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A Spatial Analysis of Radar Reflectivity Regions Within Hurricane Charley (2004)

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A Spatial Analysis of Radar Reflectivity Regions Within Hurricane Charley (2004) 130 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY VOLUME 48 A Spatial Analysis of Radar Reflectivity Regions within Hurricane Charley (2004) CORENE J. MATYAS Departmewnt of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (Manuscript received 7 November 2007, in final form 12 June 2008) ABSTRACT Regions of 35-dBZ radar reflectivity returns are examined within a landfalling hurricane to determine whether these regions are composed of stratiform, convective, or transition-type precipitation. After cal- culating spatial attributes of the reflectivity regions such as elongation and edge roughness within a GIS, discriminant analysis is performed to determine whether the 35-dBZ regions are more similar to 40-dBZ regions of convective precipitation or to 30-dBZ regions of stratiform precipitation. Results show that within the outer region rainbands of Hurricane Charley (2004) a sharp horizontal reflectivity gradient exists, indicating that 35-dBZ regions are similar in shape to adjacent convective regions of 40-dBZ reflectivity values. Within the interior region, the 35-dBZ regions are identified as transition regions similar to those found within mesoscale convective complexes rather than being strictly stratiform or convective in nature. The rain rates produced by the reflectivity regions are examined using rain gauge and radar estimates. In 32% of cases, the 35-dBZ regions produced rain rates in excess of 10 mm h 1, exceeding both the radar- estimated rain rates and the 8.4mm hb1 rain rate ascribed to 35-dBZ regions by the tropical Z7R relationship. Thus, 35-dBZ regions surrounding the convective cores of additional landfalling TCs should be examined to determine whether they also represent transition-type rainfall regions capable of producing convective rainfall rates exceeding 10 imnnh-1. 1. Introduction visualized using radar-derived data (Ulbrich and Atlas Identifying regions within landfalling tropical cy- 2002). Because of their strong vertical velocity fields clones (TCs) in which high rain rates occur and quan- (Steiner et al. 1995), convective clouds cover small hori- zontal areas but produce tifying the evolution of these regions is critical for the high rain rates that can lead to flash flooding improvement of hydrological models used to forecast (Baeck and Smith 1998). Thus, these re- gions are extremely flooding (e.g., Baeck and Smith 1998; Elsberry 2002, important to identify in regard to flood forecasting Ulbrich and Lee 2002; Medlin et al. 2007). When using for landfalling TCs. When viewed us- radar reflectivity returns to identify these regions, re- ing radar reflectivity returns, convective regions tend to be elliptical searchers generally agree that 40-dBZ reflectivity val- in shape (Churchill and Houze 1984; Rigo and Llasat 2004) ues correspond to convective clouds, which produce and compact and to have high radial high rain rates, while 30-dBZ values originate from gradients of reflectivity (Marks 1985; Biggerstaff and Listemaa 2000) due stratiform clouds, which produce lower rain rates that to their strong vertical motions. are not a great concern for flooding. A clear consensus Radar reflectivity values over a 34-41-dBZ range have been does not exist, however, regarding the classification of utilized to delineate convective precipitation 35-dBZ reflectivity returns. within TCs by researchers, including Ryan et al. (1992) (34 dBZ), The contrasting growth patterns of the two main pre- Barnes and Stossmeister (1986) (35 dBZ), Burpee cipitation regimes occurring within TCs, convective and and Black (1989) (38 dBZ), Jorgensen (1984) (40 dBZ), stratiform precipitation (Houze 1993), allow these re- and Parrish et al. (1982) (41 dBZ). In gions to be identified by their spatial attributes when contrast, the slow ascent of air into stratiform clouds causes them to occupy a larger horizontal area (Yuter and Houze 1995: Biggerstaff and Listemaa 2000; Anagnostou 2004) and to produce low rainfall intensi- Correspondingauthor address: Corene J. Matyas. 3141 Turling- ties. Stratiform regions appear as circular in shape ton Hall, University of Florida. Gainesville. FL 32611. when viewed using radar reflectivity returns because E-mail: [email protected] they encompass regions of heavier convective rainfall DOI: 10.1 175/2008JAMCI91 0.1 © 2009 American Meteorological Society JANUARY 2009 MATYAS 131 (Churchill and Houze 1984K Jorgensen 1984). Within ated against the 10 mm h-1 rain rate described by pre- landfalling TCs, stratiform regions can be circular yet vious researchers as separating heavy rainfall from light have a long perimeter length relative to their area be- rainfall. If several of the regions of 35-dBZ radar re- cause of dry-air intrusions that erode the edges of the flectivity values produce rainfall rates in excess of 10 clouds (Gilbert and LaSeur 1957: Powell 1987). mm h-1, then, regardless of their classification as con- Regardless of the reflectivity values detected by ra- vective or stratiform, these regions produce heavy rain- dar equipment, it