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The Destructive Distillation of Pine Sawdust
Scholars' Mine Bachelors Theses Student Theses and Dissertations 1903 The destructive distillation of pine sawdust Frederick Hauenstein Herbert Arno Roesler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses Part of the Mining Engineering Commons Department: Mining Engineering Recommended Citation Hauenstein, Frederick and Roesler, Herbert Arno, "The destructive distillation of pine sawdust" (1903). Bachelors Theses. 238. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/bachelors_theses/238 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOR THE - ttl ~d IN SUBJECT, ••The Destructive Distillation of P ine Sawdust:• F . HAUENSTEIN AND H . A. ROESLER. CLASS OF 1903. DISTILLATION In pine of the South, the operation of m.ills to immense quanti waste , such and sawdust.. The sawdust especially, is no practical in vast am,ounte; very difficult to the camp .. s :ls to util the be of commercial .. folloWing extraction turpentine .. of the acid th soda and treat- products .. t .. the t.he turpentine to in cells between , or by tissues to alcohol, a soap which a commercial t this would us too the rd:- hydrochloric was through supposition being that it d form & pinene hydro- which produced~ But instead the hydrochl , a dark unl<:nown compound was The fourth experiment, however, brought out a number of possibilities, a few of Which have been worked up. -
Tar and Turpentine
ECONOMICHISTORY Tar and Turpentine BY BETTY JOYCE NASH Tarheels extract the South’s first industry turdy, towering, and fire-resistant longleaf pine trees covered 90 million coastal acres in colonial times, Sstretching some 150,000 square miles from Norfolk, Va., to Florida, and west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. Four hundred years later, a scant 3 percent of what was known as “the great piney woods” remains. The trees’ abundance grew the Southeast’s first major industry, one that served the world’s biggest fleet, the British Navy, with the naval stores essential to shipbuilding and maintenance. The pines yielded gum resin, rosin, pitch, tar, and turpentine. On oceangoing ships, pitch and tar Wilmington, N.C., was a hub for the naval stores industry. caulked seams, plugged leaks, and preserved ropes and This photograph depicts barrels at the Worth and Worth rosin yard and landing in 1873. rigging so they wouldn’t rot in the salty air. Nations depended on these goods. “Without them, and barrels in 1698. To stimulate naval stores production, in 1704 without access to the forests from which they came, a Britain offered the colonies an incentive, known as a bounty. nation’s military and commercial fleets were useless and its Parliament’s “Act for Encouraging the Importation of Naval ambitions fruitless,” author Lawrence Earley notes in his Stores from America” helped defray the eight-pounds- book Looking for Longleaf: The Rise and Fall of an American per-ton shipping cost at a rate of four pounds a ton on tar Forest. and pitch and three pounds on rosin and turpentine. -
Hardwood-Distillation Industry
HARDWOOD-DISTILLATION INDUSTRY No. 738 Revised February 1956 41. /0111111 110 111111111111111111 t I 1, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY FOREST SERVICE MADISON 5, WISCONSIN. In Cooperation with the University of Wisconsin 1 HARDWOOD-DISTILLATION INDUSTRY— By EDWARD BEGLINGER, Chemical Engineer 2 Forest Products Laboratory, — Forest Service U. S. Department of Agriculture The major portion of wood distillation products in the United States is obtained from forest and mill residues, chiefly beech, birch, maple, oak, and ash. Marketing of the natural byproducts recovered has been concerned traditionally with outlets for acetic acid, methanol, and charcoal. Large and lower cost production of acetic acid and methanol from other sources has severely curtailed markets formerly available to the distillation in- dustry, and has in turn created operational conditions generally unfavor- able to many of the smaller and more marginal plants. Increased demand for charcoal, which is recovered in the largest amount as a plant product, now provides a compensating factor for more favorable plant operation. The present hardwood-distillation industry includes six byproduct-recovery plants. With the exception of one smaller plant manufacturing primarily a specialty product, all have modern facilities for direct byproduct re- covery. Changing economic conditions during the past 25 years, including such factors as progressively increasing raw material, equipment, and labor costs, and lack of adequate markets for methanol and acetic acid, have caused the number of plants to be reduced from about 50 in the mid- thirties to the 6 now operating. In addition to this group, a few oven plants formerly practicing full recovery have retained the carbonizing equipment and produce only charcoal. -
Women's Shipbuilding Day Brings out Talent and Enthusiasm, As Always
