Damanganga - Pinjal Interbasin Water Transfer

DAMANGANGA - PINJAL INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFER

Janhavi Gaikwad1 and Pravin Chaudhari2 1Research Scholar VJTI Mumbai - 19 India 2Assistant Proffessor VJTI Mumbai - 19 India Abstract-As Maharashtra suffered a lot from severe drought before two years back, we could understand the importance of water & its conservation. The situation might become serious or worse than that year and also year after year. The global warming, increase in population, infrastructure development, uncontrolled urbanization, traditional cropping pattern, change in land use are certainly the causes of water crisis. The so called Developed Maharashtra had to transfer the water by train called “ Jaldoot ”with its 10 wagons carrying 5 lakhs litres of water, set off from Miraj and reached Latur, 342 km away. The measures being taken by Government, NGOs & many watershed interventions proposed by different agencies like Agriculture department, Forest department, Minor Irrigation. There are about 160 tanker fed villages in Thane district of Maharashtra State in spite of having plenty of rainfall. In future such situations can be avoided by proper planning & adopting appropriate methods for conservation, exploration and monitoring of water supply schemes. Inter Basin Water Transfer can be one of the solution to reduce the scarcity of water permanently.The Inter basin water transfer is an ancient technique & can say a valid solution for many of the problems of scarcity of water. It involves water transfer between i)Two different basin Within the same river basin ii)Transfer of ground water. However every case is studied as unique case & considered individually. Keywords- Donor basin, Receiver basin

I. INTRODUCTION

Igor A. Shiklomanov in International workshop on IBWT UNESCO,Paris 25-27 April 1999 Presented that owing to the very high rates of population growth and water uses, world water availability in many regions has become insufficient, particularly in dry years, with an evident trend towards further decrease in the near future. This is typical for developing countries in regions of insufficient moistening. While in the developed countries water availability is expected to decrease 1.7 times in 75 years (1950-2025), the estimated decrease would be 8-10 times in developing countries of arid climate. According to our assessments, specific water availability (per capita per year) in dry years is already below 2000 m 3 for 47% and below 1,000 m 3 for about 35% of the world population. These two values indicate very low and catastrophically low water availability. By 2025 they are expected to exceed 60% and 40%, respectively. Alleviation of water deficit is becoming quite urgent in many regions of the world. The World Economic Forum’s Global Risks report 2015 identified water crises as the risk that the world faces over the next 10 years in terms of potential impact, with political, business and civil society.

II. INTER BASIN WATER TRANSFER

The movement of water from one basin (or watershed) to another, as a way to reduce the scarcity of water, is called inter-basin water transfer. Inter basin water transfer is the technical (structural) tool; the real issue is the sharing of water resources between the receiving basin and the area of origin of the water. The physical linkage between hitherto separated water systems (basins) can become a facilitating element of shared water management in the interest of both basins. The shared management should promote sustainability, respond to common ethical values, generate mutual benefits and be administered by suitable institutions.

DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2017.4235.TATQV 225 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 04, Issue 7, [July– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

Johannes Wesselohannes Wessel-Ethical approaches to water transfer stated definition of inter basin water transfer as “The transfer of water can be described as the transfer of water - by means of a canal and/or pipe1 - from (the providing, the contributing or the donor) Basin A to (the receiving or the recipient) Basin B” . We can visualize this water transfer in the following scheme:

Figure No. 1. Water transfer scheme 1. Donor Basin – The areas of the origin of water having water relatively abundant in nature, fulfilling its present & future need. 2 . Recipient Basin – The areas in need of water. 3. Transfer medium – Canal / pipe / tunnel.

Evaluation Criterion A A proposed inter basin water transfer is justified, if it satisfies the following criteria: This criterion explained by J anos J. Bogardi1 and Stevan Bruk assisted by Claude Vienot3 and Jesús M . de laFuente González4

Economic productivity impacts: Criterion 1: The area of delivery must face a substantial deficit in meeting present or projected future water demands after consideration is given to alternative water supply sources and all reasonable measures for reducing water demand. Criterion 2: The future development of the area of origin must not be substantially constrained by water scarcity; however, consideration to transfer that constrains future development of an area of origin may be appropriate if the area of delivery compensates the area of origin for productivity losses.

Environmental quality impacts Criterion 3: A comprehensive environmental impact assessment must indicate a reasonable degree of certainty that it will not substantially degrade environmental quality within the area of origin or area of delivery; however, transfer may be justified where compensation to offset environmental injury is provided.

