) battalion for support operations. FM 3-50 contains a (tactical) is attached to each corps. This detailed discussion of chemical smoke genera- PSYOP unit operates under the supervision of tor units and smoke operations. In addition to the corps, G5. PSYOP units are organized to smoke operations, corps may employ riot support the mission assigned the corps. Corps control agents to temporarily lower enemy may attach psychological operations companies combat effectiveness and may employ flame or with suitable operational teams to forward divi- incendiary weapons to demoralize enemy sions. FM 33-1 and 33-5 provide details of troops and damage or destroy materiel. psychological operations doctrine, techniques c. Engineer. The corps engineerand combat procedures. brigade provides the command, control and staff h. Military Intelligence. A military intelli- - necessary for coordinated engineer support. It gence company (Aerial Surveillance) (OV-1D) also provides general engineer combat support normally will be assigned to and employed in

8-8 m 100-15 general support of a corps. Direct support to combat support functions of reconnaissance, subordinate units will be performed on a mis- surveillance, and target acquisition in the dis- sion basis. This unit provides the corps intelli- patching unit area of interest. The companies, gence functions requiring the employment of when authorized by the Department of the special skills and/or the utilization of foreign Army, are provided to corps and field army and languages in support of a corps headquarters. may be placed in support of subordinate ele- FM 80-20 provides a discussion of aerial sur- ments. Details on employment of airborne in- veillance and reconnaissance support to corps. fantry ranger companies are contained in FM i. Civil Affairs. The corps commander may be 31-18. delegated civil affairs (CA) authority by the field army commander. The delegation of au- 8-21. Rear Area Protection thority is accompanied by an allocation of CA The corps commander is responsible for rear resources. A CA battalion, capable of exercising area protection (RAP) operations in his corps control over six CA companies, is the major CA area, a responsibility he normally coordinates unit employed with the corps. In the combat through his rear area operations center zone, CA may be required within tactical boun- (RAOC). Units operating within the corps area daries; however, transition to political boun- normally are responsible for their own local daries, on a politico-geographic basis, should be security and area damage control efforts and accomplished as soon as practicable. FM 41-10 for providing mutual assistance to adjacent provides doctrinal and operational details for units within their capability. These responsibil- CA operations. ities are carried out in conformance with the j. Airborne Infantry Ranger Company. The corps commander’s plans and directives. airborne infantry ranger company is especially organized, trained, and equipped to perform the

Section IV. OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS

8-22. General Phase lines. This section discusses the important aspects of Objective areas. planning and conducting corps offensive opera- Boundaries. tions and should be considered in conjunction Link-up-points. with the operational considerations outlined in FSCL. paragraphs 8-9 through 8-21 above. FCL. Limit of advance. 8-23. Missions The corps commander’s decision and concept of 8-25. Advance to Contact operation are translated into missions for each a. An advance to contact executed by the division and subordinate command of the corps corps actually is an advance to contact by the and are transmitted in the form of OPLAN and individual divisions of the corps, coordinated OPORD. The division’s mission usually is more and controlled by the corps headquarters. specific than the mission assigned to the corps Although the advance of the various elements of and usually requires the division to secure the corps is coordinated, the elements are not terrain, destroy enemy forces, or both. necessarily moved in a fixed relationship to one another. FM 61-100 discusses division opera- 8-24. Coordination and Control tions in an advance to contact. The corps prescribes coordination and control b. In addition to coordinating and controlling measures to insure unity of effort during the the advance of the divisions, corps directs and conduct of corps offensive operations. These controls the employment of corps security measures may include, as appropriate— forces to the front and flanks of the advancing Lines of departure (only in counterattack divisions. Employment of tactical air recon- planning). naissance and Army aviation provides the Time or times of attack. corps commander with timely information of Zones of action. the movement and disposition of enemy forces Axes of advance. to enable him to make an early decision as to Direction of attack. the employment of the elements of the corps.

8-9 FM 100-15

□ (1)

"S OBJECTIVE ✓SOBJECTIVE A V— K /\ ‘if 11 i r il il I I » a) / X I II x X / x X I » H // I / ON ORDER ON ORDER / ON ORDER BJECTIVE OBJECTIVE

Supportin; Attack Supporting Attack (1) (1) w Main Attack

XX. CD Corps S ■BS, ^YS,XXX.

NOTE: Diagram is schematic only. Overlay techniques such as boundaries, phase lines, etc., are not shown.

1-Enemy forces may be diestroyed or neutralized by nuclear or nonnuclear fire support means.

Figure 8-3. Corps v type penetration. 8-26. Meeting Engagements commander concerned to develop the situation Meeting engagements frequently may occur at and formulate and execute plans. The com- division and lower echelons of command. They mander concerned in the meeting engagement are characterized by limited knowledge of the must seize and retain the initiative through enemy and minimum time available for the speed of reaction to enable him to subsequently

8-10 FM 100-15

(1)

OBJ o o O ° O ° O O O O O o o O O o ° O O ftnníinnnnfiíiítft S S

JÜL CD CORPS RESERVE

XXX-

NOTE: Diagram is schematic only. Overlay techniques such as boundaries, phase lines, etc., are not shown.

^Enemy forces may be destroyed or neutralized by nuclear or nonnuclear fire support means.

Figure 8-A. Corps in type frontal attack. adopt the best course of action to accomplish his ted force. The action ceases to be a meeting mission. The corps commander, attempting to engagement when the enemy’s situation has develop the enemy situation, remains aware of been developed and subsequent planned or coor- the sicuation and is prepared to provide addi- dinated operations are undertaken. tional combat power as required to the commit-

8-11 FM 100-15

O (1)

(1)

X X X CORPS OBJECTIVE X X X

(1)

OBJ OBJ CD (i) O o LU s MAIN SUPPORTING ATTACK ATTACK SUPPORTING ATTACK

IÄ)

CORPS RESERVE

XXX

NOTE: Diagram is schematic only. Overlay techniques such as boundaries, phase lines, etc., are not shown.

^Enemy forces may be destroyed or neutralized by nuclear or nonnuclear fire support means.

Figure 8-5. Corps in type envelopment. 8-27. Corps Offensive Maneuver and the operation begins, the corps commander a. General. During offensive operations, the controls the action through orders to the divi- corps employs the basic forms of maneuver, i.e., sions and employment of nuclear and non- the penetration, frontal attack and the envelop- nuclear fires under his control. Since the ment. After corps completes the offensive plan divisions are the actual units of execution, a

8-12 FM 100-15

CORPS OBJ

□

(1) U, U) OBJ OBJ CD (+)

(l) «ïiJOlP MAIN ATTACK

SUPPORTING SUPPORTING ATTACK ATTACK XXX

NOTE: Diagram is schematic only. Overlay techniques such as boundaries, phase lines, etc., are not shown.

1Enemy forces may be destroyed or neutralized by nuclear or nonnuclear fire support means.

Figure 8-6. Corps in type turning movement. corps offensive operation is a series of coordi- tration, thë main attack passes through the nated and integrated division engagements. The enemy’s principal defensive position, destroys distinction in the corps form of maneuver ex- the continuity of his defense, divides his forces, ists primarily in the intent of the corps com- and defeats them in detail (fig 8-3). mander since the subordinate elements may use (1) The corps main attack is conducted all forms of maneuver in their attack. toward the corps objective on a relatively b. Corps in a Penetration. In the corps pene- narrow front. Preparatory fires assist in rup-

