DISPOSITIVO. Un'archeologia Della Mente E Dei Media

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DISPOSITIVO. Un'archeologia Della Mente E Dei Media DISPOSITIVO UN’ARCHEOLOGIA DELLA MENTE E DEI MEDIA Illustrando i conflitti metodologici incontrati durante la fase di ricerca, il libro propone uno studio dell’espe- GIUSEPPE GATTI rienza mediata con una prospettiva fi losofi ca, cognitiva e media archeologica. Dopo una prima sezione teorica dedicata all’aggiornamento del concetto di dispositivo, la seconda sezione affronta un’inedita genealogia dei media della “presenza” all’interno di un vasto ecosistema media- le: cinema, teatro, realtà virtuale, letteratura, videogioco, manga, anime e serie tv. Ne segue una ricerca ibrida e multidisciplinare che propone un approccio situato e non-pacifi cato allo studio della mente e dei media. Giuseppe Gatti è dottore di ricerca in Cinema nelle sue interrelazioni con il teatro e le altre arti presso il Dipartimento di Filosofi a, Comunicazione e Spetta- colo dell’Università Roma Tre. Docente e saggista accademico, è fondatore della compagnia Garofoli/ Nexus di cui è direttore artistico, drammaturgo e per- former sotto lo pseudonimo “Nexus”. La sua ricerca teorica e artistica si incentra sulla relazione fra media e arti performative con un approccio fi losofi co, DISPOSITIVO. UN’ARCHEOLOGIA DELLA MENTE E DEI MEDIA. cognitivo e media archeologico. · G. GATTI Collana Spettacolo e comunicazione 5 5 2019 Università degli Studi Roma Tre Dipartimento di Filosofia, Comunicazione e Spettacolo FILCOSPE Collana Spettacolo e Comunicazione 5 GIUSEPPE GATTI DISPOSITIVO. UN’ARCHEOLOGIA DELLA MENTE E DEI MEDIA 2019 Comitato scientifico: Luca Aversano, Marina Galletti, Raimondo Guarino, Giovanni Guanti, Edoardo Novelli, Stefania Parigi, Veronica Pravadelli, Mirella Schino, Anna Lisa Tota, Vito Zagarrio. Impaginazione e cura editoriale: Libreria Efesto Elaborazione grafica della copertina: Mosquito mosquitoroma.it Edizioni: © Roma, dicembre 2019 ISBN: 978-88-32136-84-5 http://romatrepress.uniroma3.it Quest’opera è assoggettata alla disciplina Creative Commons attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) che impone l’attribuzione della paternità dell’opera, proibisce di alterarla, trasformarla o usarla per produrre un’altra opera, e ne esclude l’uso per ricavarne un profitto commerciale. L’attività della è svolta nell’ambito della Fondazione Roma Tre-Education, piazza della Repubblica 10, 00185 Roma. Sommario Presentazione 5 Ringraziamenti 6 Introduzione: che cosa sarebbe un dispositivo? 7 Sezione I – Dispositivo: un’eco-fenomenologia dell’esperienza mediata 1 Dal dispositivo alle tecnologie del sé 23 1.1 Da Foucault ad Agamben 23 1.2 Da Agamben a Foucault 28 1.3 Deleuze, Guattari e la filosofia del dispositivo 35 2 Dal dispositivo all’apparato di base (e ritorno) 45 2.1 Baudry e l’approccio metapsicologico all’apparato 45 2.2 Da Metz a Sartre: l’approccio fenomenologico al dispositivo 51 2.3 Bastard dispositif: il dispositivo dal cinema ai media 65 2.4 L’esercito dei dispositivi e l’equivoco della modernità 76 2.5 Benjamin: il dispositivo come seconda tecnica 85 3 Dal dispositivo alle disposizioni 93 3.1 Umwelt theory: Heidegger, Uexküll, Gibson 97 3.1.1 Heidegger: Vorhanden/Zuhanden 98 3.1.2 Uexküll: Umwelt 101 3.1.3 Gibson: affordance 106 3.1.4 Verso una teoria dell’esperienza mediata 112 3.2 Il dispositivo della mente 118 3.2.1 Eco-fenomenologia: l’incontro fra pensiero