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Anatomy and Ultrastructure of the Cyprid Temporary Adhesive System in Two Species of Acorn Barnacle

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Anatomy and Ultrastructure of the Cyprid Temporary Adhesive System in Two Species of Acorn Barnacle Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article Anatomy and Ultrastructure of the Cyprid Temporary Adhesive System in Two Species of Acorn Barnacle Joshua J. Raine 1,*, Nick Aldred 1,2 and Anthony S. Clare 1 1 School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK; [email protected] (N.A.); [email protected] (A.S.C.) 2 School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 24 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 Abstract: Acorn barnacles are sessile as adults and select their settlement site as a cypris larva. Cyprids are well adapted to exploring surfaces in dynamic environments, using a temporary adhesive secreted from the antennules to adhere during this process. The temporary adhesive and the secretory structures are poorly characterized. This study used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional modelling to elucidate the anatomy related to temporary adhesion. The temporary adhesive glands of two acorn barnacle species, Balanus amphitrite and Megabalanus coccopoma, were located in the proximal region of the first antennular segment, contrary to previous descriptions that placed them in the more distal second segment. The temporary adhesive systems of these acorn barnacles are therefore similar to that described for the stalked barnacle, Octolasmis angulata, although not identical. Knowledge of the true location of the temporary adhesive glands will underpin future studies of the production, composition and secretion of the adhesive. Keywords: barnacles; larvae; anatomy; adhesion; electron microscopy 1. Introduction Barnacle cypris larvae use a proteinaceous adhesive secreted from their paired antennules to temporarily attach to the substratum, allowing them to effectively explore dynamic environments [1,2]. This adhesive is secreted via pores on the third antennular segment and contains the settlement-inducing protein complex (SIPC), or an analogue [3]. Temporarily adhered cyprids detach via mechanical forces, twisting their antennule and leaving behind a “footprint” of adhesive material [2,4–7]. Neither the temporary adhesive nor the structures related to its synthesis and secretion have been fully characterised in acorn barnacles. The temporary adhesive system is distinct from the permanent adhesive used by the cyprid at the point of fixation. The morphology of the cyprid permanent adhesive system has been well characterised [8–10], although only basic compositional data have been obtained. The permanent adhesive is produced and stored in a pair of glands situated behind the compound eyes, with each gland serving a single antennule. When secreted, the cement is transported to the attachment disc by a single duct, which radiates at the surface to numerous pores, spreading it over a wider area. Details regarding the composition and morphology of the temporary adhesive system are equally scant. The first description of the temporary adhesive system and its associated structures was provided by Nott and Foster [11] for Semibalanus balanoides; a boreo-arctic, intertidal, acorn barnacle (Cirripedia, Balanomorpha). They noted that the distal region of the second antennular segment contained numerous unicellular glands, arranged around the circumference of the appendage, and postulated that these may be responsible for producing the temporary adhesive [11]. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 968; doi:10.3390/jmse8120968 www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 968 2 of 13 J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, x 2 of 12 TheseThese putativeputative glandsglands extended extended into into ducts ducts that that fed into fedpores into onpores the surfaceon the ofsurface the third of antennularthe third antennularsegment (the segment attachment (the disc,attachment Figure1 ).disc, Supporting Figure 1). rod Supporting structures androd astructures sheath cell and encapsulated a sheath cell the encapsulatedducts in places, the while ducts the in interior places, of while the gland the interior contained of thethe adhesivegland contained material packedthe adhesive within material vesicles, packedand numerous within microtubulesvesicles, and orientednumerous longitudinally microtubules (Figure oriented1). However,longitudinally these (Figure putative 1). glands However, were theseonly 1–2putativeµm in glands diameter were and only did 1–2 not µm appear in diameter to contain and any did of not the appear cellular to structures contain any related of the to cellular protein structuressynthesis orrelated vesicular to protein packaging. synthesis or vesicular packaging. FigureFigure 1. 