Socio-cultural impacts Criterion 4: A comprehensive assessment of socio-cultural impacts must indicate a reasonable degree of certainty that it will not cause substantial socio-cultural disruption in the area of origin or area of water delivery: however, transfer may be justified where compensation to offset potential socio- cultural losses is provided.

Principles of water transfer internationally accepted: Internationally accepted principles with regard to transfer of water from one basin to another The present & the future requirement of the exporting basin must be fully met or safeguarded, i.e. the water being exported from a basin or region should be surplus after meeting all the needs of the basin in the reasonable foreseeable future. The requirement of the basin importing water should be reduced to the minimum by i) Tapping alternative resources of water which except in special consideration should be cheaper than the cost of proposed imported water & ii) Effecting savings in existing water uses without impairing efficiency. Adverse impacts on account of mass transfer in the basin exporting water, changes in the hydrological regime, ecology, ecological regime, environmental pollution, aesthetics & human interests in the rights of way through which such transfers are affected are minimum.

These principals were initiated by the INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE (ICID) in the 10th Congress of ICID held in the ATHENS IN 1978.Paper published in international workshop UNESCO – PARIS 25-27 April 1999

III. INDIA'S WATER WEALTH

Water is one of the most important renewable natural resources for supporting life. With the increasing population of India as well as its all-round development, the utilization of water is also increasing at a fast pace. On an average, India receives annual precipitation (including snowfall) of about 4000 km3. However, there exist considerable spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of rainfall and hence in availability of water in time and space across the country. It is estimated that out of the 4000 km3 water, 1869 km3 is Average annual potential flow in rivers available as water resource. Out of this total available water resource, only 1123 km3 is utilizable (690 km3 from surface water resources and 433 km3 from ground water resources). The water demand in the year 2000 was 634 km3 and it is likely to be 1093 km3 by the year 2025. Due to rapid rise in population and growing economy of the country, there will be continuous increase in demand for water, and it will become scarce in the coming decades Table no -01Source:Water Resources at a Glance 2011 Report, CWC, New Delhi, Area of the country as % of World Area 2.4% Population as % of World Population 17.1% Water as % of World Water 4% Rank in per capita availability 132 Rank in water quality 122 Average annual rainfall 1160 mm ( world average 1110 mm) Range of distribution 150-11690 mm Range Rainy days 5-150 days, Mostly during 15 days in 100 hrs Range PET 1500-3500 mm Per capita water availability (2010) 1588 m3 According to the international norms, a country can be categorized as 'water stressed' when water availability is less than 1700 m3 per capita per year whereas classified as 'water scarce' if it is less than 1000 m3 per capita per year. In India, the availability of surface water in the years 1991 and 2001 were 2309m3 and 1902 m3. However, it has been projected that per capita surface water availability is likely to be reduced to 1401 m3 and 1191 m3 by the years 2025 and 2050, respectively. The Per capita water availability in the year 2010 was 1588 m3 against 5200 m3 of the year 1951 in the country. Table-2:India's Water Resources Sl.No. Water Resource at a Glance Quantity Percentage (km3) 1 Annual precipitation (Including snowfall) 4000 100 2 Precipitation during monsoon 3000 75 3 Evaporation + Soil water 2131 53.3 4 Average annual potential flow in rivers 1869 46.7 5 Estimated utilizable water resources 1123 28.1 Surface water 690 17.3 Replenishable groundwater 433 10.8 Storage created of utilizable water 253.381 22.52 Storage (under construction) of utilizable water 50.737 4.5 6 Estimated water need in 2050 1450 129 7 Estimated deficit 327 29 Interlinking can give us 200 17.8

Component of National River Planning project: It has two components: a) Himalayan Component b) peninsularcomponent

Figure no.2 Proposed inter basin water transfer link in India

IV. HIMALAYAN COMPONENT

The Himalayan component envisages construction of storage reservoirs on the main Ganga and Brahmaputra Rivers and their principal tributaries in India and Nepal so as to conserve monsoon flows for irrigation and hydro-power generation, besides flood control. Links will transfer surplus flows of the Kosi, Gandak and Ghagra to the west. In addition, the Brahmaputra-Ganga Link will augment dry-weather flow of the Ganga. Surplus flows that will become available on account of inter-linking of the Ganga and the Yamuna are proposed to be transferred to the drought prone areas of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. With this proposal about 14 Mha-m of additional water would be available from these river systems for irrigating an estimated 22 M-ha in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin apart from Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat. It would also provide 1120 cumec to Calcutta Port and would provide navigation facility across the country. It will also provide flood moderation in the Ganga-Brahmaputra system. The Himalayan component will benefit not only India but also Nepal and Bangladesh. Table No -3 Proposed Fourteen Links in the Himalayan Component

