DOCSLIB.ORG

Patricians: Dictator: Plebeians: Consuls: Tribunes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patricians: Dictator: Plebeians: Consuls: Tribunes Describe the role of each of the following positions in the Classical ‘Do Now’ Roman Republic… You may answer this question in anyway you Patricians: Dictator: want! A paragraph, a few sentences, a list, etc. You could even draw some kind of graph Plebeians: if you wanted! Just get it done! Consuls: Tribunes: Conquest! Expansion! Empire! (3 Minute Video) ‘Punic Wars’: Rome fights a series of wars with their neighbors to the South between 246 B.C - 146 B.C. ROME VS. CARTHAGE! Eventually Rome completely destroys the competing empire, making them the sole power in the mediterranean. The Romans were now after a policy of IMPERIALISM, or establishing control over foreign lands and peoples (empire building). Battle for The Mediterranean Sea! A war to determine the course of history! Wealth and Corruption! As the empire expanded, so did the gap between wealthy Romans and poor Romans. Wealthy Romans built huge plantations called LATIFUNDIA and used conquered people for slaves. Poor Roman farmers couldn’t compete with the slave labor, and so many lost their farms and ended up homeless! Attempted Reform! Two Plebeian brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus tried to reform what they saw as an unjust system. They pushed for land REDISTRIBUTION and the use of public funds to buy grain (food) for the poor! The senate found this threatening, and had them and many of their followers killed! Inequality of Wealth and Power in Ancient Rome “The wild beasts that roam over Italy have every one of them a cave or lair to lurk in; but the men who fight and die for Italy enjoy the common air and light, indeed, but nothing else. They fight and die to support others in wealth and luxury, and though they are styled (referred to) as masters of the world, they have not a single clod of earth that is their own.” -- Roman Tribune Tiberius Gracchus Problem of the Republic: The Roman Armies Roman armies began to become more loyal to their generals than to the Roman Senate!!! -- Generals provided them with more benefits like land and money Out of the civil wars and chaos comes… Roman Expansion -- The Punic Wars (Carthage Vs. Rome) 264 B.C - 146 B.C (Start at 20) Stop! A Mighty Power -- With Big Internal Problems! Rome defeats rival empire Carthage in North Africa Policy of Imperialism! Gets very very wealthy and continuously gains territory! The rich get richer and the poor get poorer! Huge Wealth Inequality Massive government corruption The Decline of the Roman Republic... Unable to resolve the problems of inequality and corruption peacefully, Rome fell into a series of CIVIL WARS. To be continued... Julius Caesar! Caesar brought great wealth and land to Rome by conquering much of modern day France (Then called Gaul) The senate feared how powerful Caesar and his armies had become. They ordered him to come home and disband his army! He says heck no! Takes his army and invades Rome! “I came, I saw, I conquered.” - Julius Caesar Caesar takes control of Rome! Caesar Makes Reforms! Built Public Works to employ the jobless Granted more people in the empire Roman citizenship Caesar’s enemies worried that he was trying to take too much power for himself! In 46 A.D, he was stabbed to death in the Senate! A POWER VACUUM was made, and eventually Caesar’s great nephew took power of Rome! Rise and Fall of Rome (4 Minutes) Rise and Fall of Rome Video Julius Caesar Emperor Nero (A Tyrant) Augustus! The Great Nephew of the dead Julius Caesar… Builds a stable government Creates efficient civil service system Postal service Census (counted people, we still use this today in the U.S) He ended the Republic by appointing his successor (who took power after he died) ‘Pax Romana’ The Roman Peace! Roman rule brought order, peace, and stablility to the massive empire Trade routes were relatively safe, protected by legions Roman ships fought off pirates Silk all the way from China People could move freely spreading ideas! Trade within the Empire!!! The Problem With Monarchies... After Augustus dies, the rulers of Rome were hit and miss. In other words, some were great, some good, and some terrible!!! After ruling the Mediterranean sea for hundreds of years, the Roman empire began to weaken! Emperors were overthrown by ambitious generals (political instability) High Taxes hurt the economy The Great Split! Finally in 284 A.D the Roman empire splits the Empire in two! West and East. In an attempt to make the empire easier to rule and fix. Emperor Diocletian makes the decision (284 A.D) ‘Western Empire’ ‘Eastern Empire’ Constantine and Christianity Then, in 312 A.D, emperor Constantine changed the world forever by granting toleration to Christians in the empire. He also made a “New Rome” in