continentale e analitico 118 3.2.2 Embodiment ed enattivismo 123 3.2.3 La plasticità del corpo mediato 128 3.2.4 L’ipotesi della mente estesa 133 3.2.5 L’emulatore della mente 138 3.2.6 L’emulatore al cinema: il caso di Memento 142 3.2.7 Cognizione distribuita 145 3.2.8 Tecnologie cognitive 148 3.2.9 Sostituzione sensoriale e ricalibrazione percettiva 152 3.3 Dispositivi del sé 156 3.3.1 Coscienza ed esperienza mediata: il dibattito contemporaneo 159 3.3.2 Dennett e il dispositivo della coscienza 163 3.3.3 Intenzionalità e attenzione 167 3.3.4 Presenza: verso un’ecologia dell’esperienza mediata 172 3.3.5 Presenza senza interazione: storytelling e scienze della mente 179 3.3.6 L’effetto di presenza nell’esperienza filmica 183 3.3.7 La presenza oltre l’essere umano 187 Sezione II – Un’archeologia dei presence media 4 Embodied e Ambient media: linee guida media archeologiche 193 4.1 MediaMinds: una genalogia della metafora concettuale ‘La mente come medium’ 197 5 Embodied media: dal mesmerismo alla realtà virtuale 211 5.1 Mesmerismo, telecinesi, mindmelding 211 5.2 Realtà virtuale: frascienza e fiction 214 5.3 Il mindmelding hollywoodiano 219 5.3.1 David Cronenberg: fra telepatia e trascendenza incarnata 226 5.4 Console e wearable media 230 5.4.1 Caso di studio: Nintendo Power Glove 231 5.4.2 La realtà virtuale con un colpo di telefono 237 6 Ambient media: dai Ghost show alla realtà aumentata 243 6.1 Haunted Worlds: fantasmagoria, case stregate e sale giochi 245 6.1.1 Artaud e il teatro aumentato 249 6.1.2 Case stregate e parchi dei divertimenti 252 6.1.3 Sale giochi e arcade game 257 6.1.4 Unreal ghostbusters: la casa infestata dai ‘media’ 263 6.2 L’invasione ecologica dei media: display environment, smartworld, HUD 265 6.2.1 HUD (Head-up-display): visioni aumentate fra realtà e fiction 268 6.2.2 Cyborg art: l’arte come creazione di sensi 272 6.2.3 L come Alice: cyborg art senza cyborg? 280 Conclusioni: divenire-medium, divenire-mente 287 Bibliografia 291 Filmografia e videografia 309 Presentazione Questo libro è tratto dalla tesi di dottorato in ‘Cinema nelle sue interrelazioni con il teatro e le altre arti’ discussa dall’autore presso il Dipartimento di Filosofia, Comunicazione e Spettacolo dell’Università degli Studi Roma Tre nel maggio 2016 e approdata alla pubblicazione grazie al sostegno della fondazione ‘Bice, Oscar e Giulio Cesare Castello’ quale vincitrice del Premio Nazionale Giulio Cesare Castello 2016-17 come miglior tesi di dottorato negli studi di settore. La commissione ha conferito il premio all’autore con le seguenti moti- vazioni: la tesi di Giuseppe Gatti offre un contributo originale e signifi- cativo allo studio dei media e, più specificamente, del rapporto fra mente umana, media tecnologici e ambiente. Avvalendosi di un ampio apparato multidisciplinare che comprende le teorie del cinema e l’archeologia dei media, la filosofia della mente e le discipline analitiche, la fenomenologia e il pensiero continentale, la ricerca di Gatti ha il merito di porre al centro del discorso il concetto di dispositivo. Così facendo coglie non solo la peculiarità degli scenari mediali contemporanei, ma anche i legami con esperienze teoriche, pratiche artistiche e soggettive del passato. 