Maine’s First Ship Maine’s First Ship: Reconstructing the Fall 2019 Special points of interest: • Virginia’s sails under Women’s shipbuilding day brings out construction • “Beach Pea” peapod talent and enthusiasm, as always raffle supports launch • Caulking makes Virginia watertight • Spars and rigging • Traditional shallops dur- ing the Popham era • MFS volunteers sail on Portsmouth’s Gundalow • School groups visit MFS • Summer at Freight Shed series continues with lectures and hands-on events A sunny Sunday morning, following the wright Rob Stevens led plank, it was clamped into extra hour of sleep due the many hands in mark- place. More are ready for to clocks being changed ing, cutting, planning, installation this week. Newsletter produced (plus widespread power shaping, and fitting deck courtesy of the outages for some in the planks on Virginia. Publicity area), brought out nearly Shipbuilders Committee: 20 participants for MFS’s spent the day cutting Roger Barry, Lori Benson, annual Women’s Ship- and shaping the white Allison Hepler building Day. Helped out pine decking, which has by shipbuilding volunteers been drying under cov- Paul Cunningham, Orman er for a number of Hines, Gail Smith, and years. After signing the underside of the first Annual Appeal Elise Straus-Bowers, ship- Please contribute to the MFS Annual Appeal as you are able. We appreci- ate all donations and your support will help keep Vir- ginia on schedule for a 2020 launch. Thank you. Page 2 Maine’s First Ship: Reconstructing the pinnace Virginia President’s Notes It has been nine years Maine’s First Ship. -
27 CFR Ch. I (4–1–03 Edition) § 21.37
§ 21.37 27 CFR Ch. I (4–1–03 Edition) One gallon of pine tar, U.S.P. 450. Cleaning solutions (including household detergents). (b) Authorized uses. (1) As a solvent: 470. Theater sprays, incense, and room de- 111. Hair and scalp preparations. odorants. 141. Shampoos. 481. Photoengraving and rotogravure dyes 142. Soap and bath preparations. and solutions. 410. Disinfectants, insecticides, fungicides, 482. Other dye solutions. and other biocides. 485. Miscellaneous solutions (including du- plicating fluids). (2) Miscellaneous uses: (2) As a raw material: 812. Product development and pilot plant uses (own use only). 530. Ethylamines. 540. Dyes and intermediates. § 21.37 Formula No. 3–C. 575. Drugs and medicinal chemicals. 576. Organo-silicone products. (a) Formula. To every 100 gallons of 579. Other chemicals. alcohol add: 590. Synthetic resins. Five gallons of isopropyl alcohol. (3) As a fuel: (b) Authorized uses. (1) As a solvent: 611. Automobile and supplementary fuels. 612. Airplane and supplementary fuels. 011. Cellulose coatings. 613. Rocket and jet fuels. 012. Synthetic resin coatings. 620. Proprietary heating fuels. 016. Other coatings. 630. Other fuel uses. 021. Cellulose plastics. 022. Non-cellulose plastics, including resins. (4) As a fluid: 031. Photographic film and emulsions. 710. Scientific instruments. 032. Transparent sheeting. 720. Brake fluids. 033. Explosives. 730. Cutting oils. 034. Cellulose intermediates and industrial 740. Refrigerating uses. collodions. 750. Other fluid uses. 035. Soldering flux. 036. Adhesives and binders. (5) Miscellaneous uses: 043. Solvents, special (restricted sale). 051. Polishes. 810. General laboratory and experimental 052. Inks (including meat branding inks). use (own use only). 053. Stains (wood, etc.). -
Pine Tar; History and Uses
Pine Tar; History And Uses Theodore P. Kaye Few visitors to any ship which as been rigged in a traditional manner have left the vessel without experiencing the aroma of pine tar. The aroma produces reactions that are as strong as the scent; few people are ambivalent about its distinctive smell. As professionals engaged in the restoration and maintenance of old ships, we should know not only about this product, but also some of its history. Wood tar has been used by mariners as a preservative for wood and rigging for at least the past six centuries. In the northern parts of Scandinavia, small land owners produced wood tar as a cash crop. This tar was traded for staples and made its way to larger towns and cities for further distribution. In Sweden, it was called "Peasant Tar" or was named for the district from which it came, for example, Lukea Tar or Umea Tar. At first barrels were exported directly from the regions in which they were produced with the region's name burned into the barrel. These regional tars varied in quality and in the type of barrel used to transport it to market. Wood tars from Finland and Russia were seen as inferior to even the lowest grade of Swedish tar which was Haparanda tar. In 1648, the newly formed NorrlSndska TjSrkompaniet (The Wood Tar Company of North Sweden) was granted sole export privileges for the country by the King of Sweden. As Stockholm grew in importance, pine tar trading concentrated at this port and all the barrels were marked "Stockholm Tar". -
State of California Department of Fish and Game Bureau of Marine Fisheries Fish Bulletin No
STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME BUREAU OF MARINE FISHERIES FISH BULLETIN NO. 81 Purse Seines and Other Roundhaul Nets in California By W. L. SCOFIELD 1951 1 2 3 4 FOREWORD The construction and operation of roundhaul nets in this State have been observed and described by various staff members of the Bureau of Marine Fisheries during the past 30 years but nearly all of our published material is now out of print. This bulletin attempts to summarize the history and development of these nets in California and to de- scribe the numerous improvements which have occurred since any of us last published on the subject. Most of the following pages were prepared for publication from 1949 to 1951. We are indebted to innumerable fishermen for assistance. These men, be they Dalmatian, Sicilian, mainland Itali- an, Portuguese, Scandinavian, Japanese, Scotchmen or of third generation American stock, were willing to answer patiently questions concerning their trade. They are specialists and proud of their calling. We thank them. W. L. SCOFIELD June, 1951 5 FIGURE 1. Outline map of California, showing location of fishing ports 6 1. ORIGIN OF ROUNDHAULS It is probable that fishing was practiced before the development of primitive agriculture. At any rate, there were fish- ing nets before the first recorded history so that their origin is lost. The prehistoric lake dwellers of Central Europe used nets, and Chinese writings of 1122 B. C. refer to fishing nets. Early Egyptian hieroglyphics (3500 B. C.) pic- ture a netmaker's needle which closely resembles the present day tool and which has not been improved upon in the last five or six thousand years. -
Bulk Drug Substances Under Evaluation for Section 503A
Updated July 1, 2020 Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Includes three categories of bulk drug substances: • Category 1: Bulk Drug Substances Under Evaluation • Category 2: Bulk Drug Substances that Raise Significant Safety Concerns • Category 3: Bulk Drug Substances Nominated Without Adequate Support Updates to Section 503A Categories • Removal from category 3 o Artesunate – This bulk drug substance is a component of an FDA-approved drug product (NDA 213036) and compounded drug products containing this substance may be eligible for the exemptions under section 503A of the FD&C Act pursuant to section 503A(b)(1)(A)(i)(II). This change will be effective immediately and will not have a waiting period. For more information, please see the Interim Policy on Compounding Using Bulk Drug Substances Under Section 503A and the final rule on bulk drug substances that can be used for compounding under section 503A, which became effective on March 21, 2019. 1 Updated July 1, 2020 503A Category 1 – Bulk Drug Substances Under Evaluation • 7 Keto Dehydroepiandrosterone • Glycyrrhizin • Acetyl L Carnitine/Acetyl-L- carnitine • Kojic Acid Hydrochloride • L-Citrulline • Alanyl-L-Glutamine • Melatonin • Aloe Vera/ Aloe Vera 200:1 Freeze Dried • Methylcobalamin • Alpha Lipoic Acid • Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) • Artemisia/Artemisinin • Nettle leaf (Urtica dioica subsp. dioica leaf) • Astragalus Extract 10:1 • Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) • Boswellia • Nicotinamide -
Genuine Pine Tar 850 Dark Pine Tar Oven Made
Genuine Pine Tar 850 Dark Pine Tar oven made General Instructions for use Genuine Pine Tar is produced from resinous Genuine Pine Tar is relatively viscous in it´s pine wood. It has a dark colour and contains consistency but can be easier to apply and all ingredients of rosin and fatty acids and penetrating even better if it´s heated in a their conversion products such as rosin oil, water bath to about 50-70 degrees or if it´s oxidized acids, esters, high-boiling terpenes mixed with gum turpentine. and fatty alcohols etc. which characterizes a You can also dilute Genuine Pine Tar with pine tar of high quality according to traditional raw or boiled linseed oil to make the product concepts. Genuine Pine Tar is a product of more drying. Nature and may range in viscosity from different manufactures. Do not apply a too thick layer when there is a risk of cracking and so-called bleeding during Range of application hot weather. Apply by brush. You can also spray it after warming up or diluting. Genuine Pine Tar can be used on wood previously treated with pine tar, copperas and Ensure good ventilation. Painting outdoors. earth paint as well as on untreated wood Material Safety Data Sheet will be found at such as wood panelling, timber facade, www.auson.se and painting instructions at wooden roofs, fences, bridges, wooden boats www.tjärlek.se etc. and for veterinary, but especially pharmaceutical purposes. It is included among other in shampoos, soaps and Package ointments against allergic rashes, psoriasis, eczema etc. -
Traditional Fishing Crafts of India
