DOCSLIB.ORG

Russian Natural Language Processing for Computer

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Russian Natural Language Processing for Computer Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Education Russian natural language processing for computer- assisted language learning Capturing the benefits of deep morphological analysis in real-life applications — Robert J Reynolds A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor – February 2016 ii Russian natural language processing for computer-assisted language learning Capturing the benefits of deep morphological analysis in real-life applications Robert J. Reynolds A dissertation presented for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Education UiT: The Arctic University of Norway Norway February 4, 2016 iv © 2016 by Robert Joshua Reynolds. All rights reserved. Printed by Tromsprodukt AS, Tromsø, Norway ISSN 0000-0000 ISBN 000-00-0000000-0 To Rachael vi Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xi Abstract xvii Acknowledgements xix Preface xxiii 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Introduction . .3 1.2 Structure of the dissertation . .7 I Linguistic analysis and computational linguistic methods 9 2 A new finite-state morphological analyzer of Russian 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.2 Background of Russian part-of-speech tagging . 12 2.3 UDAR . 16 2.3.1 Lexc and Twolc . 16 2.3.2 Structure of nominals: lexc and twolc . 19 2.3.3 Structure of verbs: lexc and twolc . 35 2.3.4 Morphosyntactic tags . 49 2.3.5 Flavors of the FST . 53 2.4 Evaluation . 53 2.4.1 Coverage . 54 2.4.2 Speed . 54 2.5 Potential applications . 55 2.6 Conclusions and future work . 57 vii viii CONTENTS 3 Morphosyntactic disambiguation and dependency annotation 59 3.1 Introduction . 59 3.2 Related work . 61 3.3 Ambiguity in Russian . 62 3.4 Analysis pipeline . 64 3.4.1 Morphological analyzer . 65 3.4.2 Disambiguation rules . 65 3.5 Development process . 66 3.6 Evaluation . 67 3.6.1 Corpus . 70 3.6.2 Qualitative evaluation . 70 3.6.3 Task-based evaluation . 73 3.6.4 Combining with a statistical tagger . 74 3.7 Conclusions and Outlook . 75 II Applications of the analyzer in language learning 77 4 Automatic stress placement in unrestricted text 79 4.1 Introduction . 79 4.1.1 Background and task definition . 81 4.1.2 Stress corpus . 82 4.2 Automatic stress placement . 83 4.3 Results . 85 4.4 Discussion . 88 4.5 Conclusions . 89 5 Visual Input Enhancement of the Web 91 5.1 Introduction . 92 5.2 Key topics for Russian learners . 95 5.2.1 Noun declension . 96 5.2.2 Stress . 98 5.2.3 Aspect . 100 5.2.4 Participles . 104 5.3 Feedback . 106 5.4 Conclusions and Outlook . 108 6 Automatic classification of document readability on the basis of mor- phological analysis 111 6.1 Introduction . 111 6.2 Background . 113 CONTENTS ix 6.2.1 History of evaluating text complexity . 113 6.2.2 Automatic readability assessment of Russian texts . 114 6.3 Corpora . 118 6.3.1 CIE corpus . 119 6.3.2 news corpus . 119 6.3.3 LingQ corpus . 120 6.3.4 Red Kalinka corpus (RK) . 121 6.3.5 TORFL corpus . 122 6.3.6 Zlatoust corpus (Zlat.) . 122 6.3.7 Summary and the Combined corpus (Comb.) . 122 6.4 Features . 123 6.4.1 Lexical features (LEX)................... 125 6.4.2 Morphological features (MORPH)............. 128 6.4.3 Syntactic features (SYNT)................. 130 6.4.4 Discourse/content features (DISC)............. 132 6.4.5 Summary of features . 133 6.5 Results . 134 6.5.1 Corpus evaluation . 136 6.5.2 Binary classifiers . 141 6.6 Feature evaluation . 142 6.6.1 Feature evaluation with binary classifiers . 147 6.7 Conclusions and Outlook . 148 7 Conclusions and outlook 151 7.1 Summary . 151 7.2 Resources . 153 7.2.1 NLP tools . 153 7.2.2 Corpora . 153 7.2.3 Language-learning tools . 154 7.3 Outlook . 154 7.4 Conclusion . 155 References . 157 x CONTENTS List of Figures 2.1 Finite-state transducer network . 17 3.1 Example output from the morphological analyzer and constraint grammar . 68 3.2 Constraint grammar rules relevant to Figure 3.1 . 69 3.3 Learning curve for three tagging setups: hunpos with no lexi- con; hunpos with a lexicon; and hunpos with a lexicon and the Russian constraint grammar in a voting set up. 75 6.1 Distribution of document length in words . 124 6.2 Learning curves of binary classifiers trained on LQsupp subcorpus 142 xi xii LIST OF FIGURES List of Tables 1 Comparison of Scholarly and ISO9 transliteration systems . xxiii 2.1 Comparison of existing Russian morphological analyzers. FOSS = free and open-source software; gen. = can generate wordforms; disamb. = can disambiguate wordforms with more than one read- ing based on sentential context . 16 2.2 Two nouns of the same declension class with different stem palatal- ization. The underlying lexc forms are in parentheses. 20 2.3 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for nominal palatalization 21 2.4 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for ‘spelling rules’ . 22 2.5 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for fleeting vowels . 