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Standplaats En Indigeniteit Van Hypericum Canadense in Noord

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Standplaats En Indigeniteit Van Hypericum Canadense in Noord Over standplaats en indigeniteit van Hypericum canadense L. in Noord-Twente E.J. Weeda (Rijksherbarium, Leiden) Inleiding Hypericum canadense heeft buiten zijn Noordamerikaanse hoofdareaal enkele kleine, geïsoleerde concentraties van vindplaatsen in Ierland en Nederland. Sinds de ontdekking deze in beide landen is de van soort herhaaldelijk vraag opgeworpen of het waarschijnlij- ker achten is dat vanouds te zij er heeft gegroeid, dan wel dat zij zich recentelijk heeft ge- In door dan vestigd. het laatste geval is de volgendevraag of zij er wel buiten toedoen van de is Het valt dat in mens terechtgekomen. op degenen die de soort het veld hebben Webb & bestudeerd (Jonker, 1935, 1959; Webb, 1957, 1959; Westhoff, 1971; Halliday, 77 in als doch veelal aarzelen of H. 1973) h aar Europa indigeen plegen te beschouwen, ca- nadense als relict moet worden opgevat. Het predikaat ‘adventief’ wordt aan deze soort in literatuurstudie Europa meestal op grond van toegekend(Hultén, 1958; Heine, 1963; Om deze een te leveren dient men Robson, 1968; Lousley, 197 1). aan discussie bijdrage het probleem langs meer dan een weg te benaderen, waarbij zowel historische als oeco- komen kunnen logische gegevens aan bod en tevens analogieredenaties een rol spelen. Historische het in de schaal veelal niet gegevens moeten meeste gewicht leggen, maarzijn toereikend. Oecologisch onderzoek kan belangrijke informatie verschaffen, maar bij zeldzame soorten kunnen toevallighedenzozeer storend werken dat de interpretaties van onafhankelijk van elkaar werkende onderzoekers sterk uiteenlopen: men vergelijke in het geval van H. canadense de conclusies van Westhoff (1971) met die van Webb& Halli- day (1973). Met analogierenederingenten slotte moet men hoogst voorzichtig zijn, maar kunnen zij opheldering geven inzake mogelijkheden en (vermeende) onmogelijkheden, bijvoorbeeld betreffende verspreiding over lange afstand. De historische gegevens over H. canadense zijn zowel voor Nederlandals voor Ierland der uit de literatuur genoegzaam bekend. Kennis van deoecologie soort maakt interpre- tatie van het historische materiaal mogelijk; voor Ierland is deze uitvoerig onderzocht, vindbare terwijl er voor Nederland slechts verspreide en voor een deelmoeilijk gegevens beschikbaar zijn. Nu bovendien de soort hier te lande op uitsterven staat en (waarschijn- lijk) nog maar op één plek voorkomt, lijkt het mij wenselijk een overzicht van veldwaar- trachten nemingen en opnamen te geven en te deze te interpreteren, mede met het oog op het behoud van deze merkwaardige soort voor de Nederlandse flora. Historische gegevens canadense in Hypericum is hier te lande pas herkend 1934 (Jonker, 1935), maar blijkt verzameld door reeds in 1909 bij Harbrinkhoek tussen Almelo en Tubbergen te zijn D. Lako (A.J. Quené-Boterenbroodin Mennemac.s., 1980) en voorts in 1918 bij Dene- J.B. Bernink in de door J. Was- kamp door en 1932 in Weitemanslandenbij Vriezenveen scher. de Vervolgens werd soort gevonden op diverseplaatsen binnen een straal van circa - niet nader 10 km rondom de eerst-ontdekte groeiplaats bij Harbrinkhoek(fig. 1); de - omschreven vindplaatsbij Denekamp