Traditional fishing crafts of India Fishing boats of Gujarat There is marked difference in the geographical and physical features of northern and southern regions of Gujarat. Whereas the northern region is arid and stony, the southern region is distinguished by sandy bottom. The following types of boat with their broad features gives along side are found in Gujarat. 1) Haler machwa: Length varies from 8-10 m Broad beam and square stern Open boat except for short decking in the fore and aft. Carvel planking with unusually large and heavy frames Tall mast carries on large lateen sail of Arab pattern It is used for gillnet fishing. 2) Porbandar machwa Length varies from 6-8 m Square stern and raked stem Used for gill net fishing 3) Cambay machwa Raked stem Undecked except for short length at stern Truncated stern with a slight rake 1 4) Navalaki hodi Length 5-6 m, breadth 1-1.5 m and draft of 90-105 cm Square stern and overhang bow Decked only fore and aft Single mast carries lateen soil 5) Malia boat Flat bottom boat which measure about 6-7 m in length, breadth 1.5 m with 65cm draft. Ends are pointed and there is small rudder Carvel planking Mast carries a lateen sail Small decking fore and aft Used in tidal waters for prawn fishery 6) Dugout canoe Double – ended round bottom boat Length varies from 5-9 m, breadth 60-90 cm and depth 60-68 cm Small sail raised on a wooden mast Used for gill netting 2 7) Ludhia The boat measures 9-10 m in length and 1.5 to 2 m breadth Short decking at the fore and aft Slightly racked stem and stern Two masts with small lateen sails Carved planking and has strong keel and heavy frames 8) Madhwad type wahan Length 10-13 m and breadth 2-3 m Raked stem and square stern Decked at the fore and aft Large heavy rudder Mast with lateen soil Used for operation of gill nets and dol nets Fishing boats of Maharashtra The physical and geographical features of northern Maharashtra up to Mumbai are similar to those of southern Gujarat. -
Creosote Product Stewardship Summary
Product Stewardship Summary Creosote Product Description Coal tar creosote is a thick oily liquid that is typically black in color. It has a tar-like odor. Coal tar creosote is a distillation product of crude coke oven tar, which is itself derived from coal. Creosote is generally defined and the fraction of crude coke oven tar that distills at between 230 and 270 degrees Celsius. Because it is a distillate, the exact chemical composition of coal tar creosote varies with each batch lot, depending on the coal source and production conditions. About 300 chemicals have been identified in coal tar creosote. However, the major components of typical samples include indene, naphthalene, biphenyl and alkylnapthalenes, in varying percentages. Only a limited number of compounds (<20) are present in coal tar creosote in percentages greater than 1%. Uses and Applications: Coal tar creosote is not available for sale to consumers. It is classified by USEPA as a restricted use pesticide and is only available for sale to licensed pesticide applicators for use in wood preservation. It is intended for outdoor uses and only for those applications approved by the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA) use category system as set forth in the most current edition of the AWPA Book of Standards. Coal tar creosote has been used to treat wood since the mid-19th Century and currently is the most widely-used wood preservative in the United States. It is used to extend the service life of railroad ties, bridge timbers, pilings and utility poles. Synonyms: Coal tar creosote; Creosote Oil; P2 Creosote-Petroleum Solution (Pressure Applications), P1/P13 Creosote-Petroleum Solution (Pressure Applications) Health Information Acute (Short-Term) Health Effects Worker exposure can occur with liquid, heated, or vaporous creosote. -
2,000 Trees a Day: Work and Life in the American Naval Stores Industry, 1877 to 1940 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom a Dissertatio
2,000 Trees a Day: Work and Life in the American Naval Stores Industry, 1877 to 1940 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 13, 2014 Keywords: Naval Stores, Turpentine, African American, Labor, Convict Lease, Debt Peonage Copyright 2014 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom Approved by Jennifer Brooks, Chair, Professor of History Ruth Crocker, Professor of History Angela Lakwete, Professor of History Tiffany Sippial, Professor of History Abstract This project explores the lives of nineteenth and early twentieth century naval stores workers in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. After the Civil War, turpentine operators faced a high demand for their product, limited capital to embark on new operations, and an uncertain labor supply. Therefore, these men resorted to deceitful labor recruitment tactics to entice free workers to their camps. In addition, operators also supplemented their work force with convict labor. The preliminary focus of this dissertation is the experience—nature of work, work culture, and daily life—of turpentine employees. Previous historians, with the exception of Robert Outland, have dismissed turpentine harvesting as a makeshift operation on the periphery of civilization. In turn, this assessment has led to the misconception that turpentine workers were wild and violent frontiersmen, who rarely formed social bonds, idolized outlaws, and ascribed to a rough and tumble way of life. This work seeks to restore the reputation of naval stores laborers and contends that these men—both African American and white, both free and captive—shared a similar work culture to other industrial workers and established and supported families within the camps.