5 Ringraziamenti La storia di questo volume non scaturisce dall’incontro fra campi e oggetti di ricerca diversissimi, ma anche e soprattutto dalla collaborazio- ne virtuosa fra ricercatori, docenti, performer, registi, attivisti, amici e familiari che hanno attraversato e ispirato il mio lavoro. Questa ricerca la devo a tutti loro, in primis alla mia tutor di dottorato Veronica Pravadelli che, nel portarmi all’attenzione il potenziale esplosivo del ‘dispositivo’ e supervisionandone le fasi di assemblaggio, ha incoraggiato e sostenuto fermamente la vocazione teorica e multidisciplinare della mia ricerca. Alla commissione di dottorato composta da Guglielmo Pescatore, Giulia Carluccio e Vito Zagarrio, per la fruttuosa discussione e i suggerimenti bibliografici. A Enrico Carocci per avermi introdotto nel mondo delle scienze cognitive e per aver aperto uno spazio di sincero confronto e orien- tamento della ricerca. Al gruppo di professionisti e professioniste della della ricerca che hanno revisionato con attenzione il volume e a cui sono legato da una grande amicizia: Ilaria A. De Pascalis e Elio Ugenti (teorici del cinema e dei media), Giuseppe Sofo (scrittore e traduttore), Francesco Parisi (teorico cognitivo) e Marta Russo (neurofisiologa). Insieme a loro, un ringraziamento ai colleghi e alle colleghe di dottorato con cui ho avuto il piacere di confrontarmi e condividere la formazione, fra cui Lorenzo Marmo, Rossana Domizi, Malvina Giordana e Chiara Dionisi. Vorrei inoltre rigraziare David Forgacs che ha supervisionato il mio soggiorno di ricerca presso la New York University in un gelido inverno del 2014 e Wolfgang Ernst e Jan Claas Van Treek che hanno supervisiona- to quello (altrettanto glaciale) del 2016 presso l’Università Humboldt di Berlino all’interno del programma di scambio accademico DAAD. Grazie infine a Laura, per aver pazientemente sopportato e supportato, in casa come in scena, i ripetuti ‘sequestri emotivi’ magistralmente condotti dal sottoscritto durante gli anni di questa rocambolesca performance teorica. 6 Introduzione: che cosa sarebbe un dispositivo? L’idea di dispositivo (dispositif) è un parametro epistemologico che ha attraversato la tradizione occidentale e che negli ultimi anni gode di un rinnovato interesse. La nozione scopre il suo successo nell’ambito della teoria francese nella seconda metà degli anni Settanta a partire dai lavori di Michel Foucault. Se negli anni Novanta Gilles Deleuze offre un’impor- tante rilettura dell’impianto filosofico foucaultiano proprio alla luce della nozione di dispositivo, è grazie a filosofi del pensiero italiano contempo- raneo come Giorgio Agamben e Roberto Esposito se l’efficacia teorica di questo concetto viene riformulata ed estesa attraverso un significativo percorso genealogico che lo lega alla teologia cristiana e al diritto romano1. Tuttavia questo interesse non si esaurisce nell’ambito degli studi umani- stici ma investe anche studiosi della mente di area analitico-cognitiva che pur senza far esplicito riferimento al termine francese dispositif fanno largo uso di sinonimi quali device, apparatus e dispositions, per occuparsi della singolare esperienza mediata che emerge dall’incontro fra essere umano e dispositivi tecnologici. In questo senso, il dispositivo è una creatura cinematografica. In termi- ni cronologici, è bene ricordarlo, l’idea di dispositivo si sviluppa negli studi di cinema grazie al fondamentale contributo di Jean-Louis Baudry che utilizza il termine in maniera teoricamente sistematica in due articoli, uno del 1970 e l’altro del 1975, mentre Foucault ne farà esplicita menzione solo nel 1976.
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