valt even buiten dit rayon. Vanaf 1940 zijn er evenwel de Harbrinkhoek slechts positieve opgaven voor 'klassieke' vindplaats bij en daarvan B voor een iets ten zuidoosten gelegen terrein, respectievelijk met C en aangege- ven in fig. 1. In de laatstejaren is H. canadensealleen nog bekend van deze laatste plek, diena veel vernielingen ten slotte voor een klein deelnatuurreservaat is geworden, maar die, gezien de omstandigheden, nog niet als definitiefveilig kan worden beschouwd. Over het vóór vol- de mate waarin desbetreffende gebied doorzochtwas 1934, kan het gendeworden gezegd. In augustus 1870 hieldenenkele leden van de Nederlandsche Bota- nische Vereeniging een excursie naar Almelo, Albergen en Vriezenveen (Abeleven, 1871),waarbij H. canadenseniet werd aangetroffen. D. Lako, die samen met M.J. Blij- vond hem densteineen groot deel van Overijssel voor het IVON inventariseerde, de door ontdekte Hypericum-soort alleen bij Harbrinkhoek. Het is daarom onwaarschijnlijk te achten datH. canadenseaan het begin van de twintigste eeuw in de omgeving van Alme- lo en Tubbergenal zoveel voorkwam als datblij kens de opgaven van Jonker (1935,1959) 78 = Fig. 1. Voorkomen van Hypericum canadense L. in Noord-Twente. vindplaatsen met jaartal De eerst-ontdekte van eerste vondst. vindplaats is met * aangegeven, de enige thans nog bestaande In met *. Deletters A — D corresponderenmet de vindplaatsaanduidingenin tabel 1. de nabijheid C het Kanaal Almelo-Nordhorn kwam de omstreeks van vindplaats en langs soort 1935 vrij alge- meen voor (mond. med. prof. F.P. Jonker), maar nadere vindplaatsopgavenontbreken. omstreeks woorden: het 1935 het geval was, met andere staat vrijwel vast dat de soort zich in het midden van deeerste helft van de twintigste eeuw in Noord-Twente ten minste sterk heeft Deze werd vanaf door sterke achteruit- uitgebreid. uitbreiding 1940 een even gang gevolgd. Standplaats en synoecologische positie Hypericum canadense werd door Jonker (1935) gevonden 'op heideveldjes, langs ak- kers, zandpaadjes, enz.', dikwijls in gezelschap van Illecebrum verticillatum (Webb & Halliday, 1973, p. 341). Het beschikbare opnamemateriaal blijkt niet zó schaars als Westhoff (1971) en Schoof-van Pelt (1973, p. 60) veronderstelden. Uit de literatuur zijn de W.H. twee opnamen bekend van hand van Diemontuit 1939, diemerkwaardigerwij- ze naast H. canadense geen enkele soort gemeenschappelijk hebben. De ene betreft een associaat van het Panico-Illecebretum aan een zandweg langs het Kanaal Almelo- & H. Nordhorn (Diemont, Sissingh Westhoff, 1940, tabel 2); jammer genoeg is van ca- nadense, als 'toevallige' soort, geen gecombineerde schatting aangegeven. De andere stelt een Eleocharitetummulticaulis voor, optredendin een laagte temiddenvan Erica te- Drieschichterveld tralix en Molinia caerulea in het thans ontgonnen Zuidelijk bij Lange- 79 Tabel 1. Tien opnamen met Hypericum canadense uit Noord-Twente opname ~ï1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ÏÖ10 locatie ABBBBBBCCDA B B B B B B C C D ; proefvlakte (m(m')) 10 2 2 4 2 - - 0,2 0,2 0,5 bedekking kruidlaag (%)(%) 60 15 6 40 50 25 8 80 80 - bedekking moslaag (%) m.m 5 0,5 5 5 15 90 m. m. - 16 12 13 7 12 14 14 aantal soorten 16 12 18 21 13 7 12 14 16 14 Hypericum canadense v\ 2m.l 1.1 1.2 2m.2 2m.2 1.2 2m.22m.2 2m.2 1.2 Digitariaischaemum 22.22 Spergulariarubra 1.11 1 Plantago majorpleiosperma 1.11 1 +.1+ 1 Illecebrumlllecebrum verticillatum 2.22 2 ++.11 ++.2.2 Juncus bufonius 3.23 2 1.11 1 1.2 arvensis + .11 rr.l1 +.1+ .1 Spergula . 