Can Be Used to Document Facial Movements in Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)
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Rhesus Macaque Sequencing
White Paper for Complete Sequencing of the Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) Genome Jeffrey Rogers1, Michael Katze 2, Roger Bumgarner2, Richard A. Gibbs 3 and George M. Weinstock3 I. Introduction Humans are members of the Order Primates and our closest evolutionary relatives are other primate species. This makes primate models of human disease particularly important, as the underlying physiology and metabolism, as well as genomic structure, are more similar to humans than are other mammals. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are the animals most similar to humans in overall DNA sequence, with interspecies sequence differences of approximately 1- 1.5% (Stewart and Disotell 1998, Page and Goodman 2001). The other apes, including gorillas and orangutans are nearly as similar to humans. The animals next most closely related to humans are Old World monkeys, superfamily Cercopithecoidea. This group includes the common laboratory species of rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), baboon (Papio hamadryas), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) and African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops). The human evolutionary lineage separated from the ancestors of chimpanzees about 6-7 million years ago (MYA), while the human/ape lineage diverged from Old World monkeys about 25 MYA (Stewart and Disotell 1998), and from another important primate group, the New World monkeys, more than 35-40 MYA. In comparison, humans diverged from mice and other non- primate mammals about 65-85 MYA (Kumar and Hedges 1998, Eizirik et al 2001). In the evaluation of primate candidates for genome sequencing there should be more to selection of an organism than evolutionary considerations. The chimpanzee’s status as Closest Relative To Human has earned it an exemption from this consideration. -
Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus Pygerythrus in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa ______
Urban Ecology of the Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa __________________________________ Lindsay L Patterson A thesis presented in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Ecological Sciences At the University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa August 2017 ABSTRACT The spread of development globally is extensively modifying habitats and often results in competition for space and resources between humans and wildlife. For the last few decades a central goal of urban ecology research has been to deepen our understanding of how wildlife communities respond to urbanisation. In the KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa, urban and rural transformation has reduced and fragmented natural foraging grounds for vervet monkeys Chlorocebus pygerythrus. However, no data on vervet urban landscape use exist. They are regarded as successful urban exploiters, yet little data have been obtained prior to support this. This research investigated aspects of the urban ecology of vervet monkeys in three municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), as well as factors that may predict human-monkey conflict. Firstly, through conducting an urban wildlife survey, we were able to assess residents’ attitudes towards, observations of and conflict with vervet monkeys, investigating the potential drivers of intragroup variation in spatial ecology, and identifying predators of birds’ nests. We analysed 602 surveys submitted online and, using ordinal regression models, we ascertained that respondents’ attitudes towards vervets were most influenced by whether or not they had had aggressive interactions with them, by the belief that vervet monkeys pose a health risk and by the presence of bird nests, refuse bins and house raiding on their properties. -
The Taxonomy of Primates in the Laboratory Context
P0800261_01 7/14/05 8:00 AM Page 3 C HAPTER 1 The Taxonomy of Primates T HE T in the Laboratory Context AXONOMY OF P Colin Groves RIMATES School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 3 What are species? D Taxonomy: EFINITION OF THE The biological Organizing nature species concept Taxonomy means classifying organisms. It is nowadays commonly used as a synonym for systematics, though Disagreement as to what precisely constitutes a species P strictly speaking systematics is a much broader sphere is to be expected, given that the concept serves so many RIMATE of interest – interrelationships, and biodiversity. At the functions (Vane-Wright, 1992). We may be interested basis of taxonomy lies that much-debated concept, the in classification as such, or in the evolutionary implica- species. tions of species; in the theory of species, or in simply M ODEL Because there is so much misunderstanding about how to recognize them; or in their reproductive, phys- what a species is, it is necessary to give some space to iological, or husbandry status. discussion of the concept. The importance of what we Most non-specialists probably have some vague mean by the word “species” goes way beyond taxonomy idea that species are defined by not interbreeding with as such: it affects such diverse fields as genetics, biogeog- each other; usually, that hybrids between different species raphy, population biology, ecology, ethology, and bio- are sterile, or that they are incapable of hybridizing at diversity; in an era in which threats to the natural all. Such an impression ultimately derives from the def- world and its biodiversity are accelerating, it affects inition by Mayr (1940), whereby species are “groups of conservation strategies (Rojas, 1992). -
