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Ritual Cleaning-Up of the City: from the Lupercalia to the Argei*
RITUAL CLEANING-UP OF THE CITY: FROM THE LUPERCALIA TO THE ARGEI* This paper is not an analysis of the fine aspects of ritual, myth and ety- mology. I do not intend to guess the exact meaning of Luperci and Argei, or why the former sacrificed a dog and the latter were bound hand and foot. What I want to examine is the role of the festivals of the Lupercalia and the Argei in the functioning of the Roman community. The best-informed among ancient writers were convinced that these were purification cere- monies. I assume that the ancients knew what they were talking about and propose, first, to establish the nature of the ritual cleanliness of the city, and second, see by what techniques the two festivals achieved that goal. What, in the perception of the Romans themselves, normally made their city unclean? What were the ordinary, repetitive sources of pollution in pre-Imperial Rome, before the concept of the cura Urbis was refined? The answer to this is provided by taboos and restrictions on certain sub- stances, and also certain activities, in the City. First, there is a rule from the Twelve Tables with Cicero’s curiously anachronistic comment: «hominem mortuum», inquit lex in duodecim, «in urbe ne sepelito neve urito», credo vel propter ignis periculum (De leg. II 58). Secondly, we have the edict of the praetor L. Sentius C.f., known from three inscrip- tions dating from the beginning of the first century BC1: L. Sentius C. f. pr(aetor) de sen(atus) sent(entia) loca terminanda coer(avit). -
The Eternal Fire of Vesta
2016 Ian McElroy All Rights Reserved THE ETERNAL FIRE OF VESTA Roman Cultural Identity and the Legitimacy of Augustus By Ian McElroy A thesis submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Program in Classics Written under the direction of Dr. Serena Connolly And approved by ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS The Eternal Fire of Vesta: Roman Cultural Identity and the Legitimacy of Augustus By Ian McElroy Thesis Director: Dr. Serena Connolly Vesta and the Vestal Virgins represented the very core of Roman cultural identity, and Augustus positioned his public image beside them to augment his political legitimacy. Through analysis of material culture, historiography, and poetry that originated during the principate of Augustus, it becomes clear that each of these sources of evidence contributes to the public image projected by the leader whom Ronald Syme considered to be the first Roman emperor. The Ara Pacis Augustae and the Res Gestae Divi Augustae embody the legacy the Emperor wished to establish, and each of these cultural works contain significant references to the Vestal Virgins. The study of history Livy undertook also emphasized the pathetic plight of Rhea Silvia as she was compelled to become a Vestal. Livy and his contemporary Dionysius of Halicarnassus explored the foundation of the Vestal Order and each writer had his own explanation about how Numa founded it. The Roman poets Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and Tibullus incorporated Vesta and the Vestals into their work in a way that offers further proof of the way Augustus insinuated himself into the fabric of Roman cultural identity by associating his public image with these honored priestesses. -
Rodolfo Lanciani, the Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, 1897, P
10/29/2010 1 Primus Adventus ad Romam Urbem Aeternam Your First Visit to Rome The Eternal City 2 Accessimus in Urbe AeternA! • Welcome, traveler! Avoiding the travails of the road, you arrived by ship at the port of Ostia; from there, you’ve had a short journey up the Via Ostiensis into Roma herself. What do you see there? 3 Quam pulchra est urbs aeterna! • What is there to see in Rome? • What are some monuments you have heard of? • How old are the buildings in Rome? • How long would it take you to see everything important? 4 Map of Roma 5 The Roman Forum • “According to the Roman legend, Romulus and Tatius, after the mediation of the Sabine women, met on the very spot where the battle had been fought, and made peace and an alliance. The spot, a low, damp, grassy field, exposed to the floods of the river Spinon, took the name of “Comitium” from the verb coire, to assemble. It is possible that, in consequence of the alliance, a road connecting the Sabine and the Roman settlements was made across these swamps; it became afterwards the Sacra Via…. 6 The Roman Forum • “…Tullus Hostilius, the third king, built a stone inclosure on the Comitium, for the meeting of the Senators, named from him Curia Hostilia; then came the state prison built by Ancus Marcius in one of the quarries (the Tullianum). The Tarquin [kings] drained the land, gave the Forum a regular (trapezoidal) shape, divided the space around its borders into building- lots, and sold them to private speculators for shops and houses, the fronts of which were to be lined with porticoes.” --Rodolfo Lanciani, The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, 1897, p. -