1.11 1 1 +.11 .1 Gnaphalium uliginosum rr.l + +.1+ PoaannuaPoa annua + . 1 11.22 +.22 + .2 . +.1 +.1 Taraxacum spec. + 1 + 1 Agrostis capillaris (= A. tenuis) 1.21 2 11.22 1.2 3.23 2 Rumex acetosella . ++.11 ++.1.1 ++.11 Holcus lanatus rr.l1 1.2 +.2t 2 .1 r.l1 Bidens tripartita ++ r Frangula alnus ++ .1 ++.11 . +.2 +.11 Calluna vulgaris + .2 + 2 2 .2 2 Juncus effusus . +.2+ rr.2 +.2+ . 2a.2a 2 1.21 2 PolytrichumPoiytrichum spec. + .22 2m2m.22 11.22 2a.22a. 2 1.11 1 2b2b.44 55.55 + .22 + .22 BetulaBetuia 1.11 1 1 1 1 1 1 spec. 2a. 1.1 . ++.1 +.2+ 2 ++.1 Salixaurita + 2 + .1 rr.l1 1.11 1 rr.l1 Salix aurita + cinerea . 2a.2a 2 . +.1 . 2 1.21 2 2a. 2 2b. 2 +.2 +.22 1.21.2 Juncus bulbosus 1.21 2a.2 . 2b + 2 + rr.l1 r.l ++.22 . 1.3 HydrocotyleHydrocotyte vulgaris ... r.l1 .2 Sphagnum spec. r . +.2+ Calypogeiatrichomanis 2m2m.44 2b2b.4 Agrostis canina 2a.2a 3 2a.2a 4 2a.22a 2 2a.22a 2 1.2 Drosera intermedia ++.22 11.22 Erica tetralix rr.l1 +.2+ 2 ()0 Juncus 2 Juncusfiliformis ++.2 +.2+ 2 Carex panicea 2m2m.22 2m.22m 2 Moliniacaerulea 2a.2a 1 2b.2b 33 ()0 Festuca ovinaovina tenuifolia 44.33 3.33 3 Zygogoniumericetorum (bodemlaag) 3.43 4 2b.2b 33 Eriophorum angustifolium . 2m.22m 2 2m2m.22 + .2 2 1.2 Drepanocladus spec. +.2+ 1.2 Calliergonellacuspidata 1.21.2 Ranunculusflammula 1.2 Littorella uniflora 1.21.2 Eleocharis multicaulis 1.2 Deschampsia setacea 2.2 Hypericum elodes 3.3 80 ta- Auteurs en data: opname i: W.H. Diemont, 12.VII. 1939 (Diemont, Sissingh & Westhoff, 1940, 6 J.J. bel 2, opname 28); opnamen 2 t/m 5: E.J. Weeda, 26.VIII.1978; opname en 7: Kleuver, 8 9: V. (VW W.H. 30.VIII.1966; opnamen en Westhoff, 2.X.1959 59412 en 59413); opname 10: tabel Diemont, 1939 (Schoof-van Pelt, 1973, 7, opname 29). Locaties: zie fig. 1. Bedekking moslaag: m. = minimaal. Juncus tenuis Addenda: opname 1: Agrostisstolonifera + .2, Euphrasia stricta v, + I» Polygo- num aviculare + .i. Polygonumhydropiper■ + .1, Trifolium repens + .2; opname 2: Bryum spec. 2m.2, Veronica chamaedrys + .i;opname3 Lycopus europaeus + . i, Polygonumpersicaria +.1, Danthonia decumbens de- Rorippapalustris + .1, Saginaprocumbens r. 1;opname 4: (= Sieglingia gracil- cumbens) ,r.2, Dicranella heteromalla 1.2, Senecio sylvaticus r.i; opname5: Jungermannia lima 2111.3, Rubus fruticosus agg. + .1; opname 6: Juncus squarrosus + .2; opname7: (struiklaag cf. Aulacomnium Salix + 8: Peucedanum Poten- 5°/o) palustre r.2, repens .1; opname palustre r.i, excisa Carex tillapalustris 1.2; opname 9: Gentiana pneumonanthe r . 1 , Lophozia + .2; opname 10: oederi ( = C. serotina) + .2. Van de klassieke het veen (Schoof-van Pelt, 1973, tabel 7). vindplaats, zogenaamde Wahlenbergia-reservaat bij Harbrinkhoek, zijn er opnamen uit 1959 van een paadje doorMolinia-terrein,dieonlangs door prof. V. Westhoff werden teruggevonden.Op de , bestaande in Kleuver enige nu nog groeiplaats, een ontzanding, werden 1966 door J. J. en in Al al tien beschik- 1978 door schrijver dezes opnamen gemaakt. met zijn er opnamen baar van vier terreinen (tabel 1). is Betula- en I Gemeenschappelijk aan de meeste opnamen het optreden van Salix-op- slag en van Agrostis-, Juncus- en Polytrichum- soorten.
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