8-13 FM 100-15 turing the enemy position and isolating the his position to enable the enveloping force to enemy forces directly opposing the main attack pass around the enemy’s flank and advance force. Supporting attacks are employed to directly to the corps objective. Corps delivers or widen the gap and prevent the enemy from directs long-range nuclear or nonnuclear fires disengaging. against enemy reserve forces that can hinder (2) After rupturing the enemy’s main defen- the accomplishment of the mission. sive position, the main attack continues toward (3) Corps prepares plans and maintains the the corps objective. Depending on the success of flexibility to commit the maneuver element of the rupture, the corps commander may pass the the corps reserve to exploit success attained by corps reserve force through the initial main the enveloping force or the supporting attack. attack force to secure the corps objective. e. Corps in a Double Envelopment. The dou- (3) Nuclear fires delivered by corps cannon ble envelopment is a variation of the envelop- and missile delivery systems, supporting field ment in which the corps employs two enveloping army missiles, and/or tactical aircraft are em- forces to pass simultaneously around both ployed against enemy reserves, fire support flanks of the enemy’s main defense force as the means, and command and control installations. supporting attack fixes the enemy in position. (4) Corps prepares plans and maintains the Although this maneuver is similar to the envel- flexibility to commit the maneuver element of opment, its execution usually requires consid- the corps reserve through the zone of the forces erable coordination in the movement of forces making the supporting attack to exploit unex- and the attachment of additional combat and pected successes in these areas. combat support units from field army. c. Corps in Type Frontal Attack. In a frontal /. Corps in a Turning Movement. The turning attack, the corps attacks the enemy all along his movement is a variation of the envelopment in front to overrun and destroy or capture him or which the corps main attack passes around the to fix him in position to support a field army enemy’s principal defensive positions and se- form of maneuver (fig 8-4). cures objectives deep in the enemy’s rear. This (1) A frontal attack, unless conducted in movement forces the enemy to abandon his overwhelming strength across the front, is sel- principal defensive position or to direct major dom decisive. Unless directed, the adoption of forces to meet the threat. Supporting attacks fix this form of maneuver in place of a more deci- the enemy and prevent his interference with the sive and léss costly form of maneuver is seldom movement of the corps main attack (fig 8-6). justified. (1) Since the main attack and the support- (2) Although a frontal attack strikes along ing attack forces may operate beyond mutually the enemy’s entire front, the corps commander supporting distances, each must have sufficient may not require all the divisions to deploy in combat power to avoid defeat in detail. The line or to conduct a frontal attack. A corps assignment of nuclear weapons to each attack- reserve is retained to permit redistribution of ing force usually provides a large component of forces and to take advantage of changes in the the required combat power. tactical situation that may permit the adoption (2) Air transport is particularly applicable of an envelopment or penetration. for movement and support of the main attack. d. Corps in an Envelopment. In an envelop- Mobility superior to that of the enemy and ment, the corps main attack or enveloping force secrecy and deception measures employed by passes around or over the enemy’s principal the corps main attack force enhance the oppor- defensive positions to secure objectives to his tunity for the successful accomplishment of a rear. These positions sever his escape routes turning movement. and subject him to destruction from the flanks (3) Although a division possesses combat - and rear (fig 8-5). Maximum use should be power to conduct a turning movement, more made of airmobile and airborne elements in the enveloping forces. frequently it is employed at the corps and army levels. (1) In a ground envelopment, the corps g. Execution. The corps commander rarely main attack is directed against the enemy’s specifies the form of maneuver to be adopted by assailable flank. The assailable flank may exist the division. The corps OPORD outlines the through weakness in the enemy position or tasks, zones of action, time of attack, and allo- when enemy forces can be defeated without cation of combat power to the divisions and fighting a major engagement. leaves the details of execution to the division (2) The corps usually employs preparatory commander. However, the divisions’ tasks and fires and supporting attacks to fix the enemy in the allocation of combat power may impose such

8-14 1 FM 100-15 limitations as to the time and direction of Friendly forces are making decisive gains. attack that there is little choice of the form of Enemy resistance, particularly supporting maneuver to be adopted. fires, is lessening. Many prisoners are being captured. 8-28. Corps Reserve Numerous pieces of enemy equipment are a. The corps commander establishes a reserve being abandoned. of combat power that usually consists of ma- b. When conducting the field army exploita- neuver elements and nuclear or nonnuclear tion, the corps usually is assigned the missions weapons. Throughout the battle, the corps com- of— mander maintains the momentum of the attack Securing objectives deep in the enemy rear. and adds impetus to it by employing the nu- Cutting major lines of communication clear and nonnuclear fires retained under his (LOG). control. The corps commander follows the prog- Containing major enemy forces (normally ress of the battle and adjusts or modifies mis- larger than battalion size). sions assigned to the subordinate units, to Destroying major enemy reserves to in- include providing relief of divisions that have clude nuclear weapon delivery systems. become exhausted in combat. At the proper The corps usually advances on a wide front and time, he commits the maneuver elements of his clears only enough of its zone to permit its reserve, supported by the shifting of necessary advance. Follow and support units (para 8-30) firepower to include nuclear weapons as appli- are provided to the corps by the field army to cable. Depending on the strength and disposi- facilitate the corps exploitation. Only those re- tion of hostile forces, the corps commander serves that are necessary to insure flexibility of varies the size of the reserve of maneuver ele- operations, continued momentum of the ad- ments and nuclear weapons retained. vance, and minimum essential security are. re- b. The maneuver elements of the corps reserve tained by the corps. may include a division, a separate brigade, or c. The exploitation of local success by the the armored cavalry regiment. On occasion, the corps is similar to that conducted for the field corps reserve may be the reserve of one or more army except that it is smaller in scope and is of the divisions, with specific restrictions im- limited in area to the current phase of the field posed by the corps commander on its employ- army operation. A corps-initiated exploitation, ment. The positioning of the reserve facilitates greater in scope than that envisioned in the its anticipated employment. In offensive opera- field army commander’s concept, requires the tions, the corps reserve usually is committed field army commander’s approval. directly under corps control; however, the corps d. The pursuit is designed to cut off and commander may attach the armored cavalry annihilate a hostile force attempting to escape regiment and the separate brigades to one of the as enemy demoralization begins and enemy divisions for employment. forces disintegrate under relentless pressure, c. During nuclear operations, the corps com- an exploitation may develop into a pursuit. A mander considers nuclear weapons a major pursuit may also occur in any operation in element of the corps reserve. Paragraph 8-31 which the enemy has-lost his ability to operate discusses the corps’ role in a nuclear weapon effectively and attempts to disengage. In a environment. pursuit, the enemy loses his ability to influence the situation and acts in accordance with the 8-29. Corps in the Exploitation and Pursuit pursuer’s actions. Although terrain objectives may be designated, the destruction of the enemy a. A corps exploitation may be directed by force is the primary objective of the corps. field army or undertaken by the corps to follow up gains achieved by local successes. The ex- 8-30. Follow and Support Force ploitation is executed to destroy the enemy’s a. The corps normally employs a follow and ability to reconstitute an organized defense or support force in support of a corps exploitation to conduct an orderly withdrawal in the face of threatened destruction or capture. The opportu- conducted by an armored or mechanized division. The normal mission assigned to the follow nity to conduct an exploitation usually is indicated when— and support force is to— The enemy’s command and control has been Hold and widen the shoulders of a penetra- seriously degraded. tion. The enemy is having difficulty maintaining Secure lines of communications behind the his position. èxploiting force.

8-15 FM 100-15

Relieve elements of the exploiting force left tion to the employment of nuclear weapons that behind to contain bypassed enemy. he gives to the employment of his major subor- Assist in destruction of bypassed enemy dinate units. The employment of nuclear weap- forces. ons is one of the commander’s major Block movement of enemy reinforcements. considerations during the formulation of plan- b. A corps conducting the exploitationning guidance. and pursuit for the field army may be provided c. The assignment/allocation of nuclear weap- additional reinforcements to insure success. ons to the major subordinate commands follows Elements assigned the follow and support mis- the same pattern as that of mission assign- sions are fully committed and are not consid- ment; i.e., the commander assigns nuclear ered as part of the reserve. The exploitation weapons to the divisions for one phase of the force and the follow and support force com- corps operation and provides an allocation for manders maintain direct communication and succeeding phases. coordination; however, the corps commander d. The use of nuclear weapons facilitates the maintains command over both forces. The corps rupture of the enemy’s principal defensive posi- commander coordinates and insures the for- tion to permit greater latitude in the adoption ward echelonment of field army combat service of the penetration or envelopment form of ma- support elements to support the corps opera- neuver by the corps commander. The over- tion. whelming impact on the enemy created by a nuclear strike makes a frontal attack a more 8-31. Corps Offensive Operations in a desirable form of maneuver than in nonnuclear Nuclear Environment warfare. a. Corps offensive operations in a tactical e. The overwhelming destruction caused by nuclear environment emphasize the use of nu- the extensive employment of tactical nuclear clear weapons. Maneuver forces operate in dis- weapons usually facilitates the accomplishment persed formations to exploit the effects of of operational phases in hours rather than days nuclear strikes and to acquire additional or weeks. Corps and subordinate commanders targets for nuclear destruction. must plan for and be prepared to execute an b. Nuclear weapons, because of their destruc- exploitation or pursuit shortly after the initia- tiveness, permit the adoption of courses of action of the attack. Once begun, the exploitation tion which may not be feasible during or pursuit must be aggressively executed to nonnuclear operations; therefore, the corps prevent the enemy from establishing a cohesive commander gives the same detailed considera- defense or escaping.

Section V. DEFENSIVE OPERATIONS

8-32. General the subordinate units may engage in both forms This section discusses relevant aspects of plan- of defense. The selection of a form of defense ning and conducting corps defensive operations usually is determined by an evaluation of— and should be considered in conjunction with Corps mission. the general considerations outlined in par- Nature of the terrain. agraphs 8-9 through 8-21. Relative combat power, including mobility. Nuclear environment. Air situation. 8-33. Forms of Defense The basic forms of defense, mobile and area, are 8-34. Mobile Defense at opposite ends of the spectrum with many a. Assignment of a mission and appropriate variations possible between them. When the terrain by field army that permits the defense corps conducts a defense, the operations of its to be organized and fought in depth favors subordinate elements may encompass varia- adoption of the mobile defense. A favorable tions of both the mobile defense, and the area degree of mobility by the corps, however, is defense. In nuclear operations, terrain condi- prerequisite for adoption of the mobile defense. tions permitting, the mobile defense usually is The mobility of a force always is relative to the preferred at corps level. The distinction in the mobility of the enemy and the essential factors form of defense that corps employs rests pri- of mobility are; equipment, organization, com- marily in the corps commander’s intent since munications, command, structure, and logisti-