1. SchematicSchematic diagram diagram of of the the temporary temporary adhesive adhesive system system located located in in the the distal distal second second antennular antennular segmentsegment as as proposed proposed by by Nott Nott and and Foster [11]. [11]. Not Not to to scale. scale. The The region region detailed detailed in in the the schematic schematic is is highlightedhighlighted in in red red on the inset. A2 A2 = secondsecond antennular antennular segment, segment, A3 A3 = thirdthird antennular antennular segment segment (attachment(attachment disc), disc), CD CD == cementcement duct, duct, TAV TAV = temporarytemporary adhesive adhesive vesicle, vesicle, TAD TAD = temporarytemporary adhesive adhesive duct,duct, SR SR == supportingsupporting rod, rod, MTb MTb == microtubules,microtubules, SP SP == secretorysecretory pores, pores, SC SC = sheathsheath cell, cell, MV MV == microvilli.microvilli. AA more more recent recent study study on on the the epibiotic epibiotic stalked stalked barnacle barnacle OctolasmisOctolasmis angulata angulata [12][12] provided provided evidence evidence ofof different different anatomy. anatomy. While While many many aspects aspects of of the the des descriptionscriptions of of the the two two species species were were similar, similar, a a major major differencedifference was was that that the the temporary temporary adhesive adhesive glands glands of of O.O. angulata angulata werewere located located in in the the anterior anterior mantle mantle of the cyprid behind the compound eyes, rather than in the antennules. The glands (~20 25 µm) of the cyprid behind the compound eyes, rather than in the antennules. The glands (~20 × 25µm) comprisedcomprised large,large, multicellular multicellular secretory secretory cells, cells, which which contained contained vesicles. vesicles. Ducts fromDucts the from glands the extended glands extendeddown the down length the of thelength antennules, of the antennules, through which through the putative which adhesive-containingthe putative adhesive-containing vesicles were vesiclestransported were to transported the surface to of the each surf attachmentace of each disc attachment [12]. disc [12]. AsAs proposed by YapYap etet al. al. [ 12[12]] it it is is conceivable conceivabl thate that the the “glands” “glands” described described by Nottby Nott and and Foster Foster [11] [11]for S.for balanoides S. balanoidescorresponded corresponded to the to unicellularthe unicellular gland gland extensions extensions observed observed in the in distalthe distal second second and andthird third antennular antennular segments segments of O. of angulata O. angulata. There. There is, therefore, is, therefore, the possibility the possibility that the that anatomies the anatomies of the ofadhesive the adhesive systems systems of the of two the species two species are comparable. are compar Certaintyable. Certainty over the over location the location of the adhesiveof the adhesive glands glandsin acorn in barnacles acorn isbarnacles essential ifis molecularessential (e.g.,if molecular in situ hybridisation) (e.g., in andsitu immunohistochemicalhybridisation) and immunohistochemicaltechniques are to be successfully techniques applied are to be in successfully studies of adhesive applied composition.in studies of adhesive composition. To address this question, the present study used serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to obtain a comprehensive series of images of the antennule, and to track the temporary J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 968 3 of 13 To address this question, the present study used serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) to obtain a comprehensive series of images of the antennule, and to track the temporary adhesive system on its route from the disc surface back to to the glands. In addition, the image series allowed for three-dimensional reconstruction and modelling of the cyprid anatomy in the Microscopy Image Browser (MIB) [13]. Using these techniques, this study explored the temporary adhesive system of two acorn barnacle species, Balanus amphitrite (= Amphibalanus amphitrite) and Megabalanus coccopoma, in order to provide a basis for future investigations into the composition and secretion of the adhesive material. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Organism Acquisition The cypris larvae of two species, Balanus amphitrite and Megabalanus coccopoma, were prepared for SBF-SEM. Larval production required the culturing of adult populations. Adult broodstock of B. amphitrite was obtained from Duke University Marine Laboratory (DUML), Beaufort, North Carolina (USA). Adults were maintained in ~33 ppt artificial seawater (ASW, Tropic Marin) at 28 ◦C with aeration. Barnacles were fed daily with freshly hatched Artemia sp. (Varicon Aqua Solutions Ltd., Worcester, UK) nauplii supplemented
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