Spoliation in Medieval Rome Dale Kinney Bryn Mawr College, [email protected]
Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College History of Art Faculty Research and Scholarship History of Art 2013 Spoliation in Medieval Rome Dale Kinney Bryn Mawr College, [email protected] Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/hart_pubs Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons Custom Citation Kinney, Dale. "Spoliation in Medieval Rome." In Perspektiven der Spolienforschung: Spoliierung und Transposition. Ed. Stefan Altekamp, Carmen Marcks-Jacobs, and Peter Seiler. Boston: De Gruyter, 2013. 261-286. This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/hart_pubs/70 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Topoi Perspektiven der Spolienforschung 1 Berlin Studies of the Ancient World Spoliierung und Transposition Edited by Excellence Cluster Topoi Volume 15 Herausgegeben von Stefan Altekamp Carmen Marcks-Jacobs Peter Seiler De Gruyter De Gruyter Dale Kinney Spoliation in Medieval Rome i% The study of spoliation, as opposed to spolia, is quite recent. Spoliation marks an endpoint, the termination of a buildlng's original form and purpose, whÿe archaeologists tradition- ally have been concerned with origins and with the reconstruction of ancient buildings in their pristine state. Afterlife was not of interest. Richard Krautheimer's pioneering chapters L.,,,, on the "inheritance" of ancient Rome in the middle ages are illustrated by nineteenth-cen- tury photographs, modem maps, and drawings from the late fifteenth through seventeenth centuries, all of which show spoliation as afalt accomplU Had he written the same work just a generation later, he might have included the brilliant graphics of Studio Inklink, which visualize spoliation not as a past event of indeterminate duration, but as a process with its own history and clearly delineated stages (Fig. -
Section of a Floor Mosaic Depicting Fall
VMFA Resources CLASSROOM ACTIVITY VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS Section of a Floor Mosaic Depicting Fall Section of a Floor Mosaic Depicting Fall, 3rd–4th century AD Roman Stone and glass tesserae, 70 x 40 in. Adolph D. and Wilkins C. Williams Fund, 51.13 VMFA Resources CLASSROOM ACTIVITY VIRGINIA MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS Object Information Romans often decorated their public buildings, villas, and houses with mosaics—pictures or patterns made from small pieces of stone and glass called tesserae (tes’-er-ray). To make these mosaics, artists first created a foundation (slightly below ground level) with rocks and mortar and then poured wet cement over this mixture. Next they placed the tesserae on the cement to create a design or a picture, using different colors, materials, and sizes to achieve the effects of a painting and a more naturalistic image. Here, for instance, glass tesserae were used to add highlights and emphasize the piled-up bounty of the harvest in the basket. This mosaic panel is part of a larger continuous composition illustrating the four seasons. The seasons are personified aserotes (er-o’-tees), small boys with wings who were the mischievous companions of Eros. (Eros and his mother, Aphrodite, the Greek god and goddess of love, were known in Rome as Cupid and Venus.) Erotes were often shown in a variety of costumes; the one in this panel represents the fall season and wears a tunic with a mantle around his waist. He carries a basket of fruit on his shoulders and a pruning knife in his left hand to harvest fall fruits such as apples and grapes. -
Recent Discoveries in the Forum, 1898-1904
Xil^A.: ORum 1898- 1:904 I^H^^Hyj|Oj|^yL|i|t I '^>^J:r_J~ rCimiR BADDELEY '•^V^^^' ^^^ i^. J^"A % LIBRARY RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE FORUM Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/recentdiscoverieOObadd ^%p. ji^sa&i jI Demolishing the Houses Purchased by Mp. L. Piitlltps (1899) Frontispiece RECENT DISCOVERIES IN THE FORUM 1898-1904 BY AN EYE-WITNESS S:i^ CLAIR BADDELEY BEING A HANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS, WITH A MAP MADE FOR THIS WORK BY ORDER OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE EXCAVATIONS AND 45 ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON GEORGE ALLEN, 156, CHARING CROSS ROAD 1904 [All rights reserved] -. s* r \ i>< ^^ARY# r^ ¥ ^ y rci/O FEB 26 'X_> Printed by BALLANTYNK, HANSON <5r» Co. At the Ballantyne Press TO LIONEL PHILLIPS, Esq, IN MEMORY OF DAYS IN THE FORUM PREFATORY NOTE 1 HAVE heard life in the Forum likened unto ' La Citta Morte/ wherein the malign influences of ancient crimes rise up from the soil and evilly affect those who live upon the site. I have also heard it declared to be a place dangerous to physical health. It is with gratifi- cation, therefore, after living therein, both beneath it and above, as few can have done, for considerable portions of the last six years, that I can bring solid evidence to belie both accusations. They indeed would prove far more applicable if levelled at certain other august centres of Rome. For I find it necessary to return thanks here for valuable assistance given to me without hesitation and at all times, not only by my personal friend Comm. -
