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Interprétation Et Mise En Valeur Du Patrimoine Naturel Et Culturel, Matériel Et Immatériel Dans Les Parcs Nationaux

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Interprétation Et Mise En Valeur Du Patrimoine Naturel Et Culturel, Matériel Et Immatériel Dans Les Parcs Nationaux Interprétation et mise en valeur du patrimoine naturel et culturel, matériel et immatériel dans les parcs nationaux Cas du Parc National Historique : Citadelle, Sans-Souci, Ramiers de la République d’Haïti. Thèse Kenrick Demesvar Doctorat en ethnologie et patrimoine Philosophiæ Doctor (Ph.D.) Québec, Canada © Kenrick Demesvar, 2015 RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse vise à proposer un programme global d’interprétation qui intègre les patrimoines naturel et culturel, matériel et immatériel, en s’inspirant des principes internationaux d’interprétation venant de pratiques diverses (parcs nationaux, musées, lieux historiques) et de leur application à la totalité d’un site patrimonial, dans un contexte de pays du Sud. Elle présente le cas du Parc National Historique : Citadelle, Sans-Souci, Ramiers (PNH-CSSR) le plus important des sites patrimoniaux et touristiques d’Haïti car il comprend des monuments considérés comme symboles de l’identité historique nationale. Inscrit depuis 1982 sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO, ce parc ne disposait pas encore de programme d’interprétation. Ainsi, l’étude vient combler cette lacune en proposant un outil complet d’interprétation qui tient compte des potentialités du site tout en montrant comment il peut contribuer à sa mise en valeur optimale. Utilisant une approche pluridisciplinaire, la recherche repose sur des observations participantes et des entrevues semi directives ainsi qu’un corpus composé de documents historiques et ethnographiques. Le programme de mise en valeur mobilise des représentations théâtrales et musicales, des expositions muséales virtuelle et réelle, des brochures, des panneaux d’interprétation et de signalisation ainsi que des guides locaux formés sur le site. Il met l’accent sur la participation locale à travers des activités d’animation, la transmission des valeurs du site, des produits d’interprétation, et des services culturels essentiels destinés à soutenir le développement du tourisme durable sur le site. Liant la pratique à la théorie, la thèse comprend une phase d’expérimentation sur le site du programme d’interprétation proposé. L’évaluation de l’application du programme d’interprétation a montré que celui-ci est adapté aux besoins actuels et futurs du parc, aux objectifs formulés par l’État haïtien pour le développement touristique de la région et du site, aux attentes des résidents et des visiteurs présents ou potentiels. Ce travail de recherche constitue une contribution pionnière à l’avancement des connaissances dans le domaine de l’interprétation du patrimoine, particulièrement en Haïti. Ce programme d’interprétation original voudrait servir de modèle pour l’ensemble des parcs nationaux du pays, voire même pour d’autres parcs nationaux dans le monde. iii ABSTRACT The purpose of this essay is to propose a global program of interpretation, which integrates the different kinds of heritage, natural and cultural, tangible and intangible. It takes its inspiration from the international principles of interpretation arising out of various practices (followed, for example, by national parks, museums, historic sites) and their application to the overall values of a park, understood as a heritage site in the context of a developing country. The case study presented is that of the National Historic Park: Citadelle, Sans- Souci, Ramiers (PNH-CSSR), Haiti’s most significant heritage and tourist site, which includes monuments considered as symbols of the national historic identity. On the UNESCO world heritage list since 1982, this park has, as yet, no program of interpretation. As a result, the study sets out to fill this gap by proposing a complete interpretative program that takes into account all the potential of PNH-CSSR, while showing how this tool can help accentuate its best qualities. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the study is based on participant observations and semi-directive interviews along with a corpus made up of historical and ethnographic documents. The interpretation process puts into use a host of resources, such as theatrical performances, musical presentations, museum exhibitions both virtual and real, brochures, interpretive panels and signage, and local guides trained on site. In this way, emphasis is laid on local participation through group activities, the communication of the site’s values and interpretive products along with essential cultural services for the development on the site of sustainable tourism. Joining practice to theory, this essay includes an experimental phase on the site of the proposed interpretive program. Assessing the application of this program has shown it to be adapted to both the current and future needs of the park, to the goals set by the Haitian State for touristic development in the region and at the site, to the expectations of residents and of visitors, those at present and those to come. This research constitutes a pioneering endeavour to assist in the advancement of knowledge in the field of heritage interpretation, especially in Haiti. This original interpretive program seeks to serve as a model for that country’s national parks as a whole and, further, for national parks worldwide. v TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... v TABLE DES MATIÈRES ................................................................................................ vii TABLE DES FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xi TABLE DES TABLEAUX .............................................................................................. xiii TABLE DES GRAPHIQUES ........................................................................................... xv LISTE DES ACRONYMES .......................................................................................... xvii DÉDICACES ..................................................................................................................... xix REMERCIEMENTS ........................................................................................................ xxi INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 PROBLÉMATIQUE ........................................................................................................................... 2 MÉTHODOLOGIE DE LA RECHERCHE ..................................................................................... 12 CHAPITRE I. ENJEUX DE L’INTERPRÉTATION DU PATRIMOINE DANS LES PARCS NATIONAUX DANS LE MONDE ................................................................... 25 1.1. DU PARC NATIONAL EN TANT QU’OBJET DU PATRIMOINE ....................................... 25 1.1.1. Définition et évolution du concept de parc national ......................................................... 26 1.1.2. Définitions et évolution du concept de patrimoine ........................................................... 32 1.1.3. Réflexions autour de la patrimonialisation ....................................................................... 44 1.2. INTERPRÉTATION DU PATRIMOINE : PRINCIPES ET MÉTHODES .............................. 51 1.2.1. Interprétation du patrimoine : Définition et principes ...................................................... 51 1.2.2. Méthodes et moyens d’interprétation ............................................................................... 64 1.2.3. Programme, concept et plan d’interprétation : définition, contenu et utilités ................... 71 1.3. INTERPRÉTATION DU PATRIMOINE ET TOURISME ...................................................... 74 1.3.1. Tourisme : Définition et évolution ................................................................................... 74 1.3.2. Tendance(s) actuelle(s) du tourisme patrimonial ............................................................. 83 1.3.3. Tourisme et interprétation dans les parcs nationaux ......................................................... 91 CHAPITRE II. PARADIGME DE LA MISE EN VALEUR DES PARCS NATIONAUX HAITIENS...................................................................................................... 101 2.1. LES PARCS NATIONAUX EN HAITI .................................................................................. 101 2.2. PRÉSENTATION DU PARC NATIONAL HISTORIQUE : CITADELLE, SANS-SOUCI, RAMIERS ....................................................................................................................................... 104 2.2.1. Localisation, limites administratives et juridiques ......................................................... 104 2.2.2. Composition et caractéristiques du PNH-CSSR ............................................................. 106 perché sur un arbre au parc ..................................................................................................... 107 2.2.3. Énoncé d’intégrité et motifs de classement par l’État haïtien et par l’UNESCO ........... 111 2.3. APERCU HISTORIQUE ET ÉVOLUTIF DE LA SITUATION DE LA MISE EN VALEUR DU PARC NATIONAL HISTORIQUE : CITADELLE, SANS-SOUCI, RAMIERS. .................. 118 CHAPITRE III. CONCEPT D’INTERPRÉTATION PROPOSÉ EN RAPPORT AU PARC NATIONAL HISTORIQUE : CITADELLE, SANS-SOUCI, RAMIERS ....... 143 3.1. RESSOURCES ET POTENTIELS D’INTEPRÉTATION DU PARC
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