8-16 FM 100-15

U CD (+) Corps Covering force

Divisions canalize

the enemy * GOP GOP GOP GOP

FEBA FEBA FEBA FEBA 'LL w w //

xx xx

LL I r-if-n ; \ m

On withdrawal of the covering force

Figure 8-7. Example of a corps conducting a mobile defense. cal organization. Command- technique has a "favorable, terrain, and to block and impede the great influence on mobility. The organic mobil- enemy attack.'In the mobile defense, at least ity of the mechanized and armored divisions one division of the corps in the forward defen- and the capability of the corps to mechanize, sive area is assigned the mission of delaying airlift, or motorize infantry divisions are con- the enemy. This delaying action is envisioned siderations for adopting the^ mobile defense. as a bowing back of the forward edge of the During nuclear operations, the dispersion and battle area (FEBA) as enemy pressuré ¡3 ex- mobility required to decrease the vulnerability erted. The enemy is delayed to a predetermined of the corps favor the mobile defense. The em- position where he is engaged by the corps coun- ployment of nuclear weapons permits the de- terattack force. The corps employs a large re- fense of a larger area than otherwise would be serve in vigorous offensive action to destroy the possible. Friendly local air superiority facili- enemy at the decisive time and place. The pri- tates the maneuver required in the mobile de- mary mission of the counterattack in the mobile fense. defense is the destruction of the enemy force b. In the conduct of a mobile defense, the (fig 8-7). A successful counterattack may lead corps deploys forces forward to warn of impend- to the initiation of further offensive operations ing attacks, to canalize the enemy into less either by design or by capitalizing on unantici-

8-17 FM 100-15 I\

XX CD CORPS COVERING FORCE

GOP GOP GOP GOP

FEBA FEBA XX FEBA XX FEBA m m

m s J ^\ m + + c.»- ^11- XX XX / » X r—» '•-11 t '/+S *l¡D CORPS I X BLOCKING POSITIONS/ /* V,

ON WITHDRAWAL OF THE COVERING FFWICE

•XXX Figure 8-8. Example of a corps organization for area defense. pated developments resulting from the counter- Designating and constructing corps block- attack: ing positions. Corps blocking positions located c. The corps usually achieves depth in its in division rear areas normally are occupied defense by— only on corps order. Locating combat and combat support units in depth. 8—35. Area Defense Requiring divisions to prepare blocking po- a. Assignment of a mission by the field army sitions in depth. that requires the retention of specific terrain

8-18 FM 100-15

usually dictates the adoption of the area de- retain specific terrain, smaller penetration fense by the corps. An area defense also may be areas are visualized and selected. The major indicated by— actions of a corps conducting an area defense Terrain that restricts the movement of are— corps maneuver elements. (1) The conduct of the covering force action Superior tactical mobility of the enemy. and occupation of the forward defense area. Local air superiority by the enemy that (2) The conduct of the defense. limits maneuver by corps forces. The counterattack in the area defense is Superior enemy combat power. usually accomplished by attaching corps assets b. In the area defense, the corps places the to the divisions in the forward defense area to bulk of its combat forces in the forward defense restore the FEBA. The plan for the defense area. The corps reserve is employed to execute must be flexible enough to react to any feasible counterattack plans, reinforce forward units, or enemy course of action. execute blocking missions. The primary mission of the counterattack in the area defense is 8—37. Defensive Echelons to destroy or eject an enemy force and to regain Defensive echelons include the security echelon, control over the forward defense area (fig 8-8). the forward defensive echelon, and the reserve The corps reserve is positioned farther forward echelon. Each echelon is allocated forces and in an area defense than in the mobile defense. fires of the corps in accordance with the corps The reserve will be disposed laterally, rather defensive plan. than in a centralized location, in recognition of the more restrictive nature of an area defense. 8-38. Security Echelon a. The security echelon area begins at the 8-36. Defensive Planning FEBA and extends that distance to the front a. The corps commander, as part of his plan- and flanks where security elements are em- ning guidance, usually announces the form of ployed. Security elements may include a cover- defense that the corps will conduct. Using the ing force, flank security, and air surveillance variable number and types of divisions at- units. tached to the corps, the corps staff develops b. The field army commander, based on rec- appropriate courses of action. In the assign- ommendations of the corps commander, estab- ment of defensive sectors and missions, the lishes the location of the initial coordinating corps commander visualizes the capabilities of points for the corps covering force. The corps his divisions down to battalion level. The sec- commander prescribes the composition of the tors assigned to divisions are astride major corps covering force based on— avenues of approach into the corps area. At the The mission. corps level, a major avenue of approach is one Forces available. that permits the unrestricted maneuver of the Terrain. major combat elements of at least one enemy Enemy capabilities. division. An armored or a mechanized division usually b. Counterattack planning is an integral part forms the nucleus of the covering force. When of defensive planning, particularly in the mo- long delays are not required, corps may use the bile defense. Since the intent of the mobile armored cavalry regiment, suitably reinforced. » defense is the destruction of enemy forces, the Appropriate reinforcements include long-range primary penetration area must be visualized fire, air defense, engineer, and transportation and selected early in the defensive planning to support. capitalize on the terrain and to assist in shap- c. The mission of a corps covering force em- ing the penetration. Most corps defensive opera- phasizes maximum delay and disruption of the tions are planned activities where certain enemy advance. All action is directed toward major actions are accomplished. For example, a providing time to the units organizing the for- corps conducting a mobile defense with a cover- ward defense. The corps covering force gains ing force usually executes three major actions. additional time for the organization of the for- (1) The conduct of the covering force action ward defense area by— and occupation of the forward defense area Delaying the enemy. (FDA). Deceiving the enemy as to the true location (2) The conduct of the defense. of the FEBA. (3) The counterattack. Forcing the enemy to deploy his forces pre- c. In the area defense when the corps must maturely.

> 8-19 FM 100-15

Inflicting maximum casualties as the en- maneuver of the major combat elements of at emy advances. least one enemy division-size unit. Providing early warning of enemy move- d. Limitations on available forces for employment. ment on the FEBA or the assignment of ex- Nuclear weapons assigned to the covering force tended frontages may require the corps to provide a powerful means for accomplishing its conduct a detailed examination of the terrain mission. Nuclear weapons not expended during and enemy capabilities to determine the appro- covering force operations are available for reas- priate locations for the corps’ most effective signment. Use of atomic demolition munitions maneuver elements and locations where the (ADM) by the covering force is carefully coordi- corps can economize. The armored cavalry regi- nated with future plans of the corps and the ment or separate brigade, or both, may be used field army. in an economy of force role. d. Field army usually designates the period e. Blocking positions both in the area defense that the corps covering force is to hold the and in the mobile defense add depth to the enemy forward of the FEBA. defensive positions. In the mobile defense, corps e. The corps commander may direct the estab- usually keys the location of blocking positions lishment of a general outpost. Based on the to priority counterattack plans. Corps en- recommendations of the divisions, the corps gineers, reserve units, and other corps troops commander designates the coordinating points usually are tasked to construct corps blocking within the corps area and coordinates those on positions as thoroughly as time and materials the corps boundaries with adjacent units. Com- permit. Rarely are frontline divisions required position of the general outpost is the division to construct corps blocking positions. commander’s responsibility. The corps com- 8-40. Reserve Echelon mander prescribes the time that the general outpost is to hold the enemy forward of the a. The corps reserve usually is located in that FEBA, but may delegate this authority to the portion of the corps rear behind the forward divisions. defensive echelon; i.e., the area behind the division rear boundaries. Maneuver elements of the 8-39. Forward Defensive Echelon corps reserve also may be positioned within a a. As a part of a field army, the corps division rear area. b. The corps commander establishes a reserve conducts defensive operations in conformance with the field army commander’s instructions. of combat power, including nuclear weapons, when appropriate, for defensive operations. The The corps commander prescribes the general discussion in paragraph 8-28 relative to the location of the corps defensive area by designat- composition of the reserve in offensive opera- ing coordinating points on the FEBA within the tions applies to corps defensive operations. corps sector for the major subordinate units. The field army commander designates the coordinating points on the FEBA between corps. 8-41. Missions to Units in the Forward b. The designation of the coordinating points Defense Area between the divisions and other subordinate elements employed on the FEBA and the desig- The corps in most circumstances does not pre- nation of lateral and rear boundaries fix the scribe the form of defense for use by the divi- sectors assigned to the subordinate units. As- sion or other subordinate units on the FEBA. signment of defense sectors to the subordinate Divisions are assigned their defensive sectors, units is based on the— and the details of execution are left to the Mission assigned. division commanders. The size of the sector Terrain evaluation. assigned to the division, the terrain, and the Enemy capabilities. combat power allocated to or placed in support Capabilities of the infantry, mechanized, or of the division, the air situation, the time avail- tank battalions assigned to the divisions. able for organizing the defense, and the capabil- c. Corps establishes the lateral limits of each ities of the enemy forces largely determine the division sector by designating lateral boun- form of defense adopted by the division com- daries. The responsibility for a major avenue of mander. In the mobile defense, a division with a approach into the corps sector usually is as- mission of delaying the enemy employs the signed to a single division. A major avenue of principles of delay in consonance with the corps approach is one that permits the unrestricted scheme of defense.