22 2.6 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for fleeting vowels in the lexeme kopejka ‘kopeck’ . 23 2.7 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for fleeting vowels in the lexeme lëd ‘ice’ . 24 2.8 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for fleeting vowels in yod stems, such as muravej ‘ant’ and kop'ë ‘spear’ . 24 2.9 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for e-inflection in i-stems: kafeterij ‘cafeteria’, povtorenie ‘repetition’, and Rossiâ ‘Russia’ . 25 2.10 Shifting stress pattern of ruka ‘hand’ . 26 2.11 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for word stress, example word sestra ‘sister’ . 27 2.12 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for genitive plural inflec- tion -ov/-ëv/-ev ........................... 28 2.13 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for genitive plural zero ending . 28 2.14 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for genitive plural zero ending for bašnâ ‘tower’, sem'â ‘family’, and sekvojâ ‘sequoia’ . 29 xiii xiv LIST OF TABLES 2.15 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for genitive plural -ej end- ing for kon' ‘horse’, matˇc ‘match’, levša ‘left-hander’, and more ‘sea’ . 31 2.16 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for comparative adjectives 32 2.17 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for comparatives with pre- fix po- ................................ 33 2.18 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for masculine short-form adjectives . 34 2.19 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for verbal stem mutations 36 2.20 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for past passive participle stem alternations to -žd- ....................... 37 2.21 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for verbal stem mutations of moˇc' and peˇc' ........................... 38 2.22 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for û and â in verbal endings 39 2.23 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for u in verbal endings . 40 2.24 Realization of imperative endings . 42 2.25 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for imperatives with the stressed ending S .......................... 42 2.26 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for imperatives with the unstressed ending U: duj, vypej, and lâg .............. 43 2.27 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for imperatives with the unstressed ending U: pómni, mórsiˆ , výbegi, otvét' ......... 44 2.28 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for imperatives with the reflexive suffixes . 46 2.29 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for fleeting vowels in ver- bal prefixes . 46 2.30 Upper- and lower-side correspondences for devoicing of z in verbal prefixes . 47 2.31 Part-of-speech tags used in UDAR . 49 2.32 Sub-part-of-speech tags used in UDAR . 50 2.33 Nominal tags used in UDAR . 51 2.34 Verbal morphosyntactic tags used in UDAR . 52 2.35 Coverage of wikipedia lexicon by UDAR and mystem3. 54 2.36 Speed comparison processing the OpenCorpora lexicon list (5 484 696 tokens) . 55 3.1 Frequency of different types of morphosyntactic ambiguity in un- restricted text . 64 3.2 The distribution of rules in reliability categories and syntactic role labeling. 65 LIST OF TABLES xv 3.3 Results for the test corpora . 70 4.1 Example output of each stress placement approach, given a partic- ular set of readings for the token kosti ............... 84 4.2 Results of stress placement task evaluation . 86 5.1 Results of the corpus study of lexical cues for aspect . 103 6.1 Contributions of LingQ ‘expert’ Russian contributors . 120 6.2 LingQ subcorpora distribution of documents by level . 121 6.3 LingQ subcorpora distribution of words per document by level . 121 6.4 Distribution of documents per level for each corpus . 123 6.5 Average words per document for each level of each corpus . 123 6.6 Lexical variability features (LEXV) ................ 125 6.7 Lexical complexity features (LEXC)................ 127 6.8 Lexical familiarity features (LEXF) ................ 129 6.9 Morphological features (MORPH)................. 130 6.10 Features calculated on the basis of sentence length (SENT).... 131 6.11 Syntactic features (SYNT)..................... 132 6.12 Discourse.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding and Measuring Morphological Complexity
    OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/3/2015, SPi Understanding and Measuring Morphological Complexity Edited by MATTHEW BAERMAN, DUNSTAN BROWN, AND GREVILLE G. CORBETT 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 5/3/2015, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © editorial matter and organization Matthew Baerman, Dunstan Brown, and Greville G. Corbett 2015 © the chapters their several authors 2015 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted First Edition published in 2015 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2014947260 ISBN 978–0–19–872376–9 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, cr0 4yy Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only.