the city of constantine (modern day Istanbul). Emperor Constantine Eventually Converts Himself! Artwork Depicting Constantine’s Conversion Invaders!! For centuries Rome had faced attacks from Germanic peoples. When Rome was powerful, they could fight them off! The HUNS!!! Migrating from modern day Mongolia, this band of invaders rode on horseback attacking and pillaging anyone in their path. Eventually, they would sack Rome itself. They also displaced other German tribes, who then were pushed towards Rome for safety. In 476, the Western Empire finally fell to a Germanic invader named Odoacer! Artwork Depiction of Hun Invaders Depiction of Rome Falling (476 A.D) Why did Rome Fall? Military Attacks -- Invaders put constant pressure on the empire Political Turmoil -- Generals and politicians fought for power Economic Weakness -- Heavy taxes to support the army, less successful wars Social Decay -- Upper class Romans lived a detached life of luxury seeking honor and prestige rather than helping the Empire. Huge costs to supply the Roman common people with ‘bread and circuses’ also drastically hurt the empire. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848 Leopold G. Glueckert Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Glueckert, Leopold G., "Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848" (1989). Dissertations. 2639. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2639 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert BETWEEN TWO AMNESTIES: FORMER POLITICAL PRISONERS AND EXILES IN THE ROMAN REVOLUTION OF 1848 by Leopold G. Glueckert, O.Carm. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert 1989 © All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any paper which has been under way for so long, many people have shared in this work and deserve thanks. Above all, I would like to thank my director, Dr. Anthony Cardoza, and the members of my committee, Dr. Walter Gray and Fr. Richard Costigan. Their patience and encourage­ ment have been every bit as important to me as their good advice and professionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate
    First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate • An alliance of the three most powerful men in Rome, Marcus Licinus Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Gneaus Pompey Magnus. Rome was in chaos and the 3 seized control of the Republic. • The three would dominate Roman politics for personal gains throughout the territories of the Republic. Julius Caesar • In Rome, Julius Caesar was elected as the tribune of the Plebs, military tribune, and governor of many provinces throughout the Republic. • Believed Crassus helped Julius Caesar win the election to become the Propraetor or governor of Hispania in 63 B.C.E. • Julius returned to Rome after his term as governor. Caesar had a business or political agreement with Pompey and Crassus in 60 B.C.E. Caesar was the consul while Pompey and Crassus were in the senate. • Created the First Triumvirate • After his term, Julius was in deeply in debt politically and financially to Crassus and desperately needed to raise money. Marcus Crassus • Crassus was the richest man in all the Roman Republic. He was sharp and clever in Roman politics. He would be a senator and even become consul a few times. • He was a mentor to Julius Caesar in his early career. • Gained much fame during the Spartacus rebellion but much of it was stolen by Pompey. • He was a longtime rival to Pompey Magnus and this would be his eventually downfall. He would ally with Caesar and Pompey, but strived for military victory over Pompey. He went to Parthia where he was defeated at Carrhae.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Rome
    Ancient Rome Beginnings Founding • The Latins, an Indo-European-speaking Italic people from central Europe, crossed the Alps about 1500 B.C. and invaded Italy. • Attracted by the warm climate and fertile land, the Latins conquered the native peoples and settled in central Italy. • On the seven hills overlooking the Tiber River, they founded the city of Rome. • (According to Roman legend, the city was founded in 753 B.C. by two descendants of the gods – the twin brothers Romulus and Remus) Life Among the Early Latins The early Latins, a simple, hardy people, • worked chiefly at farming and cattle-raising; • maintained close family ties, with the father exercising absolute authority; • worshipped tribal gods (Jupiter, the chief god; Mars, god of war; Neptune, god of the sea; and Venus, goddess of love), and • defended Rome against frequent attacks Etruscan Territory • Etruscan architecture was created between about 700 BC and 200 BC, when the expanding civilization of ancient Rome finally absorbed Etruscan civilization. The Etruscans were considerable builders in stone, wood and other materials of temples, houses, tombs and city walls, as well as bridges and roads. The only structures remaining in quantity in anything like their original condition are tombs and walls, but through archaeology and other sources we have a good deal of information on what once existed. Etruscan Architecture Etruscan Funeral Urns From Etruscan Rule to Independence Rome was captured about 750 B.C. by its northern neighbors, the Etruscans. From these more advanced people, the Latins, or Romans, learned to • construct buildings, roads and city walls, • make metal weapons, and • Apply new military tactics; The Romans in 500 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
    UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Republic – Crises and Civil Wars a Society Falls Apart in Italy
    The Late Republic – Crises and Civil Wars A Society Falls Apart In Italy, much had changed after Rome rose to a world power. In the long wars, many peasants and their sons had died. Others had not been able to properly cultivate their farms for years. More and more small farmers left the countryside. In their place, many large farms arose, because large landowners had bought up the land of indebted peasants, forcibly driven some farmers out, and laid claim to large portions of state-owned land for themselves. Their standard of living rose, because they specialized themselves in certain products. They grew wine-grapes and olives on a grand scale, or reorganized themselves toward livestock. Around the cities, there were large landowners who obtained high profits by raising poultry and fish. Such large landowners usually owned several farms, which were managed by administrators, while they themselves pursued political business in Rome. On their estates, slaves worked, who were obtained either as prisoners of war or on the slave markets. According to careful analysis, in the time between 200 B.C. and 150 B.C., approximately 250,000 prisoners of war were brought to Italy as slaves. In the following 100 years, more than 500,000 slaves – mainly from Asia Minor – came to Rome. Especially the small farmers suffered in this situation. Earlier, they had gotten for themselves additional income as daily workers on the estates, but now they were needed there, at most, only for harvest. So many had to give up their farms, and moved with their families to Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Distortions in the Historical Record Concerning Ager Publicus, Leges Agrariae, and the Gracchi Maria Therese Jeffrey Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH
    Xavier University Exhibit Honors Bachelor of Arts Undergraduate 2011-3 Distortions in the Historical Record Concerning Ager Publicus, Leges Agrariae, and the Gracchi Maria Therese Jeffrey Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH Follow this and additional works at: http://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/hab Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Ancient Philosophy Commons, Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, Classical Literature and Philology Commons, and the Other Classics Commons Recommended Citation Jeffrey, Maria Therese, "Distortions in the Historical Record Concerning Ager Publicus, Leges Agrariae, and the Gracchi" (2011). Honors Bachelor of Arts. 22. http://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/hab/22 This Capstone/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate at Exhibit. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Bachelor of Arts by an authorized administrator of Exhibit. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Distortions in the Historical Record Concerning Ager Publicus, Leges Agrariae, and the Gracchi Maria Jeffrey Introduction: Scholarship on the Gracchi is largely based on the accounts of Plutarch and Appian, historians who were far removed temporally from the Gracchi themselves. It is not known from which sources Plutarch and Appian derive their accounts, which presents problems for the modern historian aiming to determine historical fact. The ancient sources do not equip the modern historian to make many definitive claims about the Gracchan agrarian reform, much less about the motives of the Gracchi themselves. Looking to tales of earlier agrarian reform through other literary sources as well as exploring the types of land in question and the nature of the agrarian crisis through secondary sources also yields ambiguous results.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ancient People of Italy Before the Rise of Rome, Italy Was a Patchwork