8-20 FM 100-15

8-42. Allocation of Combat Power the penetration is determined by terrain and the size of the enemy force assumed to be within a. The corps allocates combat and combat the penetration. This assumed penetration is support units, including nuclear fires, to for- the maximum allowable penetration. It reflects ward defense area and reserve units to ac- the visualized configuration of the penetration complish their assigned missions. at the time the counterattack force crosses the b. . In determining the allocation of combat line of departure. power to the forward defense area divisions, the (2) The size of the enemy force within the corps commander visualizes how each division penetration. The size of the force assumed to be can defend its assigned sector with the combat in the penetration miist be within the corps’ power provided. The corps commander’s visual- capability to destroy or eject from the penetra- ization of the employment of the combat power tion. This force will be of a size which exceeds is essential to the soundness of the planned the capabilities of the divisions in the forward allocation. The actual disposition of divisions defense area to destroy or eject from the pene- and their attachments and the planned employ- tration. ment of other support allocated to the division (3) The ability to stop or slow the penetra- are the division commander’s responsibilities. tion. An assumption relating to the corps’ abil- The division assigned the responsibility for de- ity to control the penetration is essential to the fense of the most dangerous avenues of counterattack plan. The counterattack plan is approach receives priority on the allocation of based on an assumption that the corps has combat power. In this manner,,the corps com- stopped or slowed the penetration at the time mander provides weight to the defense of the the counterattack force crosses on the line of most critical sector as he does to the main departure. attack in offensive operations. (4) The status of the reserve. The plan is c. In determining the allocation of combat predicated on the maneuver reserve being avail- power to the reserve, the corps commander con- able and combat effective. This assumption is siders the mission of the reserve in relation to particularly necessary when the reserve is ini- the form of defense adopted. The appropriate tially committed as a corps covering force. The allocation of combat power between the forward plan may also be based on a nuclear weapons defense area and the reserve establishes a bal- allocation, in which cáse the status of the nu- anced defense to enable the corps commander to clear reserve must also be assumed. conduct the battle to his own design. (5) The air situation. An assumption about the status of the local air situation at the time 8-43. Corps Counterattack Planning the plan is ordered into execution is necessary. а. A corps counterattack is a coordinated In the mobile defense, the ability to maneuver a corps offensive operation in which the corps large reserve without unacceptable losses is es- reserve makes the main attack. The counter- sential to the success of the counterattack. attack plan developed by the corps staff to support the adopted form of defense becomes a c. Corps counterattack plans include— corps operation plan. All subordinate units as- Assumptions. signed missions in the corps counterattack plan Control measures. Control measures in- develop implementing plans and submit them to clude— corps. Boundaries. Boundaries are designated б. Depending on the situation and time avail- between the counterattacking forces and the able, the corps may develop several counter- unit or units whose areas are penetrated. These attack plans to support the defensive operation. boundaries delineate areas of responsibility for Each counterattack plan is based on a particu- the counterattack and also serve as fire control lar set of assumptions. These assumptions in- measures. clude— Line of departure (LD). Corps pre- (1) Thescribes size anand LD location for planning of the and penetra- rehearsal pur- tion. An assumed penetration is located along a poses. For execution, the LD usually is the line major avenue of approach; is directed toward of contact (LC). key terrain; and is given a width and depth Missions. The plan assigns appropriate based on the terrain, corps defense plans, and missions to all subordinate units of the corps. the enemy tactical doctrine. The width of the Limit of advance or objective. The counter- assumed penetration is determined primarily attacking force usually is assigned a limit of by the terrain and enemy doctrine. The depth of advance or an objective. An objective combined

8-21 FM 100-15

CORPS ‘COVERING FORCE

Gï

FORWARD DEFENSE AREA 25-30 km

1 FEBA T 18-

60-80 km

36-50 km —XX— XX XX

70-90 km

XXX

100-150 km

Figure 8-9. Type corps defensive posture—nuclear environment. with an LD serves as an appropriate direc- the passage of lines by the counterattacking tional control measure. force. Command and control instructions. The Reserve. The plan provides for the reconsti- plan ordinarily prescribes specific instructions tution of a corps maneuver reserve. to insure unity of command and effort during d. Nuclear weapons from the corps reserve are

8-22 FM 100-15 allocated for each counterattack plan. Weapons 8-45. Corps Defensive Operations in a are allocated to the counterattacking force to Nuclear Environment assist in the rupture of the enemy positions and a. The conduct of corps defensive operations to destroy enemy forces inside the penetration. in a nuclear environment is based on the em- Weapons allocated to the fixing forces assist in controlling the penetration and prevent or con- ployment of small mobile units, well supported tain secondary penetrations. Corps also will by nuclear weapons. The depth and the width of plan additional weapons to seal the penetration the defensive area are increased (fig 8-9) and and destroy enemy reinforcements and re- the attacking enemy forces are subjected to serves. nuclear destruction as they attempt to pene- trate the battle area. 8-44. Conduct of the Counterattack b. Corps control of operations in a nuclear defense generally are decentralized. Subordi- a. The corps commander counterattacks when nate commanders conduct operations on their the enemy attack slows, stops, or becomes disor- own initiative but in conformance with the ganized, preferably before the enemy can con- overall corps defensive plan. Positive command, solidate his gains and reorganize or regroup his and control is retained at brigade and battalion forces. levels and within the nuclear delivery units. b. The determination of the proper time to c. In nuclear operations, the primary mission order execution of the counterattack plan is of the covering force is to detect approaching considerably more difficult at corps than at enemy forces and to destroy them with nuclear division, primarily because of the time and fires. Maneuver units of the covering force are space factors involved in moving the counterat- employed as target acquisition elements and tacking force from its reserve location to the are not expected to engage in close combat. LD. The corps commander and his staff contin- Within the forward defense area, dispersed uously evaluate the tactical situation against units engage enemy forces attempting to pene- the assumptions on which the plan is based to trate and force him to mass. Once the enemy insure the timely commitment of the counter- has massed, the friendly forces break contact attack force. rapidly and attempt to destroy the enemy with c. The counterattacking force commander em- nuclear fires. Counterattacks are usually con- ploys his force in accordance with corps ap- ducted by small units, e.g., battalions or bri- proved plans, modified as required by the gade, well supported by¿nuclear fires. situation or the order implementing the counterattack plan.

Section VI. RETROGRADE AND SUPPORTING OPERATIONS

8-46. Retrograde Operations ignates the coordinating points between units The corps plans and conducts retrograde opera- on the FEBA. tions as directed by the field army commander. A corps retrograde operation usually is a com- 6. After developing the corps defense plan for bination of the withdrawal, delaying action, the new position, the corps plans its retrograde and retirement. Chapter 7 (paragraphs 7-49 movement to the new position. The corps begins through 7-51) discuss the field army’s role in its rearward movement and closes into the new planning retrograde operations. defensive area at the times specified by field army. Field army also prescribes sectors of 8-47. Corps Planning responsibility for each of the corps during the retrograde operation. a. Corps planning for the retrograde operation begins with the preparation of the corps defense plan for the new defensive position c. The corps retrograde plan includes provi- designated by field army. Field army estab- sions for— lishes the corps defensive sector by designating Location, composition, and mission of the coordinating points on the FEBA between the corps covering force. corps and by prescribing the location of the Organization of the corps for combat. corps boundaries. The corps commander pre- Employment of nuclear weapons. scribes the general trace of the FEBA and des- Control measures including traffic control.

8-23 FM 100-15

8-48. Corps Covering Force reserve because of the decentralization of the a. The corps commander employs a covering execution of retrograde operations. force during a retrograde operation. The cover- c. During the initial phase of a retrograde ing force delays the enemy forward of the gen- operation, units in the forward defense area, eral outpost at the new defensive position for a except for delaying or security elements, disen- specific time, disorganizes the attacking enemy gage from the enemy force. Fire support may be forces as much as possible, and deceives the required to assist divisions in disengaging. enemy as to the location of the FEBA. Accom- When operating on an extended front, the corps plishment of this mission provides the corps commander frequently attaches corps artillery major subordinate elements time to prepare the units to the divisions to provide the necessary new defensive position. fire support. As the withdrawing units pass b. A retrograde operation is designed to pre- through the covering force, designated corps artillery units are detached from the division serve the integrity of the command; therefore, the enemy combat power that forces a retro- and attached to the covering force. Corps artil- grade movement dictates a stronger covering lery regains control of the corps artillery units force than that employed in the typical corps attached to the divisions or the covering force defense. The capability of the armored and as early as practicable, consistent with the mechanized divisions to cover a wide area and corps organization for combat at the new defen- conduct continuous delay makes them the most sive position. suitable units for the corps covering force. The d. Corps usually provides additional trans- division may be augmented by attachment of an portation assets to forward infantry divisions armored cavalry regiment, field artillery, long- to facilitate their withdrawal range fire support means, ADA, and engineers. e. The ADA units are employed and retained The allocation of nuclear weapons to the cover- under field army control and are placed in ing force enhances its capability to achieve the direct support of the corps. The corps com- desired delay. mander, however, usually requests attachment c. The corps commander prescribes the mis- of appropriate ADA units for further attach- sion, composition, and the location of the corps ment to the covering force. covering force. The covering force commander /. Corps engineer units have two basic mis- is responsible for the detailed plans for the sions in retrograde operations— execution of the delay mission. To assist the movement of the corps. d. The covering force accomplishes its mis- To impede the advance of the enemy sion by delay in successive positions, by delay through construction of obstacles and planned on alternate positions, or by combination of the destruction of installations, supplies, and two. FM 61-100 contains the conduct of delay- structures. ing actions by divisions. Engineer units prepare and execute engineer 8-49. Organization of the Corps for Combat work and demolitions and create minefields in accordance with corps priorities and plans. a. The corps commander simultaneously de- Corps engineer units also assist in preparation termines the composition of the corps covering of defensive positions and barriers. force and organizes the corps for the retrograde operation. Since the main body of the corps 8-50. Employment of Nuclear Weapons disengages and moves through the covering a. The corps commander employs nuclear force, continues its rearward movement to the weapons during the retrograde to assist in dis- new position, and prepares the new defensive engaging the corps and preserving its tactical area, the corps commander must organize the integrity and to facilitate its movement to the corps to achieve an appropriate balance next defensive position without offering the en- between the force preparing the new position emy the opportunity to pursue and destroy the and the covering force. After disengaging, the corps. corps commander relies on organic and sup- b. The corps commander avoids situations porting reconnaissance and surveillance means where the corps elements become too closely to maintain contact with the enemy forces dur- engaged with the enemy to preclude their breaking the retrograde. ing contact. Conventional field artillery and air b. To facilitate coordination of the retrograde support or a skillfully executed counterattack movement, the majority of the combat and facilitates disengagement with the enemy and combat support units of the corps are attached permits the retrograde to begin. However, the to the divisions. Corps maintains a small troop employment of tactical nuclear weapons allows