    [Show full text]
  • Icelandic -Basque Pidgin
    Icelandic -Basque pidgin J58E itiNA~IQ,~UAtDE ttJi\iversity ofIllinois) Abstract In this paper i present dn analysts fJ/What fe1iJii,tns ofit trade l~nguage born in the seventeenth cen­ tury as a consequence 0/ Basque fishing trips in Me North Atlantic. Since the data t~at'we have show a linguistic syifiiii in an early stage ofdevelopment and the lan­ gUages in contact are easily identifiable, "whichever characteristics arepr~sent £n the contact language 1 will be traceable to one ofthe initial languages or to unilvifsal tendencies • For this purpose, an analysis ofthe main typological features ofboth Basque and Icelandic is also provided. *' 1. Introduction The only remaining vestige that we have of what appears to have been used as a means of communication between Basque whale hunters and Icelandic traders in the seventeenth century is constituted by a few sentences, together with a word list. The existence of this p'idgin seems to have gone virfually unnoticed. Hancock (1977) does not mention it in his "Repertoire of Pidgin and Creole Languages" although he mentions an extinct Icelandic French Pidgin. My source of information is Nicolaas Deen's Glossaria duo Vasco-lslandica (Ams­ terdam 1937, reprinted in this volume), which' is a commentary and translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in t4e'seventeenth century. Since the contact sit­ uation was interrupted in the 'first part of the eighteenth century and was of inter­ mittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts. The' first manuscript lacks interest for our pur­ poses since it is just a list of lexical items seemingly elicited from the Basque sailors ,by pointing at different objects and vaguely organized according to semantic fields.
    [Show full text]
  • The Computation of Prosody 'Oct 0 2 1992
    THE COMPUTATION OF PROSODY by William James Idsardi B.A. University of Toronto (1988) Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology July 31, 1992 © William James Idsardi 1992 All rights reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author Departn nt of Linguistics and Philosophy July 31, 1992 Certified by - -I.....,,- ,v Morris Halle Institute Professor Thesis Supervisor Accepted by - Wayne O'Neil ARCHIVES Chairman MACHUSUS eDa r t m e n t of Linguistics and Philosophy 'OCT 0 2 1992 LlIrtv..0 2 THE COMPUTATION OF PROSODY by William James Idsardi Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy on July 31, 1992 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ABSTRACT This thesis presents a new theory of metrical representations and computations. This theory emphasizes that the metrical grid is a separate module of the phonology, devoted to the calculation of partitionings of phonological elements. The metrical grid consists of parallel tiers composed of three kinds of elements: grid marks and left and right boundaries. A single boundary serves to define a metrical constituent: a left boundary creates a grouping of the elements to its right, a right boundary creates a grouping of the elements to its left. The calculation of the metrical grid is accomplished through the use of both rules and constraints. This division of labor accounts for observed properties of stress systems in a succinct manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Directions Active Employees (At 31.12
    Publishing details At a glance Sales and net income for the year in € m Level of internationality Visitors: 47.9 % Exhibitors: 73.4 % 500 50 400 40 Editors-in-chief Print production 300 30 Dominique Ewert Messe Frankfurt Medien Klaus Münster-Müller und Service GmbH 200 20 Publishing Services Annual Report 2014 100 10 Editors 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Markus Quint (production editor) Print l from Germany attending Messe Frankfurt events at the Frankfurt venue l Sales l Net income for the year l from outside Germany attending Messe Frankfurt events at the Frankfurt venue Antje Breuer-Seifi Druckhaus Becker GmbH Claudia Lehning-Berge Dieselstraße 9 2014 The Messe Frankfurt corporate group conceives, plans and hosts trade fairs and exhibitions in Germany and abroad. Sarah Stanzel 64372 Ober-Ramstadt Messe Frankfurt The parent company and its subsidiaries offer a well-coordinated service package for national and international Gabriele Wehrl Germany Annual Report customers, exhibitors and visitors. Responsibility for content in accordance Paper Corporate group 2 with the German press laws Cover: Hello Fat Matt 1.1 350 g/m in € m* 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Iris Jeglitza-Moshage Inside pages: Arctic the Volume 150 g/m2 Sales 448 467 537 545 554 Photographs Print run Personnel expenses 102 106 120 123 131 Pietro Sutera Photography (p. 3) 3,000 in two editions Depreciation, amortisation and write-downs 59 59 61 56 52 Rüdiger Nehmzow (p. 6–11, 36–39) (German and English) Earnings before taxes on income 42 34 36 49 47 Iwan Baan (p. 19) EBITDA 109 99 102 108 102 BRCK (p.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammatical Gender and Linguistic Complexity
