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Ttu Fujita 000296.Pdf (3.532Mb) MESOMETEOROLOGY PROJECT - - - RESEARCH PAPERS l. • Report on the Chicago Tornado of March 4, 1961 - Rodger A. Brown and Tetsuya Fujita 2. • Index to the NSSP Surface Network - Tetsuya Fujita 3. • Outline of a Technique for Precise Re ctif.cation of Satellite Cloud Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita 4. • Horizontal Structure of Mountain Winds - Henry A. Brown 5. • An Investigation of Developmental Processes of the Wake Depression Through Excess Pressure Analysis of Nocturnal Showers - Joseph L. Goldman 6. • Precipitation in the 1960 Flagsta!f Mesometeorological Network - Keruteth A. Styber 7. •• On a Method of Single- and Dual-Image Photogrammetry of Panoramic Aerial Photographs - Tetsuya Fuj ita 8. A Review of Researches on Analytical Mesometeorology - ·Tetsuy.a Fujita 9. • Meteorological Interpretations of Convective Nephsystems Appearing In T IROS Cloud Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita, Toshimitsu Ushijima, William A. Hass, and George T. Dellert, Jr. 10. Study of the Development of Prefrontal Squall-Systems Using NSSP Network Data - Joseph L. Goldman 11. Analysis of Selected Aircraft Data from NSSP Operation, 1962 - Tetsuya Fujita 12. Study of a Long Condensation Trail Photographed by TIROS I - Toshimitsu Ushijima 13. A Technique for Precise Analysis of Satellite Data; Volume I - Photogrammetry (PUblished as MSL Report No. 14) - Tetsuya Fujita 14. Investigation of a Summer Jet Stream Using TIROS and Aerologlcal Data - Kozo Ninomiya 15. Outline of a Theory and Examples for Precise Analysis of Satellite Radiation Data - Tetsuya Fujita 16. Preliminary Result of Analysis of the Cumulonimbus Cloud of Apr il 21, 1961 - Tetsuya Fujita and James Arnold 17. A Technique for Precise Analysis of Satellite Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita 18. • Evaluation of Limb Darkening from TIROS III Radiation Data • S. H. H. Larsen, Tetsuya Fujita, and W. L. Fletcher 19. Synoptic Interpretation of TIROS III Measurements of Infrared Radiation - Firut Pedersen and Tetsuya Fujita 20. TIROS III Measurements of Terrestrial Radiation and Reflected and Scattered Solar Radiation - S. H. H. Larsen, Tetsuya Fujita, and W. L. Fletcher 21. On the Low-level Structure of a Squall Line - Henry A. Brown 22. Thunderstorms and the Low-level Jet - William D. Bonner 23. The Mesoanalysis of an Organized Convective System - Henry A. Brown 24. Preliminary Radar and Photogrammetric Study of the Illinois Tornadoes of April 17 and 22 , 1963 -Joseph L . Goldman and Tetsuya Fujita 25. Use of TIROS Pictures for Studies of the Internal Structure of Tropical Storms - Tetsuya Fujita with Rectified Pictures from TIROS I Orbit 125, R/0 128 - Toshimitsu Ushijima 26. An Experiment in the Determination of Geostrophic and lsallobaric Winds from NSSP Pressure Data - William Bonner 27. Proposed Mechanism of Hook Echo Formation - Tetsuya Fujita with a Preliminary Mesosynoptic Analysis of Tornado Cyclone Case of May 26, 1963 - Tetsuya Fujita and Robbi Stuhrner 28 . The Decaying Stage of Hurricane Aruta of July 1961 as Portrayed by TIROS Cloud Photographs and Infrared Radiation from the Top of the Storm - Tetsuya Fujita and James Arnold 29. A Technique for Precise Analysis of Satellite Data, Volume II - Radiation Analysis, Section 6. Fixed-Position Scaruting - Tetsuya Fujita 30. Evaluation of Errors In the Gr aphical Rectification of Satellite Photographs - Tetsuya Fujita 31. Tables of Scan Nadir and Hor izontal Angles - William 0 . Boruter 32. A Simplified Grid Technique for Determining Scan Lines Generated by the TIROS Scanning Radiometer - James E. Arnold 33. A Study of Cumulus Clouds over the Flagstaff Research Network with the Use of U-2 Photographs - Dorothy L. Bradbury aro Tetsuya Fujita 34. The Scaruting Printer and Its Application to Detailed Analysis of Satellite Radiation Data - Tetsuya Fujita 35. Synoptic Study of Cold Air Outbreak over the Mediterranean using Satellite Photographs and Radiation Data - Aasmund Rabbe and Tetsuya Fujita 36. Accurate Calibration of Doppler Winds for their use in the Computation of Mesoscale Wind F ields - Tetsuya Fuj ita 37. Proposed Operation of lntrumented Aircraft for Resear ch on Moisture Fronts and Wake Depressions - Tetsuya Fujita and Dorothy L . Bradbury 38. Statistical aro Kinematical Properties of the Low-level Jet Stream - William D. Borute r 39 . The Illinois Tornadoes of 17 and 22 April 1963 - Joseph L. Goldman 40. Resolution of the Nimbus High Resolution Infrared Fadiometer - Tetsuya Fujita and William R. Sandeen 41. On the Determination of the Exchange Coefficients in Convective Clouds - Rodger A. Brown Out Of Print •• To be published (Continued on back cover) IN- AND OUTFLOW FIELD OF HURRICANE DEBBIE AS REVEALED BY ECHO AND CLOUD VELOCITIES FROM AIRBORNE RADAR ANO ATS-Ill PICTURES T. T. Fuji ta Department of Geophysical Sciences University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois and P. G. Black National Hurricane Research Laboratory Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories ·ESSA Research Laboratories Miami, Florida 1. INTRODUCTION done extensive work on the calculation of echo ve­ locities within Hurricane Edna of 1954, Connie, In connection with the evaluation of past and Diane and lone of 1955, Audrey of 1957, Daisy and future attempts to modify hurricanes, it is neces­ Helene of 1958, Debra of 1959 and Donna of 1960. sary to determine kinematic properties of the hur­ Watanabe (1963) has computed spawinds in Typhoon ricane circulation. During the 1969 hurricane Nancy of 1961 from a ground based radar on Okinawa . seeding experiment, Gentry (1970) found significant Fujita, et al (1967) using two radars located along reductions in Doppler win.d speed along the eye-wall the Pacific Coast of Japan computed echo velocities of Hurricane Debbie. Due to the fact that airborne for Typhoon Bess: Doppler winds are measured only along the flight track at the aircraft altitude, it is always de­ Echo-velocity computations from airborne radar sirable to develop methods of wind velocity deter­ pictures are more complicated than those from land mination over the entire area of a hurricane that based radar pictures. Over JO years ago Fujita is being seeded by airplanes . (1959) applied his echo-shifting technique to the computati·on of echo velocities inside Hurricane Explored in this paper are airborne radar pho­ Carrie of September 15, 1957 . Fig. 1 shows 27 echo tographs taken at 10 to 30 second intervals and velocities obtained by placing the position of the geostationary satellite photographs taken at 20 aircraft in each radar picture at the corresponding minute intervals . The time-lapse film-loop tech­ aircraft position given by Doppler nav igation system. nique developed by Fujita is used to trace the echo As Jong as the Doppler fix is accurate, the echo and cloud velocities. Ten minute average echo motion should represent the ground velocity of velocities an·d two hour average cloud ve Joe it i es echoes precisely. Any error in the aircraft posi­ were computed. tion, however, is included in the final echo veloc­ ity because the aircraft motion is eliminated only By combining the echo and cloud velocities com­ by positioning each radar picture at the Doppler puted at approximately the same times it was pos­ position of the aircraft. sible for the first time to obtain a nearly instan­ taneous analysis of the low level and high level ~----·- flow fields for a hurricane over water. As more data become available, it is hoped that s imilar 32N analyses can be made at successive times to enable the time evolution of the flow fields to be deter­ mined and tested for changes due to seeding. 2. COMPUTATlbN OF ECHO VELOCITY FROM AIRBORNE RADAR PICTURES Due to the · large areal coverage by ai r borne radar pictures, it is extremely useful to determine echo velocities from these pictures. Although echo velocities do not always represen~· the motion of the atmosphere inside which these echoes are im­ bedded, marked changes in echo velocities in rela­ tion to modification attempts .will reveal the affected areas as well as the extent of modifica­ tion. Land based radar pictures have been used by Fig. 1. Ground velocity of radar echoes within several investigators to determine echo velocities Hurricane Carrie of September 15, 1957. Echo motion inside hurricanes . Ligda (1955) was the first to was computed by placing successive scope pictures do this for the hurricane of 23-28 August, 1949. at the aircraft positions fixed by Doppler radar In his work he coined the term "spawinds", which (Fuji ta 1959) . he used in reference to the velocity of isolated convective eel ls. Senn {1960a, 1960b , 1963) has Jordan (1960), using a different method com- 353 puted the motion of distinct precipitation features velocities with echo motion and aircraft-measured around the eye wall of Hurricane Daisy of 1958. wind in order to learn the motion field covering His technique of computing the echo velocities rel­ the entire regions of a hurricane. ative to the storm center is incorporated into the technique in this paper. 4. COMPOS I TE HURRICANE ECHOES FROM AI RBORNE RADAR PICTURES 3. COMPUTATION OF CLOUD VELOCITIES FROM GEO­ STATIONARY SATELLITE PICTURES The horizontal dimensions of a Debbie-class hurricane are so large that the entire region of Since ATS-I was launched over the equator in the storm can not be covered by a s ingle airborne the Pacific, a number of meteorologists started radar picture. If one desi res to see radar echoes computing cloud velocities from successive ATS pic­ within the entire hurricane area, a series of air­ tures taken 12 to 30 minutes apart. One advantage borne PPI pictures mus t be put together into a of using satellite pictures in computing cloud composite picture. motion is that the traceable clouds extend far be­ yond the region of precipitation echoes in the cen­ Shown in Fig . 3 is a PPI scope picture taken tral region of a hurricane. simultaneously with the ATS-II I picture of Fig. 2. The picture was taken on board Fury J, a U.
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