8-24 FM 100-15 the corps commander to accept doser engage- form the traffic control mission throughout the ments with the enemy without relying on a large entire corps sector. The corps commander as- ground reserve to assist his forward units in signs responsibility for traffic control to MP breaking contact. Tactical nuclear weapons units on an area or a route basis, depending on speed up the disengagement and permit the the terrain, the number of withdrawal routes employment of a portion of the command in available, and the availability of MP units. The close combat with the enemy. corps establishes holding areas at critical c. Tactical nuclear weapons influence the points on withdrawal routes where congestion time of withdrawal of the forward units. The is likely to occur so that convoys may be routed accurate and timely employment of nuclear into these areas to avoid presenting the enemy a weapons to deny the enemy direct observation nuclear target. When congestion on the with- may result in conditions favorable for withdrawal route is reduced, convoys move back to drawal. the withdrawal route and resume their retrograde movement. 8-51. Control of the Retrograde Movement c. The DS military police units are normally a. The corps retrograde plan includes the reinforced based upon the field army scheme of control mesures necessary to insure a coordi- maneuver. Increased traffic control measures nated operation. The corps establishes lateral are developed and strictly enforced by MP boundaries between the divisions and extends units, providing for priorities of movement as them rearward through the new defensive posi- well as a reduction of the number of lucrative tion. In his concept, the corps commander targets on lines of communication. phases the operation and indicates the amount of delay desired between positions. Phase lines 8-52. Supporting Operations generally are used for control, as appropriate. The corps plans and conducts tactical cover and b. Traffic control in division forward areas is deception operations, barrier operations, and a division responsibility. Once the division denial operations in accordance with missions begins to move to the rear, division MP ele- assigned by field army and/or as necessary to ments become part of the division column. When support other operations. Chapter 7 (paragraphs forward units disengage, they move through the 7-52 through 7-56) contains a discussion of these corps covering force and traffic control becomes supporting operations. the corps’ primary concern in moving to the new defensive position. Corps MP elements per-

Section VII. INDEPENDENT AND SEPARATE CORPS 8-53. General execution with limited combat service support а. A corps may be a major subordinate responsibilities and capabilities. Its employ- command of army group or theater army. When ment in a role independent of or separate from performing such a role, the corps becomes either the support usually provided by field army an independent corps or a separate corps. It requires changes in the composition and func- then usually receives its mission from theater tions usually associated with the corps. army, army group, or, exceptionally, field b. The corps headquarters is relatively small, army. The corps may function as a part of a is tactically oriented, and cannot function in- JTF or a unified or combined command. definitely without augmentation, particularly б. The independent corps conducts its opera- in the combat service support field. The corps, tion removed from the field army. Its functions operating independently or separately, is re- are similar to a theater army in that it has area sponsible for its own combat service support. responsibilities encompassing those functions The independent or separate corps is provided a associated with expanding the area of opera- corps support command (COSCOM) on the ba- tions. sis of one COSCOM assigned per independent c. The separate corps, similar to a field army, or separate corps force. The corps headquarters operates adjacent to, but apart from, the field staff, when operating independently or sepa- army. rately, usually establishes a rear echelon concerned primarily with combat service support. 8-54. Composition and Functions Establishment of a rear echelon requires aug- a. The corps primarily is a tactical unit of mentation of personnel to the corps staff. Addi-

8-25 FM 100-15

C0SC0M

Med Bde Spt Gp P&A Bn

Fin Svc !rans Bde Fld Dep Org

MP G p1 __ Wmo Gp Mov Con Gen Unit

CA Bn1 POL G p Mat Mgt Gen Co

ADP Unit

LMay be assigned or attached.

Figure 8-10. Type COSCOM three-division independent corps. tional signal communications units also are command (TASCOM)-type combat service sup- required to support the operations of the rear port elements to enable the corps to conduct echelon. Radio nets generally should be alined independent operations. COSCOM is responsi- so as to provide direct communication between ble to the independent corps force commander the corps G4, the COSCOM, and each division for all combat service support and, as required, support command (DISCOM). those area responsibilities associated with c. The principles concerning field army tacti- theater expansion functions. COSCOM head- cal and combat service support operations dis- quarters is active in operations performing cussed in chapter 7 apply to both the normal staff functions, developing plans, com- independent corps and the separate corps. The puting requirements, and exercising control of combat service support activities through discussion of corps operations in this chapter * « also applies to the corps employed independ- control centers similar to those located within ently and separately. the FASCOM and the TASCOM. FM 54-3 pro- d. Employment of the independent corps in a vides a discussion of the COSCOM. Figure 8-10 cold war stability operation typifies an opera- depicts the organization of a type COSCOM in tion for which the independent corps may be support of a three-division independent corps. organized (para 7-25—7-28). b. The COSCOM in support of a separate corps also has as its nucleus a corps support 8-55. COSCOM brigade of the FASCOM. This support brigade’s a. The COSCOM assigned to the independent augmentation, however, is limited to FASCOM- corps has as its nucleus a corps support brigade type units and additional staff elements to ena- of the field army support command (FASCOM) ble the separate corps to accomplish its mission. that assumes the role of a FASCOM. The corps Figure 8-11 depicts the organization of a type support brigade’s augmentation consists of suf- COSCOM in support of a three-division sepa-* ficient FASCOM and theater army support rate corps.

8-26 FM 100-15

C0SC0M

Med Gp Spt Gp P&A Bn

Trans Ammo Fin Svc Gp Gp Org

MP Gp Mov Con Gen Unit

CA Bn1 Mat Mgt Gen Co

ADP Unit

^ay be assigned or attached.

Figure 8-11. Type COSCOM three-division separate corps.

Doctrinal Recapitulation • The corps is a tactical organization, usually consisting of two or inore divisions together with supporting arms and services, that fights the tactical battle for the field army. • A tactical operation center is employed at corps level to reduce reaction time and coordinate current operations. • Missions assigned to corps are relatively broad in nature but more specific than those assigned to field army. • Corps phases its operations under the same general conditions as field army. • Corps artillery provides depth to combat; augments the fires of division artillery; provides the bulk of fires on enemy cannon, missiles, and rockets; and performs corps-wide target acquisition functions. • The corps commander establishes the fire support coordination line to coordinate those supporting fires not under corps control. • The direct air support center, usually collocated with the corps tactical operation center, provides fast reaction to satisfy immediate requests for tactical air support. • Army aviation units provide attack helicopter support for corps ground combat units.

8-27 FM 100-15

• Missions assigned to division usually require seizure of terrain or destruction of enemy forces or both. • In both offensive and defensive operations, the corps reserve usually is employed under corps control. • Nuclear weapons are a major element of the corps reserve. • The corps normally employs a follow and support force in support of a corps exploitation or field army coordinated pursuit. e Nuclear weapons permit the adoption of courses of action not feasible during nonnuclear operations. • Counterattack planning is an integral part of defensive planning, particularly in the mobile defense. • Corps planning for a retrograde operation begins with the preparation of the corps defense plan for the new defensive position designated by field army. • During a retrograde movement, the majority of the corps combat and combat support units may be attached to the divisions. • An independent corps conducts operations removed from the field army while a separate corps operates adjacent to, but apart from, the field army.

* »

8-28 FM 100-15

APPENDIX A

REFERENCES

A—1. Army Regulations (AR) AR 10-1 Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components. (C) AR 10-122 Unnited States Army Security Agency (U). AR 34-1 United States Participation in NATO Military Standardization, Research, Development, Production, and Logistic Support of Military Equipment. AR 70-4 Standardization Among Armies of the United States—United Kingdom, Canada, Australia. (C) AR 105-87 Electronic Warfare (Electronic Countermeàsures and Electronic Counter- Countermeasures) (U). AR 310-25 Dictionary of United States Army Terms. AR 310-50 Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes. (C) AR 530-4 Control of Compromising Emanations (U).