The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque
Fascinating Life Sciences Jin-Hua Li · Lixing Sun Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associ- ated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthu- siasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Jin-Hua Li • Lixing Sun • Peter M. Kappeler Editors The Behavioral Ecology of the Tibetan Macaque Editors Jin-Hua Li Lixing Sun School of Resources Department of Biological Sciences, Primate and Environmental Engineering Behavior and Ecology Program Anhui University Central Washington University Hefei, Anhui, China Ellensburg, WA, USA International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology Anhui, China School of Life Sciences Hefei Normal University Hefei, Anhui, China Peter M. Kappeler Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Göttingen, Germany Department of Anthropology/Sociobiology University of Göttingen Göttingen, Germany ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-27919-6 ISBN 978-3-030-27920-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27920-2 This book is an open access publication. -
A Stepwise Male Introduction Procedure to Prevent Inbreeding in Naturalistic Macaque Breeding Groups
animals Article A Stepwise Male Introduction Procedure to Prevent Inbreeding in Naturalistic Macaque Breeding Groups Astrid Rox 1,2, André H. van Vliet 1, Jan A. M. Langermans 1,3,* , Elisabeth H. M. Sterck 1,2 and Annet L. Louwerse 1 1 Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Animal Science Department, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands; [email protected] (A.R.); [email protected] (A.H.v.V.); [email protected] (E.H.M.S.); [email protected] (A.L.L.) 2 Animal Behaviour & Cognition (Formerly Animal Ecology), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands 3 Department Population Health Sciences, Division Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +31-152-842-620 Simple Summary: Housing of primates in groups increases animal welfare; however, this requires management to prevent inbreeding. To this end, males are introduced into captive macaque breeding groups, mimicking the natural migration patterns of these primates. However, such male introduc- tions can be risky and unsuccessful. The procedure developed by the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, the Netherlands, to introduce male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) into naturalistic social groups without a breeding male achieves relatively high success rates. Males are stepwise familiarized with and introduced to their new group, while all interactions between the new male and the resident females are closely monitored. Monitoring the behaviour of the resident Citation: Rox, A.; van Vliet, A.H.; females and their new male during all stages of the introduction provides crucial information as to Langermans, J.A.M.; Sterck, E.H.M.; whether or not it is safe to proceed. -
Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta) Recognize Group Membership Via Olfactory Cues Alone
Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2015) 69:2019–2034 DOI 10.1007/s00265-015-2013-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) recognize group membership via olfactory cues alone Stefanie Henkel 1,2 & Angelina Ruiz Lambides1,3,4 & Anne Berger5 & Ruth Thomsen1,6,7 & Anja Widdig1,3 Received: 9 April 2015 /Revised: 18 September 2015 /Accepted: 21 September 2015 /Published online: 31 October 2015 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 Abstract The ability to distinguish group members from con- paradigm to investigate whether rhesus macaques (Macaca specifics living in other groups is crucial for gregarious spe- mulatta) can discriminate between body odors of female cies. Olfaction is known to play a major role in group recog- group members and females from different social groups. nition and territorial defense in a wide range of mammalian We conducted the study on the research island Cayo Santiago, taxa. Although primates have been typically regarded as Puerto Rico, in the non-mating season and controlled for kin- microsmatic (having a poor sense of smell), increasing evi- ship and familiarity using extensive pedigree and demograph- dence suggests that olfaction may play a greater role in pri- ic data. Our results indicate that both males and females in- mates’ social life than previously assumed. In this study, we spect out-group odors significantly longer than in-group carried out behavioral bioassays using a signaler-receiver odors. Males licked odors more often than females, and older animals licked more often than younger ones. Furthermore, individuals tended to place their nose longer towards odors Communicated by E. Huchard when the odor donor’s group rank was higher than the rank of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article their own group. -
