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GREECE: Natural Environment, Biodiversity, Protected Areas and Their Management, in Brief D. Vokou, Department of Ecology, Schoo

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GREECE: Natural Environment, Biodiversity, Protected Areas and Their Management, in Brief D. Vokou, Department of Ecology, Schoo GREECE: Natural Environment, Biodiversity, Protected Areas and their Management, in brief D. Vokou, Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece THE COUNTRY It is situated in the southernmost extension of the Balkan Peninsula. Its surface area is 132 000 km 2, of which 20% is distributed on its 3 000 islands. It has the longest coastline in Europe (14 000 km length). It has a population of 10 800 000 inhabitants, of which 49,2% are men and 50,8% are women. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geographically, Greece belongs to Southeastern Europe and to the Eastern Mediterranean region. It is at the crossroads of three continents (Europe, Asia, and Africa). The geomorphology is diverse. Greece is primarily a mountainous country. More than 40% of the land is over 500 metres in altitude; the highest peak is 2917 m (on Mt Olympos). The climate is markedly influenced by the combination of geography and geomorphology. In most of the country, it is Mediterranean (a climatic type of low altitudes and close to the sea) with rainy winters and dry summers. However, many other climatic types are encountered ranging from the semi-arid and desert-like type of Southeastern Crete to the cold wet continental type of the Rodopi mountain range, on the Greek-Bulgarian border. The coldest months are January and February, with mean minimum temperature ranging between 5-10 0C, near the coasts, and 0-5 0C in mainland areas, and lower values (below freezing) in the northern part of the country. The warm season lasts from April until September. The warmest period is in July and August, with mean maximum temperatures in the range 29.0-35.0 0C. Precipitation is concentrated in the cold period. The amount of rainfall is approximately halved in the eastern part compared to the western part of the country. The abiotic diversity, most notably the "mosaic" of micro-climatic types, is reflected in the presence of a highly diverse flora and fauna (Table 1) and a great variety of ecosystems. BIODIVERSITY The flora of Greece is composed of Mediterranean, Central European and Irano- Caspian elements. Over 6,000 plant species and subspecies have been recorded so far. There is a large number of endemic species relative to the size of Greece, due to the isolation of the numerous mountains and islands. In Europe, a higher number of species is found only in the Iberian Peninsula, where the flora also includes species of the Atlantic zone. The fauna consists of a rich mixture of European, Asian and African species, including a considerable number of endemic taxa. Nearly all mammal species are indigenous as well as 85% of freshwater fish species. The freshwater fish fauna is one of the richest in Europe: 157 taxa, of which 83 (37 species) are endemic, in the standing and running water systems of the country. Reptile fauna is also one of the richest in Europe, with 64 species, of which 9 are endemics. There are 22 species of Amphibia, of which 3 are endemic. Greece is also important for birds: 447 bird species have been recorded, of which at least 240 nest in the country. Some species (e.g. Pelecanus crispus ) nest only in Greece of all EU countries. The mammals of Greece include 115 species, of which 57 belong to IUCN endangered species categories. Finally, the number of invertebrate species has been estimated at about 25,000, with around 4000 endemics. These are very large number when compared to the country's small size. The ecosystems range from the semi-desert ones of Southeastern Crete to the cold climate mountain forests of birch, Scotch pine, and spruce in the Rhodope mountain range, in northeastern Greece. About 30% of the country is forested. Mediterranean-type ecosystems cover about 40% of the country’s territory. Wetlands (rivers, estuaties, deltas, lagoons, shallow lakes, shallow marine formations, and marshes) cover an area of about 210.000 hectares. An important attribute of the terrestrial as well as the wetland ecosystems of Greece is that in spite of the often severe man-induced degradations, they maintain their natural character to a considerable degree. Few countries of the European Union have such a high biological diversity in a state so close to natural conditions. In brief, Greece with its rugged mountainous relief (42 summits over 2000m), its complex geology and the numerous islands and convoluted coastline presents a great diversity of natural scenery. The isolation of some habitats has led to the evolution of many endemic and rare animal and plant species. There is a great variety of meteorological conditions ranging from the dry semi-arid, semi-desert climate of SE Crete to the cold, humid continental climate of Rhodope mountain range bordering the Northern shores of the Aegean Sea. This variety combined with that of the geomorphological features in reflected in its rich flora and fauna. A journey of just 150 