A-2. Department of the Army Pamphlets (DA Pam) DA Pam 310 series Military Publications.

A—3. Joint Chiefs of Staff Publications (JCS Pub) JCS Pub 1 Dictionary of United States Military Terms for Joint Usage. (O) JCS Pub 2 Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF) (U). (C) JCS Pub 3 Joint Logistics and Personnel Policy and Guidance (U). (O) JCS Pub 4 Organization and Functions of Joint Chiefs of Staff (U). (O) JCS Pub 8 Doctrine for Air Defense From Oversea Land Areas (U). (O) JCS Pub 12 Tactical Command and Control Procedures for Joint Operations (U).

A—4. Field Manuals (FM) FM 1-15 Aviation Company, Battalion, Group, and Brigade. FM 1-100 Army Aviation Utilization. FM 3-1 Chemical, Biological, Radiological (CBR) Support. FM 3-2 Tactical Employment of Riot Control Agent CS. FM 3-10 Employment of Chemical and Biological Agents. (C) FM 3-10B Employment of Chemical Agents (U). FM 3-12 Operational Aspects of Radiological Defense. FM 3-50 Chemical Smoke Generator Units and Smoke Operations. FM 5-1 Engineer Troop Organizations and Operations. FM 5-15 Field Fortifications. FM 5-26 Employment of Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADM). FM 5-142 Nondivisional Engineer Combat Units. FM 5-162 Engineer Construction and Construction Support Units. FM 6-20-1 Field Artillery Tactics. FM 6-20-2 Field Artillery Techniques. FM 6-102 Field Artillery Battalion, Aerial Field Artillery. FM 7-30 The Infantry Brigades. FM 8-10 Medical Support, Theater of Operations.

A-l '! FM 100-15

FM 9-6 Ammunition Service in the Theater of Operations. FM 11-20 Signal Operations, Theater of Operations. FM 11-23 Theater Army Communications Command. FM 11-92 Corps Signal Communication. FM 11-125 Field Army Signal Communications. FM 12-2 Personnel and Administrative Support in Theaters of Operations. FM 14-3 Comptroller Support in Theaters of Operation. FM 17-30 The Armored Brigade. FM 17-95 The Armored Cavalry Regiment.- > FM 19-4 Military Police Support, Theaterof Operations. FM 19-15 Civil Disturbances. FM 19-40 Enemy Prisoners of War and Civilian Internees. FM 19-50 Military Police in Stability Operations. * j FM 20-33 Combat Flame Operations. FM 21-40 Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense. FM 24-1 Tactical Communications Doctrine. • FM 27-10 The Law of Land Warfare. FM 30-5 Combat Intelligence. FM 30-9 Military Intelligence Battalion, Field Army. FM 30-17 Counterintelligence Operations. (C) FM 30-17A Counterintelligence Special Operations (U). (S) FM 30-18 Intelligence Collections Operations, Intelligence Corps, WSA (U). FM 30-20 Aerial Surveillance Reconnaissance Field Army. FM 30-31 Stability Operations—Intelligence. FM 30-35 Military Intelligence Battalion Aerial Reconnaissance Support. FM 31-10 Denial Operations and Barriers. FM 31-11 Doctrine for Amphibious Operations. FM 31-12 Army Forces in Amphibious Operations (The Landing Force). FM 31-16 Counterguerrilla Operations. FM 31-18 Long-Range Reconnaissance Ranger Company. FM 31-20 Special Forces Operational Techniques. FM 31-21 Special Forces Operations—US Army Doctrine. (S) FM 31-21A Special Forces Operations—US Army Doctrine (U). FM 31-23 Stability Operations, US Army Doctrine. (C) FM 31-40 Tactical Cover and Deception (U). FM 31-73 Advisor Handbook for Stability Operations. FM 31-85 Rear Area Protection (RAP) Operations. (C) FM 32-5 Signal Security (SIGSEC) (U). (S) FM 32-10 USASA in Support of Tactical Operations (U). (C) FM 32-20 Electronic Warfare (U). FM 33-1 Psychological Operations—US Army Doctrine. FM 33-5 Psychological Operations—Techniques and Procedures. FM 41-5 Joint Manual for Civil Affairs. FM 41-10 Civil Affairs Operation. FM 44-1 US Army Air Defense Artillery Employment. FM 44-10 (test) Army Airspace Control Doctrine. FM 54-2 The Division Support Command and Separate Brigade Support Battalion. FM 54-3 The Field Army Support Command. FM 54-7 The Theater Army Support Command. FM 55-1 Army Transportation Services in Theaters of Operations. FM 57-1 US Army/US Air Force Doctrine for Airborne Operations. FM 57-35 Airmobile Operations. FM 61-100 The Division. FM 100-5 Operations of Army Forces in the Field. FM 100-10 Combat Service Support.

A-2 FM 100-15

FM 100-20 Field Service Regulations—Internal Defense and Development (IDAD). FM 100-26 The Air-Ground Operations System. FM 100-27 US Army/US Air Force Doctrine for Tactical Airlift Operations. FM 100-30 (test) Tactical Nuclear Operations. FM 101-6 Staff Officers’ Field Manual—Staff Organization and Procedure. FM 101-10-2 Staff Officers’ Field Manual—Organizational, Technical, and Logistical Data—Extracts of Nondivisional Tables of Organization and Equipment. FM 101-31-1 Staff Officers’ Field Manual: Nuclear Weapons Employment, Doctrine and Procedures. FM 101-40 Armed Forces Doctrine for Chemical and Biological Weapons Employment and Defense.

A—3 1

- )

il FM 100-15

APPENDIX B

ABBREVIATIONS

Paragraph

ACC area coordination center 4-10a ADA air defense artillery ' 4-146. ADM atomic demolition munition 7-14tf AGOS air-ground operations system 5-96 AID Agency for International Development ■ 7-286 AIR* airborne infantry ranger 7-206 ANGLICO air and naval gunfire liaison-company 7-18e CA civil affairs 4-26 CAS* close air support ' 7-16a ccoc command and control operations centers 4-11 CENTO Central Treaty Organization 1-le CLSC COMSEC logistic support center 4-23a CLSU COMSEC logistic support unit 4-23a COMMZ communications zone 3-1 Oa COMSEC communications security • 4-23a CONUS Continental United States 4-9(1 COSCOM corps support command 8-546 CSS combat service support 4-176 CTOC corps tactical operations center 8-4 DASC direct air support center 7-16/ DCS Defense Communication System 4-22 DTSOOM division support command 8-546 DS direct support 4-9a DSS* direct support system 4-9a ECCM electronic counter-countermeasures 6-26 ECM electronic countermeasures 5-26 ENCOM engineer command 4-96 EW electronic warfare 7-10 FASA field army service area 7-46 FATOC field army tactical operation center 7-4 FCL fire coordination line , 8-24 FDA forward defense area 8-366 FERA forward edge of the battle area 7-44a FMF Fleet Marine Force 7-18e FSCC* fire support coordination center Figure 7-3 FSCL fire support coordination line 8-lle GLO ground liaison officer 7-16a GS general support 4-9a HHC headquarters and headquarters company 7-26

JTF joint task force 4-6

LC line of contact 8-43e LD line of departure 8-43o LOI letter of instruction 7-6

MAAG Military Assistance Advisory Group 7-266 MAC Military Airlift Command 4-9a

See note at end of this appendix.

B-l FM 100-15

Pangraph

MATCOM* materiel command 4-19c MI military intelligence 7-20i MIBARS military intelligence battalion, air reconnaissance support 7-16A MP military police 7-10 MTT mobile training team 7-276 NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization l-lo NFL no fire line 8-11« NGF* Naval gunfire 7-18d NSA National Security Agency 4-86 OPCON operational control/command 7-lla OPLAN operation plan 7-9a OPORD operation order ^ 7-9a PERSCOM personnel command 4-196 PSYOP psychological operations 7-10 PW prisoner of war 7-20 e RAP* rear area protection 6-86 RAS rear area security 7-116 RWI radio wire integration 7-20« SEASTAG SEATO Standardization Agreements l-lo SF Special Forces 7-666 SFOB Special Forces Operational Base 7-56o SIGINT signal intelligence 4-86 SOLOG Standardization of Certain Aspects of Operations and Logistics l-lo SOP standing operating procedures 1 7-14e STANAG Standardization Agreement l-lo TA theater army 4-1 TAACOM* theater army area command 4-190 TAC tactical air command 4-9a TACC tactical air control center 7-166 TACCOM* theater army communication command 4-26 TACP tactical air control party 7-166 TACS tactical air control system; theater army communication system 4-21a TASCOM theater army support command 4-26 TASE tactical air support element 7-166 TCLSC theater COMSEC logistic support center 4-28a TO theater of operations 4—14 TOC tactical operations center 7-10e TOE table (s) of organization and equipment 4-28 TRANSCOM* transportation command 4-19« USASA United States Army Security Agency 4-87 USIA United States Information Agency 7-286 UW unconventional warfare 7-66»

* Abbreviation not contained in AR 910-50.