1 KOSI-MECHI 2 KOSI-GHAGRA 3 Gandak-Ganga 4 Ghagra-Yamuna 5 Sarda-Yamuna 6 Yamuna-Rajasthan 7 Rajasthan-Sabarmati 8 Chunar-Sone Barrage

9 Sone Dam-South Tributaries of Ganga 10 Brahmaputra-Ganga (MSTG) 11 Brahmaputra-Ganga (JTF)(ALT) 12 Farakka-Sunderbans 13 Ganga-Damodar-Subernarekha 14 Subernarekha-Mahanadi

V. PENINSULAR COMPONENT

The main component of Peninsular Rivers Development is the “Southern Water Grid” which is envisaged to link Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, and Cauvery rivers. The peninsular scheme was envisaged to provide additional irrigation benefits of over 13 million ha. The Peninsular component comprises the following four parts: Diversion of surplus flows of Mahanadi and Godavari to Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery and Vaigai.Diversion of west-flowing rivers of Kerala and Karnataka to the east. Inter-linking small rivers flowing along the west coast, north of Mumbai and south of Tapi.Inter-linking the southern tributaries of Yamuna.The peninsular component of ILR has 13 major water storage/diversion structures situated in four basins. Three non-storage structures, viz., Dowlaiswaram barrage, Prakasam barrage, and Grand Anicut and storage node (Narayanpur) cater to only irrigation, while six storage nodes, viz., Inchampalli, Almatti, Nagarjunasagar, Pulichintala, Krishnarajasagar, and Mettur will serve both irrigation and power needs. One storage node, viz., Somasila is operated to meet domestic and irrigation needs and two storage nodes, Table No 4 Proposed links in the Peninsular Component 2 Godavari (inchampalli)-krishna 1 Mahanadi(manibhadra)-godavari (d/s) (nagarjunsagar) 3 Godavari (Inchampalli Low Dam)-Krishna 4 Godavari (Polavaram)-Krishna (Nagarjunsagar Tail Pond) (Vijaywada) 5 Krishna (Almatti) – Pennar 6 Krishna (Srisailam) – Pennar 8 Pennar (Somasila)-Cauvery (Grand 7 Krishna (Nagarjunsagar) – Pennar (Somasila) Anicut) 9 Cauvery (Kattalai) – Vaigai – Gundar 10 Ken-Betwa 11 Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal 12 Par-Tapi-Narmada 13 Damanganga-Pinjal 14 Bedti-Varda 15 Netravati-Hemavati 16 Pamba-Achankovil-Vaippar

VI. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To mitigate the water problem of water scare region by transferring the water of surplus water basin. The objective of Damanganga-Pinjal Link Project is to divert surplus waters of Damanganga river at Bhugad and Khargihill reservoir to Pinjal reservoir in Vaitarna basin (proposed by Government of Maharashtra) from where the combined waters of Damanganga and Pinjal rivers will be further taken to Mumbai city for augmentation of its domestic water supply.

VII. STUDY AREA

The Thane district is situated between 18°42' and 20°20' north latitudes and 72°45' and 73°48' east longitudes. The revised area of the district is 4,214 km². The district is bounded by Nashik district to the north east, Pune and Ahmadnagar districts to the east, and by Palghar district to the north. The Arabian Sea forms the western boundary, while it is bounded by Mumbai City District and Mumbai Suburban District to the southwest and Raigad District to the south.

Figure 3 Study Area Daman Ganga River/Coordinates 20.4114° N, 72.8335° E , and The Latitude and Longitude of Pinjal is 19.7643 and 73.2006 respectively. Thane/Coordinates 19.2183° N, 72.9781° E The surplus water available at proposed Pinjal reservoir along with the water to be transferred from proposed Bhugad and Khargihill reservoirs of Damanganga basin is to be taken up to Mumbai city through suitable conveyance system as per the planning of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCBM) and Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA).

