L'édification De La Forteresse Numérique De Nokia

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L'édification De La Forteresse Numérique De Nokia Lucie LOUVET Section Ecofi Année 2007-2008 L’édification de la forteresse numérique de Nokia : Comment Nokia verrouille-t-il sur le long terme le succès de son virage vers les services Internet ? Monographie réalisée dans le cadre du Séminaire Stratégie des Firmes Multinationales Sous la direction de Monsieur Bernhard KITOUS Lucie Louvet i IEP Rennes REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Monsieur Bernhard Kitous, Responsable de la section Ecofi de l’Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Rennes, pour son précieux enseignement, et pour avoir accepté d’accompagner à nouveau des étudiants dans leur travail de recherche. J’adresse également tous mes remerciements aux professionnels qui ont accepté de me rencontrer : Gilles Fontaine, Rédacteur en chef délégué de Challenges, pour m’avoir aidé à « sentir » la firme Nokia. J.B. de Bouygues Télécom, pour sa gentillesse et sa disponibilité, et pour avoir pris le temps de me recevoir au siège de Bouygues Télécom, à Boulogne-Billancourt. Ses explications sur le fonctionnement du marché de la téléphonie mobile et sur les relations entre les équipementiers et les opérateurs ont été d’une importance majeure pour le bon déroulement de mes recherches. Xavier des Horts, Directeur de la communication de Nokia, pour avoir accepté de me recevoir au siège de Nokia, à Saint-Ouen. Thomas Husson, analyste chez Jupiter Research, pour m’avoir accordé un entretien passionnant au cours duquel il m’a fait partager sa connaissance du terrain. J’exprime sincèrement ma reconnaissance à Thomas Pelloquin, Emmanuelle et Anne Monnier, étudiants et amis qui ont bien voulu m’apporter leur regard extérieur. Un grand merci à Anne-Sophie Grosdoit et Marion Choppin, les deux autres membres de mon équipe-firme, pour avoir partagé cette aventure du début jusqu’à la fin. Lucie Louvet i IEP Rennes EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Le secteur de la téléphonie mobile arrivant aujourd’hui à saturation dans les pays développés, il s’agit pour les fabricants de téléphones mobiles de fidéliser leurs clients actuels, et de trouver de nouveaux relais de croissance. A cette fin, dans un contexte de convergence entre l’Internet et la téléphonie mobile, il semble pertinent de se tourner vers les services Internet mobiles. C’est l’actuelle démarche de Nokia, l’équipementier finlandais, qui a pour ambition de construire dans les années à venir une véritable forteresse numérique. Ainsi, Cette monographie a pour objet le lancement d’OVI, portail d’accès aux services Internet mobiles présenté par Nokia en Août 2007. Il ne sera pas question ici d’une étude de la pertinence de chacun des sept services accessibles depuis OVI par rapport à l’offre présente sur le marché, mais plutôt de l’étude de la structure OVI dans son ensemble. Il s’agit donc d’examiner quelles sont les fondations qui se cachent sous la future forteresse numérique OVI, et d’évaluer la solidité de ces fondations. En d’autres termes : Comment Nokia « verrouille »-t-il sur le long terme le succès de son tournant vers les services Internet mobiles? Plus précisément, l’objectif de cette étude est de montrer en quoi le rachat de contenu par Nokia lui permet de verrouiller sur le long terme sa place sur le marché des services Internet mobiles, et en quoi ces acquisitions lui permettent de contourner les blocages auxquels la firme doit faire face ? Lucie Louvet ii IEP Rennes SOMMAIRE 1. PRESENTATION DU CAS : L’ANNONCE DE LA CREATION D’OVI....................1 1.1 La création de la marque OVI : du produit aux services.............................................................................. 1 1.2 L’âme de Nokia.................................................................................................................................................2 1.3 L’incident critique ............................................................................................................................................3 2. ANALYSE ET RESOLUTION DU CAS....................................................................4 2.1 Du produit au service : OVI un nécessaire relais de croissance ................................................................. 4 L’analyse des causes et des conséquences, issue de la méthode des cas ............................................................ 4 Le marché des services Internet mobiles..............................................................................................................7 Le partage des recettes sur le marché des services Internet mobiles..................................................................10 Les racines de Nokia dans les services Internet mobiles :..................................................................................11 2.2 Une stratégie de rachat de contenus ............................................................................................................. 14 Le modèle Merger & Acquisition :.................................................................................................................... 14 Le cas de Navteq, fournisseur de cartographie numérique.................................................................................17 Le modèle des 5 forces de Porter ...................................................................................................................... 19 L’influence des gouvernements dans le jeu stratégique ................................................................................... 21 2.3 La négociation avec les opérateurs................................................................................................................ 23 Les relations traditionnelles avec les opérateurs................................................................................................ 23 L’état des négociations avec les opérateurs sur le marché européen ................................................................ 24 Le point central des négociations....................................................................................................................... 25 Etude des issues possibles à la négociation .......................................................................................................26 Quel est l’impact de la stratégie de rachat dans les négociations ?.................................................................... 28 3. DIAGNOSTIC, PRONOSTIC ET LIMITES.............................................................29 3.1. Diagnostic final............................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Pronostic...........................................................................................................................................................30 3.3 Limites ............................................................................................................................................................. 31 SOURCES...................................................................................................................32 ANNEXES...................................................................................................................35 “ Ovi – Open the door to your world ”................................................................................................................36 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Lucie Louvet iii IEP Rennes 1. PRESENTATION DU CAS : L’ANNONCE DE LA CREATION D’OVI 1.1 La création de la marque OVI : du produit aux services La révélation de la marque OVI au cours de la conférence « Go Play » organisée à Londres le 29 Août 2007 sur les thèmes d’Internet et de la mobilité restera sans doute une annonce phare dans l’histoire de Nokia. « Today is certainly not routine », lança d’un air énigmatique Anssi Vanjoki, le vice président de Nokia, avant de dévoiler à la presse son ambition de construire la marque OVI au cours des douze mois qui viennent. OVI, qui signifie « porte » en finnois, se présente effectivement comme une porte ouverte, un sésame vers les services Internet Nokia. Le PDG du groupe, Olli Pekka Kallasvuo, suit ce jour là le déroulement de la conférence d’un œil bienveillant, et introduit un à un les intervenants qui animeront la grand-messe, sur les thèmes de la Mobilité et d’Internet1. Celui qui participa à redresser la situation financière de Nokia en 1992 alors que la firme s’enfonçait dans une situation désastreuse, en a pris les rênes en 2006. Dès lors, il a finement engagé le groupe vers de nouveaux relais de croissance. « Devices are not enough anymore »2 : sur le marché de la téléphonie mobile, les clients recherchent à présent une expérience mobile intégrée. Il s’agit alors pour Nokia de remonter la chaîne de valeur, en passant du produit aux services. OVI est la future structure qui regroupera l’ensemble de ces services, à la fois sur PC et téléphone mobile. A son annonce, la marque OVI est une coquille vide. Du futur portail proposant sept services (Jeux, Musique, Vidéo&TV, Contacts, Cartes, Photos, Internet) seuls trois sont développés au cours de la présentation : Nokia Maps, service de géolocalisation, N-Gage, plateforme de jeu mobile, et Nokia Music Store, plateforme de téléchargement de musique. Finalement, seul le service de géolocalisation est alors disponible. « We don’t know what it is going to be, because people will decide it »3 : Si Nokia fait semblant de ne pas avoir de stratégie
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