    Grammatical gender and linguistic complexity Volume I: General issues and specific studies Edited by Francesca Di Garbo Bruno Olsson Bernhard Wälchli language Studies in Diversity Linguistics 26 science press Studies in Diversity Linguistics Editor: Martin Haspelmath In this series: 1. Handschuh, Corinna. A typology of marked-S languages. 2. Rießler, Michael. Adjective attribution. 3. Klamer, Marian (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. 4. Berghäll, Liisa. A grammar of Mauwake (Papua New Guinea). 5. Wilbur, Joshua. A grammar of Pite Saami. 6. Dahl, Östen. Grammaticalization in the North: Noun phrase morphosyntax in Scandinavian vernaculars. 7. Schackow, Diana. A grammar of Yakkha. 8. Liljegren, Henrik. A grammar of Palula. 9. Shimelman, Aviva. A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. 10. Rudin, Catherine & Bryan James Gordon (eds.). Advances in the study of Siouan languages and linguistics. 11. Kluge, Angela. A grammar of Papuan Malay. 12. Kieviet, Paulus. A grammar of Rapa Nui. 13. Michaud, Alexis. Tone in Yongning Na: Lexical tones and morphotonology. 14. Enfield, N. J. (ed.). Dependencies in language: On the causal ontology of linguistic systems. 15. Gutman, Ariel. Attributive constructions in North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. 16. Bisang, Walter & Andrej Malchukov (eds.). Unity and diversity in grammaticalization scenarios. 17. Stenzel, Kristine & Bruna Franchetto (eds.). On this and other worlds: Voices from Amazonia. 18. Paggio, Patrizia and Albert Gatt (eds.). The languages of Malta. 19. Seržant, Ilja A. & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich (eds.). Diachrony of differential argument marking. 20. Hölzl, Andreas. A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective. 21. Riesberg, Sonja, Asako Shiohara & Atsuko Utsumi (eds.). Perspectives on information structure in Austronesian languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Doukhobor Problem,” 1899-1999
    Spirit Wrestling Identity Conflict and the Canadian “Doukhobor Problem,” 1899-1999 By Ashleigh Brienne Androsoff A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of History, in the University of Toronto © by Ashleigh Brienne Androsoff, 2011 Spirit Wrestling: Identity Conflict and the Canadian “Doukhobor Problem,” 1899-1999 Ashleigh Brienne Androsoff Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Department of History, University of Toronto, 2011 ABSTRACT At the end of the nineteenth century, Canada sought “desirable” immigrants to “settle” the Northwest. At the same time, nearly eight thousand members of the Dukhobori (commonly transliterated as “Doukhobors” and translated as “Spirit Wrestlers”) sought refuge from escalating religious persecution perpetrated by Russian church and state authorities. Initially, the Doukhobors’ immigration to Canada in 1899 seemed to satisfy the needs of host and newcomer alike. Both parties soon realized, however, that the Doukhobors’ transition would prove more difficult than anticipated. The Doukhobors’ collective memory of persecution negatively influenced their perception of state interventions in their private affairs. In addition, their expectation that they would be able to preserve their ethno-religious identity on their own terms clashed with Canadian expectations that they would soon integrate into the Canadian mainstream. This study focuses on the historical evolution of the “Doukhobor problem” in Russia and in Canada. It argues that
    [Show full text]
  • UC Berkeley L2 Journal
    UC Berkeley L2 Journal Title Gippius, Gender, and Textual Work in the L2 Classroom Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6g8901mr Journal L2 Journal, 13(1) Author Lawton, Dominick Publication Date 2021 DOI 10.5070/L213151782 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California L2 Journal, Volume 13 Issue 1 (2021), pp. 104-107 http://reposittories.cdlib.org/uccllt/l2/vol13/iss1/10ya4 Gippius, Gender, and Textual Work in the L2 Classroom DOMINICK LAWTON UC Berkeley Email: [email protected] My comments will make a case for the value of careful philological work with literary texts— an orientation which looms large in Slavic studies—in the language classroom. Using an example from my own Russian teaching, I propose that a grammatically sensitive, close reading of literature is a valuable way to introduce students to the generative relationship between rules and originality in language use, or the way that each utterance draws on the available resources of a language to intervene into a concrete situation. In this respect, creative use of a language’s literary tradition can illuminate present-day social issues. Literature features prominently in most second language courses, perhaps especially so in Russian L2 curricula due to the immense prestige of canonical literature in Russophone culture. For most Russian teachers, myself included, there are obvious reasons for incorporating literature into our pedagogy: it provides students with cultural capital, increases their literacy, and introduces them to texts that have inherent humanistic interest and aesthetic value.