3 Architects, Antiquarians, and the Rise of the Image in Renaissance Guidebooks to Ancient Rome
Anna Bortolozzi 3 Architects, Antiquarians, and the Rise of the Image in Renaissance Guidebooks to Ancient Rome Rome fut tout le monde, & tout le monde est Rome1 Drawing in the past, drawing in the present: Two attitudes towards the study of Roman antiquity In the early 1530s, the Sienese architect Baldassare Peruzzi drew a section along the principal axis of the Pantheon on a sheet now preserved in the municipal library in Ferrara (Fig. 3.1).2 In the sixteenth century, the Pantheon was generally considered the most notable example of ancient architecture in Rome, and the drawing is among the finest of Peruzzi’s surviving architectural drawings after the antique. The section is shown in orthogonal projection, complemented by detailed mea- surements in Florentine braccia, subdivided into minuti, and by a number of expla- natory notes on the construction elements and building materials. By choosing this particular drawing convention, Peruzzi avoided the use of foreshortening and per- spective, allowing measurements to be taken from the drawing. Though no scale is indicated, the representation of the building and its main elements are perfectly to scale. Peruzzi’s analytical representation of the Pantheon served as the model for several later authors – Serlio’s illustrations of the section of the portico (Fig. 3.2)3 and the roof girders (Fig. 3.3) in his Il Terzo Libro (1540) were very probably derived from the Ferrara drawing.4 In an article from 1966, Howard Burns analysed Peruzzi’s drawing in detail, and suggested that the architect and antiquarian Pirro Ligorio took the sheet to Ferrara in 1569. -
Sacred Landscape in Early Rome. Preliminary Notes on the Relationship Between Space, Religious Beliefs and Urbanisation
Sacred Landscape in Early Rome. Preliminary Notes on the Relationship between Space, Religious Beliefs and Urbanisation Vincenzo Timpano Abstract: The relationship between strategies of territorial occupation and religious beliefs has been of great importance for ancient urbanisation, particularly during the early stages of the process. Strategies adopted during this more or less long period responded not only to economic considerations and function- ality, but also to complex systems of religious beliefs, developed in correlation with the surrounding land- scape. The position of public buildings, above all those of a sacred and/or sacred-political character, was never casual and has played an important role in creating a sacred-ritual landscape, a fil rouge which through processions and other forms of interaction connected different parts of a city. With a specific regard to the city of Rome, this preliminary study highlights the formation of a sacred landscape at the beginning of the urbanisation process, between the end of the Iron Age and the Oriental- ising period.1 Introduction note a progressive consolidation of the socio- The urbanisation processes that took place in political and sacred structure of these centres, a the western part of the ancient Mediterranean clear indication of the acquisition of the urban world depended on a variety of diversified fac- form,5 i.e. more complex entities which may be tors.2 Between the final period of the Bronze defined as cities. Age and the early phases of the Iron Age, the Tyrrhenian region of the Italian peninsula ex- Starting from Fustel de Coulanges, researchers perienced a series of long-lasting processes,3 from different research areas have provided which resulted in the formation of large proto- various definitions of what constitutes a city. -
An Introduction to Roman Epigraphy an Inscription in the Lapis Niger
To read or not to read: an introduction to Roman epigraphy An inscription in the Lapis Niger (‘Black Stone’) The Lapis Niger, an area of ill-omen and an early cult site in the Forum Romanum, was paved in black stone by Sulla around 80 BC. It provides the earliest evidence of Rome’s comitium (an assembly meeting-point) and contains one of the oldest surviving inscriptions in ancient Rome. The archaic inscription found within this area, often called a cippus (CIL 1.2.1), is an excellent case study, both for archaic Rome and for the use of inscriptions as evidence. This unassuming slab of grey tufa has the distinction of being one of the most confounding objects from antiquity. Even the name, Lapis Niger, often used by scholars for the inscription, is a term coined by the ancient sources for the area around Sulla’s pavement (not the inscription itself). To assess some of the mysteries behind this inscription one must examine it both as a text and as a monument. This involves looking not only at the writing but how it was displayed and in what context it was placed. In this respect the inscription falls within a number of fields, and requires literary, archaeological, geographic and sometimes geological analysis. This study will consider a number of different approaches to show to illustrate both the insights and the limitations of this source. The role of context: what can urban and archaeological contexts tell us about an inscription? The location of this inscription and the fact that it remains in situ provides a wealth of information (especially in Rome, a city that is notorious for ‘eating itself’: materials are often moved and reused). -