B-2 FM 100-15

INDEX

Paragraph Page Advance to contact 8-25 8-8 Air and naval gunfire liaison company (ANGLICO) 7-18 7- 10 Air defense (See theater army air defense brigade.) 4-2, 4-14, i. 4- 1,4-4, 4-15, 7-12d 7- 6 Air defense artillery:

Corps 8-11 8- 6 Field army 7-12d 7-6 Air interdiction 5-9, 6-95 6—8, 6—8 Air reconnaissance 5-8, 7-16, 5- 2, 7-7, 8-15 8- 7 Air support of ground operations: Air interdiction 5-9 6- 8 Air reconnaissance 5-8, 7-16, 6-2,7-7, 8-15 8-7 Airlift 5-8, 7-16, 6- 2,7-7, 8-15 8-7 Attack helicopter operations 7-17, 8-16 7- 9, 8-7 Close air support 5-8, 7-16— 6- 2, 7-7— 7- 7- 118, 8-15 0, 8-7 Coordination of air-ground operations at corps 8-15 8- 7 Coordination of air-ground operations at field army 7-16 7- 7 Immediate tactical air support missions 7-16, 8-15 7-7,8-7 Military intelligence battalion, air reconnaissance support 7-16 7-7 Navy and Marine Corps participation 5-10, 7-18, 6- 8, 7-10, 8- 8- 177 Preplanned tactical air support missions 7-16, 8-15 7- 7, 8-7 Tactical air reconnaissance 5-8, 7-16, 6-2, 7-7, 8-15 8-7 Airlift 5-8, 7-16 6-2

Airmobile operations 8-20 8- 8 Amphibious operations 5-10, 7-18 6- 8,7-10 Area communication system 7-20 7- 10 Area defense 7-12, 8-33, 7- 5, 8-16, 8-35 8-18 Area of operations: Command structure 3-11 3-8

Commander 3-7 8- 2 Definition 3-6 8-1 Intelligence 3-17 3- 9 Planning <. . 3-17—3-22 8-9—8-11 Territorial organization 3-10 8-8 Armored cavalry regiment 7-11, 8-10 7-6, 8-6 Army aviation 7-17, 7-20 7-9, 7-10, 8-11, 8-16 i- * 8-6, 8-7, 8-20 8-8 Army group: « Combat service support functions 6-7 6-2 Command 6-3 6-1 Headquarters 6-4 6-1 Nuclear weapons 6-9 6-8 Organization 4-34,6-2 4- 11, 6-1 Planning and conduct of operations 6-8 6-2 Reserve 6-9 6-8 Staff 6-5 6-1 Strategic and tactical functions 6-6 6-1 Tactical air support 6-9 6-8 Army role 2-4 2-2 Army Security Agency (See USASA.) Artillery (See also fire support.) 7-12, 8-11 7-6, 8-6 Attack helicopter operations 7-17, 8-16 7-9, 8-7 Attack on a broad front (See frontal attack.)

Index-1 FM 100-15

Paragraph Page Barriers . 7-54 7-28 Brigade, separate • 7-11,8-10 7-5,8-6 Camouflage . 7-56 7- 24 Chain of command ., 3-8 8- 2 Chemical weapons (See fire support.) . 7-15, 8-14 7- 7,8-7 Chief of Staff, U.S. Army . 3-5 8- 1 Close air support . 5-8, 7-16—7-18, 6- 2, 7-7—7-10, 8-15 8-7 Cold War . 1-1, 2-4c 1-1,2-2 Combat service support . 3-105, 3-11, 3-12, 8-8,8-5,8-8, 4-2, 4-5, 4-9, 4-1, 4-8,4-4, 4- 4- 183, 4-16—4-19 ,4-«—4-8, 5- 5- 11, 5-4, 5-7, ,5-2, 6- 6- 72, 7-21, 7-22 , 7-12 Combat support . 7-20,8-20 7- 10,8-8 Combat zone . 3-10 8- 8 Combined operations (theater) . 3-9 8-2 Commander: Army combat forces 5- 1—5-7, 6-1—6-3 5-1—5-2, 6-1 Army group 6- 3 6-1 Unified command (theater) 3-7, 3-11 8-2,8-8 Theater army 3- 8-2,4-2, 4-6, 7, 4-3, 4-15, 4-18, 4-20, 4-26, 4- 7,4-8, 4-9,4-11 4- 5- 311, 4-35, —5-2 5- 4-6 1—5-7 Theater army air defense brigade 4- 4-6—4-8 14, 4-15 Theater army support command 4-16—4-19 8-1 Commander in Chief, US Armed Forces 3- 1 2-2 2-1 Common functions of military departments and services 4-8, 7-10 Communications systems 4- 20—4-22, 7-20 Communications zone : 3- 8-8 10 COMSEC logistic support 4- 4-8 23 Component forces, Service 3-12 8-8 Corps: Artillery employment 8-11 8-5 Combat service support 8-55 8-26 • Command and staff actions 8-6 8-4 Headquarters 8-3 8-1 Independent and separate 8-53—8-55 8-25,8-23 Maneuver units 8-10 8-6 Nuclear weapons 8-11—8-13, 8-5, 8-6, 8-29, 8-31, 8-15,8-16, 8-45 8-28 Operation order 8-8 8-4 Organization 8-2 5-1 Phasing 8-7 8-4 Planning 8-5—8-8, 8-8, 8-4, 8-36 8-19 Reserve 8-13, 8-28, 8-6,8-16, 8-40 8-20 Staff 8-3 8-1 Support command (COSCOM) 8-55 8-26 Tactical air support 8-15 8-7 Tactical operations center .. 8-4 8-1 Corps combat support: Army aviation 8-11, 8-20 8-6, 8-8 Chemical 8-20 8-8 Engineer 8-20 8-8 Military intelligence 8-20 8-8 Ranger operations 8-20 8-8 USASA 8-20 8-8 Corps defensive operations: Allocation of combat power . 8-42 8-21 Conduct of the counterattack 8-13, 8-44 8-21, 8-28 Counterattack planning 8-43 8-21 Covering force 8-38 8-19 Defensive echelons 8-37 8-19 Forms of defense 8-33 8-16

Index-2 FM 100-15

Paragraph Page Forward defense area ... 8-39 8-20 Missions to subordinate units ...... 8-41 8-20 Nuclear weapons ... 8-45 8-28 * Reserve echelon ... 8-40 8-20 Security echelon ... 8-38 8-19 Corps offensive operations: Advance to contact ... 8-25 8-9 Coordination and control ... 8-24 8-9 Follow and support forces ... 8-30 8-16 Maneuver ... 8-27 8-12 Meeting engagements ... 8-26 8-10 Missions ... 8-23 8-9 Nuclear weapon employment ...... 8-31 8-16 Reserve ... 8-28 8-16 Corps retrograde operations: Control ... 8-47,8-51 8-28,8-26 Covering force ... 8-48 8-24 Nuclear weapons ... 8-48,8-50 8-24 Organization for combat ... 8-49 8-24 Planning ... 8-47 8-28 Supporting operations ... 8-52 8-25 Corps tactical operations center ... 8-4 8-1 Counterattack planning and execution: Corps ... 8-34,8-36, 8-16, 8-19, 8-43, 8-44 8-21, 8-28 Field army ... 7-47 7-20 Covering force • • • 7-44, 8-48 7-19, 8-24 Defensive operations: Allocation of combat power ... 7-41,8-42 7-19, 8-21 Area defense ... 7-42, 8-35 7-19, 8-18 Counterattack ... 7-47,8-43, 7-20, 8-21, 8-44 8-28 Echelons ... 7-43, 8-37 7-19, 8-19 Fqrms of defense ... 7-42, 8-33 7-19, 8-16 Forward defense echelons ... 7-45,8-39 7-20, 8-20 Fundamental considerations ... 7-40 7- 19 Missions to units in FDA ... 8-41 8- 20 Mobile defense ... 7-42, 8-34 7-19, 8-16 Reserve echelon ... 7-43, 7-46, 7-19, 7-20, 7- 7- 427, 8-37, 0, 8-19,

8- 8- 420 0 Security echelon ... 7-44, 8-38 7-19, 8-19 Denial operations ... 7-53 7- 28 Department of Defense ... 3-2 8- 1 Department of the Army ...3-1 8-1 Divisions ... 7-10,7-11, 7-6, 8-10 8-6 Double envelopment 7-33 7-17 Electronic warfare ... 7-19 7- 10 Engineer employment: V ‘ Corps ... 8-20,8-49 8- 9, 8-24 « a Field army ... 7-205, 7-50 7-11, 7-21 Envelopment ... 7-33,8-27 7-17, 8-12 Exploitation ... 7-37,8-29 7-18, 8-15 Field army: Allocation of combat power ...... 7-32,7-41 7-17, 7-19 Chemical and biological weapons ... 7-15 7-7 Combat service support ... 7-21,7-22 7-12 Combat support ... 7-20 7-12 Command and staff actions ... 7-7 7-4 Headquarters ...7-3 7-1 Missions ...7-6 7-4 Nuclear weapons ... 7-10,7-13, 7-5, 7-6, 7-14, 7-32, 7-6, 7-17, 7-34 7-17 Operation order ... 7-9 7-4 Organization ... 4-35,7-2 4-11, 7-1