    The Ancient People of Italy Before the rise of Rome, Italy was a patchwork of different cultures. Eventually they were all subsumed into Roman culture, but the cultural uniformity of Roman Italy erased what had once been a vast array of different peoples, cultures, languages, and civilizations. All these cultures existed before the Roman conquest of the Italian Peninsula, and unfortunately we know little about any of them before they caught the attention of Greek and Roman historians. Aside from a few inscriptions, most of what we know about the native people of Italy comes from Greek and Roman sources. Still, this information, combined with archaeological and linguistic information, gives us some idea about the peoples that once populated the Italian Peninsula. Italy was not isolated from the outside world, and neighboring people had much impact on its population. There were several foreign invasions of Italy during the period leading up to the Roman conquest that had important effects on the people of Italy. First there was the invasion of Alexander I of Epirus in 334 BC, which was followed by that of Pyrrhus of Epirus in 280 BC. Hannibal of Carthage invaded Italy during the Second Punic War (218–203 BC) with the express purpose of convincing Rome’s allies to abandon her. After the war, Rome rearranged its relations with many of the native people of Italy, much influenced by which peoples had remained loyal and which had supported their Carthaginian enemies. The sides different peoples took in these wars had major impacts on their destinies. In 91 BC, many of the peoples of Italy rebelled against Rome in the Social War.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War in Rome and the End of the Roman Republic
    Civil War in Rome and the End of the Roman Republic © Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com Tiberius Gracchus and Land Reform The lower classes (plebeians) were suffering. 133 BCE – Tiberius Gracchus was elected as tribune He promised land reform of the plebeians Tiberius Gracchus told the people: “You fight and die to give luxury to other men…but you have not a foot of ground to call your own.” Wanted to limit the Wanted to rebuild the The patricians were not Tiberius Gracchus and amount of land each farming class by pleased with Tiberius hundreds of his followers person could own redistributing land Gracchus were murdered Gaius Gracchus and Reform Gaius was elected tribune in 122 BCE, about ten He also wanted land Gaius wanted even more years after his brother reform. than land reform. was murdered. Gaius wanted the Gaius proposed that Gaius wanted a public government to sell grain landless Romans be works program to employ to the poor at reduced settled in the provinces. the poor. prices. Gaius wanted to reform Riots erupted. In 121 the way that taxes were Gaius wanted to decrease BCE, he was killed along collected by publicans in the Senate’s power. with thousands of his the provinces. supporters. Differing Parties Continued to Argue Optimates Populares • Senatorial party • People’s party • Wanted to maintain • Had its strength in the position and the Comitia power of the (Assembly) wealthy patrician • Wanted reforms class Military Dictators Come to Power • Why did military dictators come to power? – Constant fighting in Rome between the rich and poor – Restlessness in the provinces – Slave rebellions (e.g., Spartacus) – Barbarian invasions (though not as serious as they became during the era of the Roman empire) – The people needed strong leadership Gaius Marius (ca.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lex Sempronia Agraria: a Soldier's Stipendum
    THE LEX SEMPRONIA AGRARIA: A SOLDIER’S STIPENDUM by Raymond Richard Hill A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Boise State University August 2016 © 2016 Raymond Richard Hill ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Raymond Richard Hill Thesis Title: The Lex Sempronia Agraria: A Soldier’s Stipendum Date of Final Oral Examination: 16 June 2016 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Raymond Richard Hill, and they evaluated his presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. Katherine V. Huntley, Ph.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Lisa McClain, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Lee Ann Turner, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by Katherine V. Huntley, Ph.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved for the Graduate College by Jodi Chilson, M.F.A., Coordinator of Theses and Dissertations. DEDICATION To Kessa for all of her love, patience, guidance and support. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to Dr. Katherine Huntley for her hours spent proofing my work, providing insights and making suggestions on research materials. To Dr. Charles Matson Odahl who started this journey with me and first fired my curiosity about the Gracchi. To the history professors of Boise State University who helped me become a better scholar. v ABSTRACT This thesis examines mid-second century BCE Roman society to determine the forces at work that resulted in the passing of a radical piece of legislation known as the lex Sempronia agraria.
