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A History of Aeronautics

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A History of Aeronautics A History of Aeronautics E. Charles Vivian A History of Aeronautics Table of Contents A History of Aeronautics..........................................................................................................................................1 E. Charles Vivian...........................................................................................................................................1 FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................2 PART I. THE EVOLUTION OF THE AEROPLANE...............................................................................................2 I. THE PERIOD OF LEGEND......................................................................................................................3 II. EARLY EXPERIMENTS.........................................................................................................................6 III. SIR GEORGE CAYLEY−−THOMAS WALKER................................................................................16 IV. THE MIDDLE NINETEENTH CENTURY.........................................................................................21 V. WENHAM, LE BRIS, AND SOME OTHERS......................................................................................26 VI. THE AGE OF THE GIANTS................................................................................................................30 VII. LILIENTHAL AND PILCHER...........................................................................................................34 VIII. AMERICAN GLIDING EXPERIMENTS.........................................................................................38 IX. NOT PROVEN......................................................................................................................................43 X. SAMUEL PIERPOINT LANGLEY.......................................................................................................47 XI. THE WRIGHT BROTHERS.................................................................................................................51 XII. THE FIRST YEARS OF CONQUEST................................................................................................62 XIII. FIRST FLIERS IN ENGLAND..........................................................................................................66 XIV. RHEIMS, AND AFTER.....................................................................................................................70 XV. THE CHANNEL CROSSING.............................................................................................................74 XVI. LONDON TO MANCHESTER.........................................................................................................76 XVII. A SUMMARY, TO 1911..................................................................................................................77 XVIII. A SUMMARY, TO 1914.................................................................................................................82 XIX. THE WAR PERIOD−−I.....................................................................................................................86 XX. THE WAR PERIOD−−II.....................................................................................................................91 XXI. RECONSTRUCTION.........................................................................................................................92 XXII. 1919−20.............................................................................................................................................94 PART II. 1903−1920: PROGRESS IN DESIGN.....................................................................................................96 I. THE BEGINNINGS.................................................................................................................................96 II. MULTIPLICITY OF IDEAS................................................................................................................100 III. PROGRESS ON STANDARDISED LINES.......................................................................................103 IV. THE WAR PERIOD............................................................................................................................106 PART III. AEROSTATICS....................................................................................................................................109 I. BEGINNINGS........................................................................................................................................109 II. THE FIRST DIRIGIBLES....................................................................................................................114 III. SANTOS−DUMONT..........................................................................................................................118 IV. THE MILITARY DIRIGIBLE............................................................................................................120 V. BRITISH AIRSHIP DESIGN...............................................................................................................124 VI. THE AIRSHIP COMMERCIALLY....................................................................................................128 VII. KITE BALLOONS.............................................................................................................................130 PART IV. ENGINE DEVELOPMENT..................................................................................................................131 I. THE VERTICAL TYPE.........................................................................................................................131 II. THE VEE TYPE...................................................................................................................................138 III. THE RADIAL TYPE...........................................................................................................................142 IV. THE ROTARY TYPE.........................................................................................................................145 V. THE HORIZONTALLY−OPPOSED ENGINE...................................................................................148 VI. THE TWO−STROKE CYCLE ENGINE............................................................................................150 VII. ENGINES OF THE WAR PERIOD..................................................................................................154 APPENDIX A. GENERAL MENSIER'S REPORT ON THE TRIALS OF CLEMENT ADER'S i A History of Aeronautics Table of Contents A History of Aeronautics AVION......................................................................................................................................................158 APPENDIX B...........................................................................................................................................162 APPENDIX C...........................................................................................................................................169 ii A History of Aeronautics E. Charles Vivian This page copyright © 2001 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • FOREWORD • PART I. THE EVOLUTION OF THE AEROPLANE • I. THE PERIOD OF LEGEND • II. EARLY EXPERIMENTS • III. SIR GEORGE CAYLEY−−THOMAS WALKER • IV. THE MIDDLE NINETEENTH CENTURY • V. WENHAM, LE BRIS, AND SOME OTHERS • VI. THE AGE OF THE GIANTS • VII. LILIENTHAL AND PILCHER • VIII. AMERICAN GLIDING EXPERIMENTS • IX. NOT PROVEN • X. SAMUEL PIERPOINT LANGLEY • XI. THE WRIGHT BROTHERS • XII. THE FIRST YEARS OF CONQUEST • XIII. FIRST FLIERS IN ENGLAND • XIV. RHEIMS, AND AFTER • XV. THE CHANNEL CROSSING • XVI. LONDON TO MANCHESTER • XVII. A SUMMARY, TO 1911 • XVIII. A SUMMARY, TO 1914 • XIX. THE WAR PERIOD−−I • XX. THE WAR PERIOD−−II • XXI. RECONSTRUCTION • XXII. 1919−20 • PART II. 1903−1920: PROGRESS IN DESIGN • I. THE BEGINNINGS • II. MULTIPLICITY OF IDEAS • III. PROGRESS ON STANDARDISED LINES • IV. THE WAR PERIOD • PART III. AEROSTATICS • I. BEGINNINGS • II. THE FIRST DIRIGIBLES • III. SANTOS−DUMONT • IV. THE MILITARY DIRIGIBLE • V. BRITISH AIRSHIP DESIGN • VI. THE AIRSHIP COMMERCIALLY • VII. KITE BALLOONS A History of Aeronautics 1 A History of Aeronautics • PART IV. ENGINE DEVELOPMENT • I. THE VERTICAL TYPE • II. THE VEE TYPE • III. THE RADIAL TYPE • IV. THE ROTARY TYPE • V. THE HORIZONTALLY−OPPOSED ENGINE • VI. THE TWO−STROKE CYCLE ENGINE • VII. ENGINES OF THE WAR PERIOD • APPENDIX A. GENERAL MENSIER'S REPORT ON THE TRIALS OF CLEMENT ADER'S AVION. • APPENDIX B • APPENDIX C This etext was prepared by Dianne Bean, Chino Valley, AZ. FOREWORD Although successful heavier−than−air flight is less than two decades old, and successful dirigible propulsion antedates it by a very short period, the mass of experiment and accomplishment renders any one−volume history of the subject a matter of selection. In addition to the restrictions imposed by space limits, the material for compilation is fragmentary, and, in many cases, scattered through periodical and other publications. Hitherto, there has been no attempt at furnishing a detailed account of how the aeroplane and the dirigible of to−day came to being, but each author who has treated the subject has devoted his attention to some special phase or section. The principal exception to this rule−−Hildebrandt−−wrote
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