Index-3 FM 100-15

Paragraph Page Phasing 7-8 7-4 Planning 7-5 7-8 Rear area protection 7-23 7-14 Reserve 7-34, 7-35, 7-17, 7-47 7-20 Stability operations 7-25—7-28 7-15 Staff 7-3 7-1 Tactical air support 7-16 7-7 Field army combat service support 7-21, 7-22 7-12 Field army combat support: Army aviation 7-20a 7-10 Chemical 7-20/ 7-12 Communications-electronics 7-20c 7-11 Engineer 7-206 7-11 Military intelligence 7-20i 7-12 Military police 7-20e 7-12 Psychological operations 7-20d 7-11 Ranger operations 7-206 7-12 USASA 7-20ff 7-12 Field army defensive operations: Allocation of combat power 7-41 7-19 Counterattack 7-47 7-20 Defensive echelons 7-43 7-19 Employment of reserve 7-47 7-20 Forms of defense 7-42 7-19 Forward defense area 7-43, 7-45 7-19, 7-20 Nuclear weapon employment 7-48 7-21 Reserve echelon 7-43, 7-46 7-19, 7-20 Security echelon 7-44 7-19 Field army offensive operations: Corps zones of action 7-31 7-16 Forms of maneuver 7-33 7-17 Meeting engagements 7-36 7-17 Missions to corps 7-30 7-16 Nuclear weapon employment 7-38 7-18 Reserve 7-34,7-35 7-17 Field army retrograde operations 7-49—7-51 7-21,7-22 Field army tactical operations center 7-4 7-1 Fire support (See also nuclear weapons and chemical and biological weapons.) Corps 8-11 8-5 Field army 7-12 7-5 Naval gunfire and naval close air support 7-18 7- 10 Fire support 8-11 8- 5 Forms of maneuver 7-33, 8-27 7-17 Forward defense area 7-43, 7-45 7- 19, 7-20 Frontal attack ' 8-27 8- 12 Functionally organized commands 3-16 8-9 Functions Department of the Army 2-3 2-1 General war 2-4a 1-1,2-2 Impact of nuclear, biological, and chemical operations 1-4 1-1 Independent corps 8-53, 8-54 8-26 Intelligence 3-17,5-2 8-9, 5-1 International standardization agreements ]_i 3_g 1-1, 8-2 Joint Chiefs of Staff 3-3, 3-7, 8—1, 8-2, 3- 8-9 8, 3-18 Letters of instructions 3-18, 4-1, 8-9, 4-1* 6- 6- 82, 7-6 , 7-4 Limited war 2-46 1-1, 2-2 Meeting engagement 7-36 7- 17 Military intelligence 3-17, 4-24, 8- 9, 4-9, 4- 4—9, 5—1, 25, 5-2, 7- 7- 1966, 7-20i , 7-12, 8- 8- 280 Military intelligence battalion, air reconnaissance support 7-16 7-7 Military intelligence group theater army 4-24, 4-25 4-9 Movement to contact (See advance to contact)

Index-4 FM 100-15

Paragraph Page

National Security Council .. 3-18 8-9 Navy and Marine Corps support .. 7-18,8-17 7-10, 7-9 Nuclear weapons: Allocation .. 7-13,7-14, 7- 6, 7- 7- 318, 7-48, 8, 7-21, 8- 8— 162, 8-13, , 8-27, 8-38 8-12, 8-19 Army group .. 6-9 6- 3 Corps .. 8-11—8-13, 8— 6, 8—6, 8-27, 8-28, 8—12, 8—15, 8-31, 8-38, 8-16, 8-19, 8-45, 8-50 8-2S, 8-24 Employment .. 7-13,7-14, 7- 6, 8-27, 8-45, 8-12, 8-23, 8-50 8-24 Field army .. 7-10,7-13, . 7- 5, 7-6, 7- 718, 7-21 38, 7-48 Vulnerability 1—4 1-4 Operational considerations: Corps .. 8-9—8-21 8- 4—8-9 Field army .. 7_10_7-20 7-5—7-10 Operational environments ■■ 1-3 1-3 Penetration .. 7-33,8-27 7-17, 8-12 Permissive action link system (PAL) .. 3-8 3-2 Phasing .. 7-8, 8-7 7- 4, 8-4 Planning: Army component .. 5-1—5-7 5- 1, 5-2 Army group .. 6-8 6- 2 Corps .. 8-5—8-8 8- 8, 8-4 Field army .. 7-5—7-9 7-3, 7-4 Retrograde operations .. 7-50,8-46— 7- 21, 8-23— 8- 8-25 52 Theater .. 3-17—3-22 3- 9—3-11 Planning guidance: Corps commander ..8-6 8- 4 Field army commander .. 7-5, 7-7 7-3, 7-4 Psychological operations group, theater army: Capabilities and functions .. 4-33 4- 11 General .. 4-31 4-11 Mission .. 4-32 4- 11 Pursuit • ' 7-37, 8-29 7-18, 8-15 Rear area protection (RAP) .. 7-22, 7-23 7- 12, 7-14 Reserve: Army group .. 6-9 6- 3 Corps .. 8-28,8-36, 8- 15, 8-19, 8-40, 8-42 8-20, 8-21 Field army .. 7-11,7-34, 7- 5, 7-17, 7-35, 7-46, 7-17, 7-20, 7- 7- 427 0 Nuclear weapons .. 7-13,7-14, 7-6, 8- 8- 162 Reserve area .. 7-46, 8-40 7-20, 8-20 Retrograde operations .. 7-49—7-51 7- 21, 7-22, 8-46—8-52 8-23—8-26 Secretary of Defense .. 3-2, 3-4, 3-1, 3-7, 3-8 3-2 Secretary of the Army .. 3-4, 3-5, 8- 1, 3-8 3-2 Security Agency (See USASA.) Security echelon, defense ... .. 7-44, 8-38 7- 19, 8-19 Separate corps .. 8-55 8- 26 Service component forces ... .. 3-12 3-8 Shore-to-shore operations ... .. 5-10 5- 3 Signal units: Corps .. 8-20 8-8 Field army .. 7-20 7-10

Index-5 FM 100-15

Paragraph Page Special forces group, theater army 4-28—4-30 4-10 Special weapons (See nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.) Specific operational forces 3-16 8-9 Specified command 3-7. 3-9 8-2 Stability operations 1-1, 2-4, 1-1,2-2, 4-10 4-4 Tactical air reconnaissance 6-9 6-8 Tactical air support (See air support of ground operations.) . 6- 6- 98, 7-16, , 7-7, 7- 7-10,8-7 18, 8-15— 8- 17 Tactical cover and deception 7- 7- 522 2 Territorial organization, theater of operations 3- 8- 180 Theater army: Combat service support 4- 4-1 9 Command relationships 4-3—4-6 4-2, 4-8 Commander 3- 3- 72, 4-3— ■ , 4-2— 4-6 4-6 Communications system 4- 4- 280—4-22, , 7-20 7- 10 Estimates 5- 6-1 4 Intelligence 4-8, 5-2 4-8,6-1 Major subordinate units 4-2, 4-14— 4-1, 4-6— 4- 4-12 37 Organization 4-2 4-1 Other major units assigned or attached 4- 4- 316—4-38 1—4-12 Planning 5- 5- 11—5-7 —6-2 Staff 4-13 4-6 Theater army air defense brigade 4-14, 4-15 4-6 Theater army civil affairs brigade 4-26, 4-27 4-9, 4-10 Theater army communications command 4-20 4-8 Theater army commander (See subtopic under theater army.): Command 4-3 4-2 Relationship with collateral commands 4-6, 5-1— 4—8, 5—1, 5- 6-2 7 Relationship with the Chief of Staff, US Army 4-5 4-8 Relationship with the commander of the unified command 4— 4-8, 5-1, 4, 5-1— 5-7 6-2 Theater army planning: Basis 5- 6- 31 Coordination with other commands 5-7 6-2 Estimates 6-1 General 6-1 Information and intelligence 5-2 6-1 Operational directives 5-6 6-2 Scope 5-5 6-2 Theater army psychological operations group 4-31—4-33 4-11 Theater army special forces group 4-28—4-30 4-10 . Theater army support command 4-16—4-19 • 4-6—4-8 Theater of operations (See area of operations) Turning movement 7-33, 8-27 7-17, 8-12 Unconventional warfare 7-55 7- 24 Unified command 3-7, 3-11— 8- 2, 8-8— 3-13 8- 8 Uni-Service force '. 3- 8-8, 3-8, 10, 3-12, 3-15 USASA 4- 4-12*7-10, 37, 7-20, 8-20 8-8

Index-6 r

By Order of the Secretary of the Army : FM 100-15

CREIGHTON W. ABRAMS General, United States Army Official : Chief of Staff VERNE L. BOWERS Major General, United States Army The Adjutant General

* Distribution : « To be distributed in accordance with DA Form 12-11B requirements for Larger Units Theater * Army-Corps (Qty rqr block no. 407).

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1973 498-302/28

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