    [Show full text]
  • Aguirre-Santiago-Thesis-2013.Pdf
    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE SIC SEMPER TYRANNIS: TYRANNICIDE AND VIOLENCE AS POLITICAL TOOLS IN REPUBLICAN ROME A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts in History By Santiago Aguirre May 2013 The thesis of Santiago Aguirre is approved: ________________________ ______________ Thomas W. Devine, Ph.D. Date ________________________ ______________ Patricia Juarez-Dappe, Ph.D. Date ________________________ ______________ Frank L. Vatai, Ph.D, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii DEDICATION For my mother and father, who brought me to this country at the age of three and have provided me with love and guidance ever since. From the bottom of my heart, I want to thank you for all the sacrifices that you have made to help me fulfill my dreams. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank Dr. Frank L. Vatai. He helped me re-discover my love for Ancient Greek and Roman history, both through the various courses I took with him, and the wonderful opportunity he gave me to T.A. his course on Ancient Greece. The idea to write this thesis paper, after all, was first sparked when I took Dr. Vatai’s course on the Late Roman Republic, since it made me want to go back and re-read Livy. I also want to thank Dr. Patricia Juarez-Dappe, who gave me the opportunity to read the abstract of one of my papers in the Southwestern Social Science Association conference in the spring of 2012, and later invited me to T.A. one of her courses.
    [Show full text]
  • Far from Being Idolatrous: Ancestor Veneration
    Dr Alexander Jebadu SVD FAR FROM BEING IDOLATROUS: ANCESTOR VENERATION 2010 ______________________________________________ Steyler Verlaag, Nettetal Bibliografische Information Der Deutchen Bibliotek Die Deutche Bibliotek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutchen Nationalbibliografie; detailierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. ©Steyler Verlaag Bahnhofstraβe 9 41334 Nettetal Germany [email protected] ISSN 0562-2816 ISBN 978-3-8050-0564-7 DPT: Martina Ludwig, Steyler Missionswissenschaftliches Instutut Druck: Verlaag Franz Schmitt, Siegburg TABLE OF CONTETS AKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………………...iii I. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………...01 1.1. Problem Mapping of This Study …..…………….……………………………..01 1.2. Goal and Scope of This Study …………..….…………………………………..01 1.3. Organization of This Study and Its Methodology……………………….…….03 1.4. The Limitations of This Study ……………………………………………….…04 II. THE RELEVANCE OF THEOLOGY OF ANCESTRAL VENERATION……. FOR THE ASIAN-AFRICAN CATHOLIC CHURCH …………………..….…...06 2.1. Ancestral Veneration Presupposes Faith in Life after Death ……….………..06 2.1.1. Ancestral Veneration in the Work of Herbert Spencer ……….….…..07 2.1.2. Human Soul in the Frame of Edward Burnet Tylor’s Animism ……..10 2.1.2.1. Definition of Religion ………………………………………….….…...11 2.1.2.2. Animism …………………………………………………….………......11 2.1.2.3. The Origin of Belief in the Human Soul …….………………….….…13 2.1.2.3.1. Human Biological Phenomena …….…………………..…..13 2.1.2.3.2. The Unity of Life and Phantom …….….…………………..14 2.1.2.4. Samples of Popular Beliefs in Human Soul ….….………….…….….14 2.1.2.4.1. The Concept of Soul as Shadow ……..…………….….…...14 2.1.2.4.2. The Concept of Soul as the Cause of Life ………….....…...15 2.1.2.4.3.
    [Show full text]