km, from the town of Kavala, at the coast of the North Aegean Sea to the top of Rhodope mountain takes the traveler through Mediterranean, Central European to even Northern (boreal) vegetation. Table 1. Biodiversity in Greece, in numbers (1,2) Organisms No. Species No. Endemic taxa Higher plants 5752 1278 Animals (terrestrial) 23130 3956 Animals (Marine) 3500 Mammals 115 1 Birds 442 Reptiles 64 9 Amphibia 22 3 Freshwater fish 154 83 Invertebrates ~25000 3860 2 1Dimopoulos P. et al 2013. Vascular plants of Greece: An annotated checklist. Englera 31: 1-1372, 2Legakis Α., Maragou P. (eds) 2009. The red book of threatened animals of Greece. Hellenic Zoological Society, Athens. PROTECTED AREAS Greece started to identify natural areas of specific ecological importance and place them under special protection in 1937. In the early stages of protection, all human activities were prohibited. Later on, this concept was abandoned and a new approach was followed, that of associating protection with the sustainable use of natural resources. The protected areas of Greece fall today within the following categories (L. 3937/2011) • Strict Nature Reserves • Nature Reserves • Habitat / Species management areas [Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), Special Protection Areas (SPA), Wildlife refuges] • Protected Landscapes /Seascapes and natural formations • Natural Parks [National / Regional] In general, in Strict Nature Reserves , all activities are prohibited, except research and works for nature conservation. In Nature Reserves research and mainly traditional activities are allowed. In the remaining categories, activities are regulated. Natural Parks aim at the preservation of significant flora and fauna species, geological formations and nature, in general. They may include parts of all other categories and usually consist of a core area and a buffer zone with many activities being forbidden in the core area. Depending on their importance they are divided into National and Regional. The older National Parks of the country included mostly forests. Mount Olympus was the first National Park of Greece, declared in 1938 (13). The same year, Mount Parnassos was also declared a National Park (8). Mount Parnitha was next (6) in 1961, Samaria's Gorge (3) and Mount Ainos (1) in 1962, Mount Pindos (Valia- Calda) (10) and Mount Oiti (9) in 1966, Vikos Gorge-Aoos River (11) in 1973 and finally, the Prespes Lakes (12) and Sounio (4) in 1974. New National Parks were established much later. The first was the Northern Sporades National Marine Park (7) in 1992, which includes the terrestrial and marine areas of the Northern Sporades Archipelago, which provide refuge to the critically endangered Monk seal ( Monachus monachus ). The National Marine Park of Zakynthos followed (2) in 1999, for the protection of the sea turtle Caretta caretta . In 2003, the National Park of Schoinias was founded, for the protection of Schoinias' wetland and the pine ( Pinus pinea ) forest, Dadia-Lefkimmi-Soufli forest (21), for the protection of the birds of prey that live there, North Pindos (14), Mesolonghi Lagoon (16), the wetland Axios-Aliakmonas-Gallikos-Loudias-Kaloxori Lagoon (17), Lake Kerkini (20), the Evros Delta (22), the Amvrakikos Gulf (23), and finally Mt Tzoumerka (black box). Some other protected areas are also shown on the map: Lake Karla (15), Kastoria Lake (18) and Psalidi area in Kos island (19). Wildlife Refugees (L. 2367/98), aim to the protection of the areas for feeding, wintering, breeding and rescuing of the species of wild fauna and flora. Within Wildlife Refugees, hunting, caption of species for reasons other than research, destruction of vegetated areas, taking of sand, drainage of marshes, pollution and inclusion of the area in civil planning is prohibited. Other activities within the Wildlife Refugees can be regulated by 3 the competent Regional Authorities. There are 580 Wildlife Refuges in Greece, covering approximately 860,000 hectares. Wildlife refuges along with the sites of the Natura 2000 network (see below) are included in the category ‘ Habitat / Species management areas’ Various types of protected areas are included in the wide category ‘Protected Landscapes /Seascapes and natural formations’, among which the following: Figure 1. Location of the National Parks of Greece (and of some other protected areas). For explanation of numbers, see text under Natural Parks. Aesthetic forests : These are wooded areas or natural landscapes of special aesthetic, ecological and tourist value, the flora, fauna and natural beauty of which must be protected. There are 19 aesthetic forests covering a surface of 33,109 hectares. Vai palm-tree forest (Lassithi, Crete) – Kessariani forest (Attica) – Vale of Tempi (Larissa) – Karaiskaki (Karditsa) – Xylokastro (Corinthia) – Panemistimioupoli of Patra (Achaia) – Ioannina (Ioannina) – Farsala (Larissa) – Steni (Evvia) – Ossa Forest Complex (Larissa) – Mongostos (Corinthia) – Nikopolis Mytika (Preveza) – Skiathos pine-forest – Nestos River Straits (Xanthi, Kavala) – Ethnikis Anexartissias, Kalavryta (Achaia) – Tithoreas (Fthiotida) – Amygdaleonas (Kavala) – Ailias (Trikala) – Kouri Almyrou (Magnesia).
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