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Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration Frederick C University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of History History, Department of 1990 Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration Frederick C. Luebke University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub Part of the European History Commons, German Language and Literature Commons, Latin American History Commons, and the Social History Commons Luebke, Frederick C., "Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration" (1990). Faculty Publications, Department of History. 177. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub/177 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Centennial Series BOARD OF EDITORS Kathleen Neils Conzen, University of Chicago Roger Daniels, University of Cincinnati Jay P. Dolan, University of Notre Dame Victor R. Greene, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Books in the Statue of Liberty - Ellis Island Centennial Series The Immigrant World of Ybor City: Italians and Their Latin Neighbors in Tampa, 1885-1985 Gary R. Mormino and George E. Pozzetta The Butte Irish: Class and Ethnicity in an American Mining Town, 1875-1925 David M. Emmons The Making of an American Pluralism: Buffalo, New York, 1825-60 David A. Gerber Germans in the New World: Essays in the History of Immigration Frederick C. Luebke yermans in tfie 9{iw 'World (jermansin the 'J.{fwWorU ESSAYS IN THE HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION !Frederic/( C. Lue6~ UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS Urbana and Chicago © 1990 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois Manufactured in the United States of America C 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Luebke, Frederick c., 1927- Germans in the New World: essays in the history of immigration/ Frederick C. Luebke. p. cm. - (Statue of Liberty - Ellis Island Centennial series) Includes index. ISBN 0-252-01680-7 (alk. paper) 1. German Americans-History. 2. United States-Emigration and immigration-History. 3. Germany-Emigration and immigration­ History. 4. Germans-Brazil-History. 5 Brazil-Emigration and immigration-History. 1. Title. II. Series. E184.G3L9 1990 973' .0431-dc20 89-35122 CIP '.For 'J.{gnna Contents Acknowledgments, xi Introduction, xiii 1. The Immigrant Condition as a Factor Contributing to the Conservatism of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod 1 2. The German-American Alliance in Nebraska, 1910-17 14 3. Legal Restrictions on Foreign Languages in the Great Plains States, 1917-23 31 4. German-American Leadership Strategies Between the World Wars 51 5. German Immigrants and American Politics: Problems of Leadership, Parties, and Issues 79 6. Patterns of German Settlement in the United States and Brazil, 1830-1930 93 7. Images of German Immigrants in the United States and Brazil, 1890-1918: Some Comparisons 110 8. The German Ethnic Group in Brazil: The Ordeal of World War I 123 9. Turnerism, Social History, and the Historiography of European Ethnic Groups in the United States 138 10. Three Centuries of Germans in America 157 Index 191 .9Lck...now{eagments It is impossible, given the character of this book, for me to identify all the intellectual debts that I have accumulated in writing these essays. Edito­ rial assistance is quite another matter. No one has helped me more than my wife, Norma Wukasch Luebke, who through the years generously and graciously has given me the benefit of her professional expertise. I am also pleased to remember the considerable encouragement and edito­ rial advice that I have received from Kathleen Neils Conzen, Roger Daniels, Walter D. Kamphoefner, James M. Bergquist, and Robert E. Knoll. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, especially its Department of History and Center for Great Plains Studies, has assisted my work in ways too various to list here. I acknowledge all this help with much gratitude. My thanks also go to the editors and publishers of the following materials for permission to reprint all or parts of my essays here: Chapter 1: "The Immigrant Condition as a Factor Contributing to the Conservatism of the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod." Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly 38 (April 1965): 19-28. Chapter 2: "The German-American Alliance in Nebraska, 1910- 1917." Nebraska History 49 (Summer 1968): 165-85. Chapter 3: "Legal Restrictions on Foreign Languages in the Great Plains States, 1917-1923." In Languages in Conflict: Linguistic Accultur­ ation on the Great Plains, edited by Paul Schach, 1-19. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1980. Chapter 4: "The Germans." In Ethnic Leadership in America, edited by John Higham, 64-90. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1978. This article appears here under the title "German-American Leadership Strategies Between the World Wars." Chapter 5: "German Immigrants and American Politics: Problems of Leadership, Parties, and Issues." In Germans in America: Retrospect and Prospect, edited by Randall M. Miller, 57-74. Philadelphia: German Society of Pennsylvania, 1984. Chapter 7: "Images of German Immigrants in the United States and Brazil, 1890-1918: Some Comparisons." In America and the Germans: xii Germans in the New World An Assessment of a 300-Year History, 2 vols., edited by Frank Trommler and Joseph McVeigh, 1: 207-20. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1985. Chapter 8: "The German Ethnic Group in Brazil: The Ordeal of World War 1." Yearbook of German-American Studies 18 (1983): 255-67. Chapter 9: Sections I, II, VI, and VII of this essay are modified from pp. 387-96 and 403 in my essay "Ethnic Minority Groups in the Ameri­ can West." In Historians and the American West, edited by Michael P. Malone, 387-413. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1983. Much new material has been added. Introduction The study of German immigrants and their descendants in America has not attracted the attention of many professional historians. Even though the Germans are one of the most important and arguably the largest of ethnic groups in the United States, their history has been neglected, most persistently perhaps by German Americans themselves. Reasons for this are easy to identify. First, to be of "German origin" is itself a vague and imprecise concept. German-speaking immigrants have come to America not only from Germany, but also from Austria, Hungary, Russia, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Switzerland, and France. Germany as a political entity was founded only in the latter part of the nineteenth century. German lan­ guage and culture, which is much more important as a basis for ethnic consciousness than is country of origin, has never been congruent with German nationality. Second, few ethnic groups in America have been as varied in religious belief, political persuasion, socioeconomic status, occupation, culture, and social character as the German are, despite persistent historic stereotypes to the contrary. Generalizations about the Germans are inevi­ tably hazardous and sure to be disputed. Because they have been so diverse, German Americans have displayed limited unity and no great interest in a common history, at least by comparison to other ethnic groups, such as Poles, Irish, or Norwegians. Their tendency to cultural amnesia has been greatly augmented in the twentieth century by two World Wars in which Germany was identified as a great and evil adversary. For many persons, thoughtless propaganda and the legacy of Hitlerian horrors transformed German identity in this country; it became a source of social discomfort, something they preferred to ignore. My own interest in the history of Germans in America was origi­ nally generated by a desire to understand that segment of immigrant society from which I sprang. Even though my paternal great-grandfather emigrated a century before I was born, my family's ties to German immigrant culture, especially Lutheranism, remained intimate. My mater­ nal grandfather was a clergyman in the Lutheran Church-Missouri xiv Germans in the New World Synod, as were assorted uncles and grand uncles, cousins and second cousins; my father was a teacher in the synod, as were two older brothers and other uncles and cousins. It was a matter of course that I should follow the same path. I attended the appropriate Lutheran college and later served as a teacher in several Lutheran parish schools, a Lutheran high school, and another Lutheran college. German Lutheranism in America was a small world. It seemed self-contained; its influence was pervasive. It needed to be understood. Received wisdom within the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod suggested that its history was the lengthened shadow of leaders whose fearless dedication to reine Lehre -the pure doctrine promulgated by Martin Luther-carried the church through a series of fierce theological battles to attain its present magnitude. When I had enrolled in a doctoral program at the University of Southern California in the late 1950s, I had an opportunity to study the history of the Missouri Synod-the ethnic institution I knew best - and to place it in the social context provided by the assimilation process that all immigrant institutions must experience. I perceived a history that differed from the one I had been taught. My reading of history, buttressed by personal experience, led me to conclude that a sociohistorical interpretation offered far more understand­ ing than the traditional emphasis on leaders, theology, and institutional change did.1 The Missouri Synod, despite its congregational polity, seemed dominated by its clergy. This elite, unlike its rank-and-file members, emigrated primarily for religious reasons and naturally sought to use every means at hand to preserve the doctrinal character of the church in the American environment.
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