is important to identify regions within fall and should be more closely examined in future the TC that produce rain rates high enough to cause work. flooding. Because both meteorological and hydrologi- cal factors must be present for flooding to occur (Vieux 2. Pattern analysis of radar reflectivity returns and Bedient 1998). it is not possible to identify one threshold rain rate above which flooding will always Section 2 details the spatial analysis of the radar re- occur. However, high rain rates produced by convective flectivity regions performed to fulfill the study's first clouds are more likely to cause flooding than are the objective. The spatial attributes of regions enclosed by lower rain rates produced by stratiform clouds. When 30-, 35-, and 40-dBZ reflectivity values are calculated stratifying stratiform and convective clouds according within a GIS and are statistically analyzed to determine to rain rates, several researchers have utilized 10 mm whether 35-dBZ regions are more similar in size and h- 1 as a threshold for convective rain rates (Burpee and shape to 30-dBZ regions or to 40-dBZ regions. Black 1989; Tokay et al. 1999; Ulbrich and Atlas 2002). It is important, therefore, to identify regions within TCs a. Data description and GIS analysis that produce rain rates of 10 mm h 1 or greater. This study pursues two objectives. The first objective Level-III composite radar reflectivity returns (Kla- is to classify regions of 35-dBZ radar reflectivity returns zura and Imy 1993) are used to identify regions of pre- within a landfalling hurricane as stratiform or convec- cipitation contained within the circulation of Hurricane tive based upon the spatial attributes of the regions. Charley. Level-II data provide a higher spatial resolu- The second objective is to establish a range of rainfall tion of data from multiple scan heights, but these data rates for the reflectivity regions and to identify those are missing or incomplete for one of the radar sites and capable of producing rain rates greater than 10 mm h- 1 thus cannot be utilized for this study. Given that data within this hurricane. These objectives are accom- are interpolated to create the polygonal regions and plished through analyses of radar reflectivity values, that the shape metrics calculated for these regions do radar-estimated rainfall totals, and rainfall measured by not require a precise placement of the polygon bound- rain gauges during the Florida landfall of Hurricane ary, level-III data are sufficient for use in the current Charley (2004). Because of its ability to facilitate a spa- study. tial understanding of the relationships among environ- Composite reflectivity data extend 460 km outward mental factors (Thornes 2005; Yuan 2005), a geographi- from each Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler cal information system (GIS) is employed to analyze (WSR-88D) site, allowing the entire hurricane to be the data obtained from radar sites and rain gauges. To within range of the radar prior to its landfall and lim- pursue the first objective, the GIS groups together re- iting the need to create a mosaic of data from neigh- gions that contain the same reflectivity values and cal- boring radar sites as would be necessitated by utilizing culates the spatial attributes of these regions. Being base reflectivity data. Charley is a good candidate for that convective regions should have spatial attributes radar analysis, because its small size (Franklin et al. more similar to one another than to stratiform regions 2006) allows the entire storm to be within range of the and vice versa, discriminant analysis (Tabachnick and WSR-88D site at Key West, Florida, 8 h in advance of Fidell 2001) is performed to classify the reflectivity re- landfall. Charley's small size also limits the need to gions according to their spatial attributes. If 35-dBZ create a mosaic of data from neighboring radar sites. regions are placed into the 30-dBZ (40-dBZ) group, However, Charley is small in size because of a rapid this would indicate that 35-dBZ regions consist of pre- intensification just prior to landfall, and thus the results dominantly stratiform (convective) clouds. obtained from this analysis may not be applicable to all To accomplish the paper's second objective, the GIS other TCs. identifies the value of radar-estimated rainfall returned Radar data are analyzed during a 22-h period that for the region of the atmosphere above each rain gauge. spans from 1200 UTC 13 August to 0900 UTC 14 Au- A range of rain rates is established for radar reflectivity gust 2004. Data are acquired from the National Cli- values from 25 to 45 dBZ, and these values are evalu- matic Data Center (NCDC) archives for the following 132 JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY VOLUME 48 r 09:00 UTC 14 Aug JAX X( Hýastmgs "XPiersor/ XOckalawahra/ X Umatilla ' Okah-mpka X Tavares ' X Brooksvile X Apopka X Avalon I DL 0 /x Dover X*L A \ @: D-ver-X Kenansvlle KýBradenton X Ona X Seb X\Ft Pierce )X Palmdale SXBellglad de2 Legend X mrnalokee x Rain Gauges - Charley's Track A Radar Sites It , 0 N // Legend A Reflectivity Threshold 25 dBZ 30 dBZ 0 75 150 •35 dBZ I I ': 40 dBZ Km 12:OUTC13Aug BX 7 =45 dBZ A 0 75 150 50 dBZ Km FIG.
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