VIII. METHODOLOGY

A. Identification Of Recipient Basin Mumbai being the capital city of the state of Maharashtra, is also the commercial and financial capital of the country. With a population of more than 18 million, it is one of the ten largest mega cities of the world. With the present pace of development of Greater Mumbai, it is anticipated that there would be acute shortage of domestic water in the year –2050. Due to continuous improvement in the living standards of the people, increase in urban population and the pace of industrial and other development, many of our metropolitan cities are facing acute shortage of water for domestic and industrial purposes. The rate of population growth of metropolitan city of Greater Mumbai over the decades is unprecedented. As per the assessment of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) the present domestic water demand for Mumbai City(year 2012) is 4529 MLD (1653 Mm3) and the cumulative water supply from all the sources is 3675 MLD (1341 Mm3). The projected domestic water demand for Greater Mumbai by the year 2041 is 6680 MLD (2438 Mm3) and the projected supply as 4980 MLD (1818 Mm3) (on completion of Gargai and Pinjal projects) leaving a shortage in supply of 1700 MLD (620 Mm3). The shortage in water supply will further increase as the demand will reach to 7000 MLD (2555 Mm3) by the year - 2060 and the cumulative water supply from various sources including from middle Vaitarna, Bhatsa and Gargai projects will remain 4980 MLD (1818 Mm3) only.

B. Identification of Donor basin Basin The preliminary water balance study of Damanganga basin and at proposed Bhugad and Khargihill dam sites (Technical Study No. 24) was carried out by NWDA which indicates that the surplus water is available in Damanganga basin. Accordingly, Preliminary Feasibility Study to ascertain whether the project is feasible, was carried out for diversion of surplus waters of Damanganga basin to Pinjal reservoir for augmentation of domestic water requirement of Mumbai city. The project was found techno- economically viable and accepted by the TAC of NWDA. The

@IJMTER-2017, All rights Reserved 230 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 04, Issue 7, [July– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 proposed storage reservoirs in Damanganga-Pinjal link project will provide additional 1586 MLD (579 Mm3) of water from Bhugad and Khargihill reservoirs in Damanganga basin to Pinjal reservoir in Vaitarna Basin and about 865 MLD (316 Mm3) of water from Pinjal reservoir (a separate project of Government of Maharashtra in Vaitarna basin) for augmentation of domestic water supply to Mumbai city. Thus, the total water supply from Damanganga –Pinjal link and Pinjal project shall be 2451 MLD (895 Mm3).

C. Selection of Appropriate transfer medium/method There are three options to transfer water such as canal, pipe and tunnel. So according to initial, constructional, and maintenance cost, safety point of view (as it is water supply project) we have to select appropriate method.

D. Water Shed Delineation using QGIS / ARCGIS In this we will accomplish watershed delineation using the SRTM DEM and QGIS GRASS tools. GRASS stands for Geographic Resources Analysis Support System is a free and open source Geographic Information System (GIS) software suite used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics and maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. You will be now introduced to a new set of geoprocessing tools that are available under GRASS tools, learn how to create a new maps etc in GRASS. Learners will be working with variety of tools which include Slope, Terrain shading, Drainage directions and watershed delineation.

E. Reservoir area Calculation Using QGIS / ARCGIS Dividing basins of Damanganga and Pinjal into the sub basins area is to be calculated with the help of QGIS and ARCGIS software.