    [Show full text]
  • Luc Jones "Why Russians Don't Smile?". 4Th Edition
    Luc Jones Why Russians Don’t Smile 4th Edition A Guide to Doing Business in Russia and the CIS Countries Luc Jones Why Russians Don’t Smile 4th Edition Supported by: Acknowledgements: Chapters We would like to express our thanks to everybody who contributed comments, articles and general advice for our publication. Additionally we are extremely grateful to our sponsors for their support which helped to I. Scope of this book make this book possible. 18 II. Introduction to Russia and the CIS region 21 III. Expatriates in Russia 30 IV. Travelling to and around Russia and the CIS countries 33 V. Foreign assignments and hiring locally 52 VI. Behavioural differences faced by Expats 59 Limitation of use: VII. Cultural differences 63 Please note that commercial use, distribution, reprint or publication of all or VIII. Language barriers and deciphering names 68 any parts of the book is prohibited without prior written authorisation from IX. Doing business part 1 the author. Reference to the author is obligatory when quoting any content 76 from this publication. X. Doing business part 2 86 XI. Entertainment in Russia 95 XII. Life in Russia - how Russians live 101 XIII. How Russians view foreigners 108 XIV. Charity, Corporate Social Responsibility Author: Luc Jones 113 Project manager: Evgeniya Gonzales XV. Life outside of Moscow and St Petersburg 116 Designers: Ekaterina Gnidina, Nataliya Demkina XVI. CIS focus - the ‘other’ Republics 121 Published by: Intermark Relocation XVII. Public Holidays in Russia 148 7/1 Kropotkinsky Pereulok 119034, Moscow, Russia XVIII. Useful contacts 151 +7 495 502 95 53 XIX.
    [Show full text]
  • Secondary Imperfectives and W-Epenthesis in Russian
    Ora Matushansky, SFL (CNRS/Université Paris-8/UPL)/UiL OTS/Utrecht University email: Ora.Mаtushа[email protected] homepage: http://www.trees-and-lambdas.info/matushansky/ SECONDARY IMPERFECTIVES AND W-EPENTHESIS IN RUSSIAN Puzzle: The crucial insight of Jakobson 1948 explains verbal stem alternations in Russian as in (1)-(3) between the present and the past by arguing that the longer of the two stems is the underlying one: stem-final vowels and glides are deleted before vocalic suffixes (present: ĕ) and consonantal suffixes (past: l), respectively. (1) a. taj-e-t (2) a. gnij-ó-t (3) a. živ’-ó-t melt-TH-PRES-3SG rot-PRES-3SG live-PRES-3SG melts rots lives b. taj-a-l-a b. gni-l-a b. ži-l-a melt-TH-PAST-F rot-TH-PAST-F live-TH-PAST-F [she] melted [she] rotted [she]lived Thus, in Jakobson’s view (see also Lightner 1965, 1967, Flier 1974a, b), the stem-final glides above (/j/ in (1)-(2), and /w/, surfacing as [v] in (3)) are underlying and their distribution thus should be unpredictable. An alternative analysis (DeArmond 1975, Gladney 2013) is that the glides are epenthetic and verbal roots like those in (2) and (3) are vowel-final. Proposal: We will argue that the glide-insertion and glide-formation processes independently necessary for the derivation of secondary imperfectives not only correctly predict the choice of the w-glide in the relevant stems (4), but also account for verbal stems with the alternation -uj-/-ov.a- (Lightner 1965:36) and the verbalizing suffix -uj-/-ov.a- (Melvold 1990:258-265).