De Ornanda Instruendaque Urbe Anne Truetzel
Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 1-1-2011 De Ornanda Instruendaque Urbe Anne Truetzel Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Recommended Citation Truetzel, Anne, "De Ornanda Instruendaque Urbe" (2011). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 527. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/527 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Department of Classics De Ornanda Instruendaque Urbe: Julius Caesar’s Influence on the Topography of the Comitium-Rostra-Curia Complex by Anne E. Truetzel A thesis presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts August 2011 Saint Louis, Missouri ~ Acknowledgments~ I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Classics department at Washington University in St. Louis. The two years that I have spent in this program have been both challenging and rewarding. I thank both the faculty and my fellow graduate students for allowing me to be a part of this community. I now graduate feeling well- prepared for the further graduate study ahead of me. There are many people without whom this project in particular could not have been completed. First and foremost, I thank Professor Susan Rotroff for her guidance and support throughout this process; her insightful comments and suggestions, brilliant ideas and unfailing patience have been invaluable. -
Architecture in the Roman Forum During the Empire: a Brief History
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19244-6 - The Roman Forum: A Reconstruction and Architectural Guide Gilbert J. Gorski & James E. Packer Excerpt More information PART I. ARCHITECTURE IN THE ROMAN FORUM DURING THE EMPIRE: A BRIEF HISTORY © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19244-6 - The Roman Forum: A Reconstruction and Architectural Guide Gilbert J. Gorski & James E. Packer Excerpt More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19244-6 - The Roman Forum: A Reconstruction and Architectural Guide Gilbert J. Gorski & James E. Packer Excerpt More information THE AUGUSTAN 1 RECONSTRUCTION (31 BCE–14 CE) PROLOGUE: THE late Republic. Literary tradition credited the Temple of Vesta at the southeast end of the valley to Rome’s second king, Numa REPUBLICAN FORUM Pompilius (715–673), who had erected it next to the Regia, (508–31) his own residence. At the northwest end, Pompilius’ succes- sor, Tullius Hostilius (672–641), built the Curia Hostilia, the Established as a meeting place for the inhabitants of the adja- Senate House named after him, and, in front of it, the Comitium, cent, previously independent villages, the Republican Forum the outdoor meeting place for Rome’s popular assemblies. At occupied an irregularly shaped, marshy valley below the the end of the sixth and the beginning of the fi fth centuries, the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Reclaiming the central marsh by early republican Temples of Saturn and Castor went up to the massive earth fi lls in the late sixth century, its builders initiated south, and, by the fourth century, a line of aristocratic dwellings the continuous evolutionary changes that, in the next fi ve cen- connected these temples and defi ned the edges of the piazza turies (c. -
Stories in Stone from the Roman Forum
S R IES IN S O NE F ROMTHE TO . T ROMAN FO RUM STORIES IN STONE FROM THE ROMAN FORUM ISABEL LOVELL I LLUSTRA TED Na yak THE MACMILLA N COMPANY LOND N : MACMILLAN A D LTD O N CO. 1 904 P BY THE MACMILLAN COM ANY. 0 Set up, elecmtyped, and published Sepwmber, 190 . M h 1 atc , 904. Nath a n M - Nonwood. Nan , U. 8 .A. PREFACE TO wh sim l a ex tell y, p y and cle rly, is the ceedin l this book Not g y ambitious aim of . ” ’ which ae afiair how, is the arch ologist s , but wh Forum of th y, why the Rome became e ’ i h R a r centre of the nation s l fe, w y the om ns wo e ublic r white togas, why the p Treasu y was under ’ wh as were Saturn s charge, y the basilic built, why the donkeys were decked with cakes during ’ on h Vesta s festival, why the temples stood igh i foundat ons, why the magnificent monuments ” crumbled into ruins, and many other whys to k al that travellers wish now, that historic s readers eek, that young students enjoy. The r no sto ies are but retold, the facts restated, but n e n m legend is arrat d, no stateme t ade, that is unvouched for by a recognized authority. It may be added that the illustrations have been inserted more as aids to the imagination than l s u as materia for cientific st dy.