F. Selection of Base map

Figure - 4 Boundary of study area From Google earth G. Geo-reference

Figure- 5 Toposheets of Pinjal and Damanganga

Contour Map

Figure no 6 Countermap of Pinjal and Damanganga

IX. RESULTS

TableNo : 5 Total area of Damanganga subbasin Total area of Damanganga subbasin Sub basin Area Slo1 Len1 Wid1 Dep1 Lat Long_ Elev Shape_Area 1 17578.23 8.75 44760.51 28.68 1.03 20.31 72.96 42.63 175782274.88 2 5857.07 21.48 21671.47 14.83 0.66 20.27 73.34 358.83 58570667.39 3 5417.36 14.60 18774.45 14.15 0.64 20.26 73.57 524.23 54173623.77 4 5737.15 15.99 13631.10 14.65 0.66 20.22 73.60 527.63 57371473.68 5 5876.87 23.41 20799.95 14.86 0.66 20.26 73.44 415.76 58768707.96 6 2007.87 10.88 14555.61 7.80 0.43 20.15 72.98 64.44 20078738.12 8 12981.23 21.42 27524.42 23.91 0.91 20.20 73.37 323.03 129812268.19 10 443.08 27.68 6143.86 3.15 0.24 20.20 73.54 420.60 4430811.08 12 5219.50 19.83 14791.76 13.84 0.63 20.16 73.58 501.49 52195045.23 13 6476.74 28.80 24982.14 15.75 0.69 20.21 73.49 400.67 64767414.53 14 18181.02 15.13 30808.69 29.27 1.04 20.20 73.10 142.80 181810185.76 15 4920.89 22.53 22208.73 13.36 0.62 20.15 73.51 444.54 49208924.96 16 6061.95 17.44 25945.97 15.14 0.67 20.13 73.16 202.65 60619517.97 17 7904.27 20.87 23983.22 17.75 0.75 20.19 73.20 192.86 79042748.79 18 5923.51 18.04 20323.92 14.93 0.67 20.13 73.42 394.01 59235060.94 19 12769.22 21.44 23738.69 23.67 0.90 20.18 73.28 254.51 127692232.30 20 8718.80 18.75 26237.55 18.83 0.78 20.12 73.48 429.17 87187957.25 21 8900.23 11.38 24073.33 19.06 0.78 20.10 73.01 97.84 89002262.64 22 14833.50 14.75 40587.05 25.90 0.96 20.10 73.10 191.02 148334974.72 23 5289.41 24.02 17130.95 13.95 0.64 20.10 73.25 212.70 52894118.63 24 6860.59 22.04 25433.32 16.31 0.71 20.09 73.36 419.77 68605929.75 26 1595.73 26.74 10220.77 6.80 0.39 20.07 73.30 282.21 15957308.01 27 17022.44 26.35 38256.98 28.13 1.01 20.02 73.41 472.59 170224367.72 28 11654.54 16.99 25152.85 22.41 0.87 20.02 73.21 344.09 116545388.51 29 9123.64 21.97 27310.99 19.35 0.79 19.98 73.28 333.90 91236376.97 30 7528.73 18.52 24513.44 17.24 0.73 19.96 73.38 412.00 75287282.55 31 8134.26 15.09 26808.68 18.06 0.76 19.92 73.34 386.26 81342572.00 Area in sq. meter 2230178234

TableNo : 6 Total area of Pinjal subbasin Total area of Pinjal subbasin

Sub basin Area Slo1 Len1 Wid1 Dep1 Lat Long_ Elev Shape_Area 1 160.70 2.25 3168.46 1.71 0.16 19.74 73.14 144.61 1607025.30 2 292.52 2.44 4215.46 2.46 0.20 19.74 73.15 145.31 2925209.27 3 26.22 2.32 1239.38 0.58 0.08 19.73 73.15 140.95 262165.03 4 198.69 3.60 2828.37 1.95 0.17 19.73 73.13 148.86 1986934.59 5 264.19 2.88 3656.78 2.31 0.19 19.74 73.13 147.98 2641887.05 6 161.25 3.69 2795.89 1.72 0.16 19.72 73.15 148.24 1612544.57 7 80.40 2.46 2399.45 1.13 0.12 19.72 73.13 142.63 803972.64 8 154.82 2.65 2788.71 1.68 0.15 19.72 73.14 141.98 1548153.17 9 6.81 1.58 626.51 0.26 0.04 19.72 73.13 139.68 68070.88 10 170.45 2.30 2789.60 1.78 0.16 19.71 73.14 144.11 1704532.28 11 186.00 2.92 3406.79 1.87 0.17 19.72 73.12 145.45 1859991.48 12 84.26 1.71 1611.96 1.16 0.12 19.71 73.13 140.31 842607.46 13 39.92 1.81 980.06 0.74 0.09 19.71 73.13 139.00 399226.68 14 90.52 2.11 2232.19 1.22 0.12 19.70 73.13 140.02 905159.07 15 300.52 2.40 4795.85 2.50 0.20 19.70 73.15 143.48 3005238.58 16 155.83 2.38 2614.99 1.68 0.16 19.69 73.15 143.88 1558271.86 17 216.36 2.13 3427.60 2.05 0.18 19.69 73.14 142.81 2163550.97 18 320.30 1.31 4120.16 2.59 0.21 19.71 73.09 139.20 3203012.14 19 249.10 1.36 3762.49 2.23 0.19 19.70 73.10 140.81 2491027.20 20 133.11 2.03 2544.81 1.53 0.15 19.70 73.12 138.81 1331062.22 21 357.19 2.41 5216.33 2.77 0.22 19.70 73.16 145.65 3571882.85 22 155.55 1.81 2686.05 1.68 0.16 19.69 73.13 142.69 1555512.22 23 150.95 1.87 2583.58 1.65 0.15 19.69 73.12 137.27 1509518.37 24 166.87 2.32 2881.67 1.75 0.16 19.68 73.12 140.87 1668657.09 25 714.47 2.59 6505.78 4.20 0.29 19.71 73.11 143.54 7144685.59 26 142.40 2.11 1865.00 1.59 0.15 19.69 73.11 136.37 1423969.79 27 9.57 3.10 602.46 0.32 0.05 19.69 73.10 133.55 95667.22 28 142.12 1.48 3018.78 1.59 0.15 19.68 73.11 140.10 1421210.14 29 398.21 1.73 4213.30 2.96 0.23 19.68 73.08 135.54 3982148.14 30 426.55 1.51 3752.08 3.08 0.23 19.68 73.09 134.86 4265470.17 31 258.49 2.46 3783.30 2.28 0.19 19.66 73.09 131.80 2584854.70 32 540.80 1.81 4976.93 3.55 0.26 19.66 73.10 133.69 5407957.61 33 63.20 2.43 1670.46 0.98 0.11 19.64 73.09 129.83 631955.63 Area in sq. meter 68183131.97 The Damanganga basin is calculated as 2230178234 sq.m. or 223017.823 Ha. and Pinjal sub basin as 6818131sq m or 6818.131 ha. X. SUMMARY