    [Show full text]
  • Latin Case System: Towards a Motivated Paradigmatic Structure ORBIS ROMANUS
    ORBIS ROMANUS PHILOLOGIA CLASSICA VOL. 15. FASC. 2. 2020 UDC 811.124 + 81–16 + 81–24 Latin Case System: Towards a Motivated Paradigmatic Structure Elena V. Zheltova St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation; [email protected] Alexander Ju. Zheltov St. Petersburg State University, 7–9, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation; [email protected]; Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), 3, Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation; [email protected] For citation: Zheltova E. V., Zheltov A. Ju. Latin Сase System: Towards a Motivated Paradigmatic Structure. Philologia Classica 2020, 15 (2), 208–229. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2020.203 The article attempts, firstly, to critically analyze the traditional order of cases in Latin, sec- ondly, to discover an internal mechanism that brings the elements of a paradigm together, and thirdly, to present a new model of the nominal and pronominal case paradigms in Latin. The authors develop the idea that the crucial role in structuring a case paradigm belongs to morphemic syncretism. The syncretism is treated as a systemic phenomenon of morpheme neutralization rather than a result of phonetic reduction. In the paradigm built on this prin- ciple, the cases marked with the same endings necessarily take adjacent positions. There is a certain correlation between the morphemic syncretism and the semantics of cases extensively exemplified in the Latin literature. Taking this as reference point, the authors establish a for- mally motivated paradigmatic order of cases and single out a set of semantic features that shape the case paradigm.
    [Show full text]
  • The Morphophonology of Russian Adjectival Inflection Morris Halle Ora Matushansky
    The Morphophonology of Russian Adjectival Inflection Morris Halle Ora Matushansky In this article, we present the morphosyntactic structure underlying the Russian adjectival declension and the phonological rules that apply to it to derive the surface representations. We describe the two declen- sion classes of Russian adjectives and argue that adjectives and nouns employ the same theme suffixes (-oj- and -o-) and, importantly, that choice of theme suffix also determines choice of Case exponents. On this view, there is no special adjectival declension class; instead, Case exponents are shared between adjectives and nouns, and the choice of a ‘‘paradigm’’ is determined by the choice of the theme suffix. The article covers all adjectival inflections, including those of the possess- ives, demonstratives, interrogatives, and paucal numerals. Keywords: Russian, adjectives, declension, theme suffixes, morphol- ogy, phonology 1 Introduction The goal of this article is to determine the underlying syntactic structure of Russian adjectives in all of their inflected forms. We aim to show that all inflected forms of an adjective have a simple, transparent morphological composition that is obscured by the operation of various phonological rules, independently motivated in Russian. Our more specific objectives are (a) to describe the two declension paradigms of Russian adjectives and (b) to determine the function of the theme suffix -oj- and of its absence from the surface representation. We are also concerned in this article with elucidating the nature of theme suffixes (so called by analogy with theme vowels of Latin and Catalan, on which see Oltra-Massuet 2000) and with comparing theme suffixes characteristic of adjectival declension classes with those of nominal declension classes and with those of verbal conjugation classes (Halle and Matushansky, in preparation).
    [Show full text]
  • Evidence from Russian in Russian, Nouns Come in Three Genders (M, F and N), and Adjectives, Participles and Verbs (In Some Forms) Exhibit Gender Agreement
    Gender and declension in gender agreement processing: evidence from Russian In Russian, nouns come in three genders (M, F and N), and adjectives, participles and verbs (in some forms) exhibit gender agreement. Depending on the set of their inflections, nouns are divided into several declensions. We will rely on the most widely accepted system presented in Table 1 (e.g. Aronoff, 1994; Halle, 1994; Shvedova, ed., 1980). As Table 1 shows, inflections differ depending on how typical they are for a particular gender. We present three self-paced reading experiments studying how this typicality (known as gender-to-ending consistency in the psycholinguistic literature) and the gender of the noun influence gender agreement processing. Exp. 1. Materials included 36 target sentence sets and 80 filler sentences. Sentences in one set contained the same six words except for the first one, the subject noun (M nouns with typical endings, F nouns with typical and non-typical endings, balanced in frequency and length) and the second one, the verb form (M or F). An example is given in (1). This yielded six experimental conditions, three of them with a gender agreement error. The design is schematized in Table 2. Sentences from each set in different conditions were distributed across six experimental lists. 33 native speakers participated in the experiment. Average RTs are shown on Fig.1. RTs were analyzed using RM ANOVA (by subject and by item analyses). Firstly, the influence of the two factors of interest can be detected only in the sentences with agreement errors, i.e. no gender or declension is intrinsically more difficult to process (at least, in the sentence context).
    [Show full text]