So as per NWDA report as well as Detailed Project Report of Damanganga- Pinjal Link and QGIS –SWAT model volume calculation analysis, we can conclude that Damanganga can be

@IJMTER-2017, All rights Reserved 233 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 04, Issue 7, [July– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 identified as Donor basin, i.e. surplus water is available after fulfilling its present and future needs and surplus water can be transferred to Mumbai city. Mumbai city is economical capital of India with the population of more than 18 million.The projected domestic water demand for Greater Mumbai by the year 2041 is 6680MLD (2438 Mm3) and the projected supply as 4980 MLD (1818 Mm3) (on completion of Gargai and Pinjal projects) leaving a shortage in supply of 1700 MLD (620 Mm3). The shortage in water supply will further increase as the demand will reach to 7000 MLD (2555 Mm3) by the year - 2060 and the cumulative water supply from various sources including from middle Vaitarna, Bhatsa and Gargai projects will remain 4980 MLD (1818 Mm3) only. So we can conclude that it is a water scare recipient basin. As well as Thane is neighboring city of Mumbai with population more than 4 million needs water demand 720 Mm3 in the year 2051. As the Pinjal river and Vaitarna river’s majority part flow from the former Thane district and even the path of Damanganga Pinjal link also passes through Thane region, 100 MLD of this inter basin water transfer project should give to Thane city. Though there are three options of water transfer methods as canal, pipe and tunnel, we would opt for tunnel only. The reasons given below.Canal method is having major drawback of evaporation losses as water flows open to atmosphere and second is percolation losses. In this case we should go for lining of the canal. Though lining can be done security is the major problem with this system as the purpose of this project is water supply. Land acquit ion is other major problem here.By having glance at contour map we can see undulation of the ground it involves excessive cutting and filling. Pipe method is having major problem of laying and jointing of large diameter pipes. Also pipe leaking, joint leaking and bursting of pipe can create major problems in supply of water. Security is also major issue in case of pipe system. Maintenance cost is also high of this system. As ground is not flat in between gravity flow would not occur and involve pumping which can be another problem.Tunnel method although is having high initial and construction cost and its maintenance cost is low. We can assure the safety as well as can avoid evaporation losses and can minimise percolation losses. We guaranteed the security in this system.But the main advantage of this method is as hydraulic energy can be generated through this method.

XI. CONCLUSION

The Damanganga basin is declared as surplus basin as after fulfilling its present and future water need surplus water is available for the transfer.Mumbai and Thane city as receiver basin as the population growth is more as well as water demand is also high around for millions by the year 2051.The water requirement in 2051 will be around 6790 MLD. Water transfer through tunnel method is the best suitable method among the three canal, pipe and tunnel methods as we can assure safety and less maintenance cost also. First degree order stream delineation proves enough flow accumulation in both the basin, Damanganga basin and Pinjal basin. As second degree and third degree stream delineation is very complicated and detailed topo sheet of Pinjal basin is also not available. Yet only first degree stream delineation calculate the Damanganga basin as2230178234sq m or 223017.823 has and Pinjal sub basin as 6818131sq m or 6818.131 ha. The out let points shows the maximum flow and proposed Dam site for the augmentation of water supply from the Pinjal dam. Proposed Dam at present is at Khidase Palghar but according to the software it should be at Chas village to have maximum flow.In the end we can conclude that 100 MLD water should be transfer to the Thane city of the Damanganga Pinjal inter basin water transfer project.

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