Home Range and Habitat Use of Crop-Raiding Barbary Macaques in the Upper Ourika Valley, Western High Atlas Mountains, Morocco
International Journal of Avian & Wildlife Biology Research Article Open Access Home range and habitat use of crop-raiding barbary macaques in the upper ourika valley, western high atlas mountains, morocco Abstract Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2018 Ranging behavior and habitat use reflect the interaction between ecological factors and Salwa Namous, Mohammed Znari patterns of the individual behaviors. We investigated these aspects in a crop-raiding Cadi Ayyad University, Morocco group of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) between July and August 2012 in a degraded and poor-fruit forest environment in the Upper Ourika valley, western High Correspondence: Mohammed Znari, Cadi Ayyad University, Atlas mountains, Morocco. We evaluated the influences of the spatial distribution of Faculty of Science Semlalia, Boulevard Prince Moulay Abdellah, food resources on ranging behavior and habitat use. Total home range size for the PO Box: 2390, Marrakech, Morocco, Tel +212 697 78 39 59, Fax studied group was 24 ha and the mean daily path length was 1420 m, much lower than +212 524 437412, Email [email protected] those reported for most of the other macaque species. Barbary macaques did not use their home ranges uniformly; 50% of location records occurred within 25% of their Received: October 28, 2017 | Published: January 17, 2018 home range. They use differently the various zones of their home range and more intense occupation of around (cliffs and lower small valley) and within field crops. This can be related to the concentration of food resources in these latters. Keywords: barbary macaque (macaca sylvanus), habitat use, ranging behavior, ourika valley, morocco Introduction are highly folivorous with young leaves accounting for the bulk of monthly diet almost year-round. -
Degrees of Freedom in Social Bonds of Crested Macaque Females
Animal Behaviour 123 (2017) 411e426 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Degrees of freedom in social bonds of crested macaque females * Julie Duboscq a, b, c, d, , Christof Neumann a, b, e, f, 1, Muhammad Agil g, Dyah Perwitasari-Farajallah h, i, Bernard Thierry c, d, Antje Engelhardt a, b, 2 a Junior Research Group of Primate Sexual Selection, German Primate Center, Gottingen,€ Germany b Courant Research Centre for the Evolution of Social Behaviour, Gottingen,€ Germany c Universite de Strasbourg, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France d Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Departement Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France e Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany f Institute of Biology, Faculty of Bioscience, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany g Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia h Primate Research Center, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia i Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia article info Social bonds between group members affect individual fitness and wellbeing. While the impact of bond Article history: strength is well studied, the consequences of bond predictability and equitability are often overlooked. Received 5 July 2016 Similarly, whether bonds reflect short-term contingencies and/or long-term social strategies remains Initial acceptance 29 July 2016 understudied. We investigated these questions in female crested macaques, Macaca nigra, which display Final acceptance 18 October 2016 a tolerant social style within a nepotistic hierarchical social structure. We analysed the structure of social Available online 18 December 2016 bonds by testing whether similarity within dyads (in kinship, dominance and age) predicted the MS. -
Macaca Fascicularis) in Thailand
The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 8(2): 185-204, October 2008 ©2008 by Chulalongkorn University Current Situation and Status of Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand SUCHINDA MALAIVIJITNOND1* AND YUZURU HAMADA2 1Primate Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. 2Section of Morphology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan. ABSTRACT.– Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are the most frequently encountered primate in Thailand. They are currently considered at low risk for extinction, however, they are threatened by habitat fragmentation or loss, inbreeding or outbreeding depression and hybridization. At present, no management measures have been taken and updated information on their situation and status are urgently needed. We sent questionnaires throughout Thailand to a total of 7,410 sub-districts, and received 1,417 (19.12%) replies. We traveled to the sub-districts from which the positive replies to questionnaires on macaques were obtained, from December 2002 to December 2007 and found long-tailed macaques in 74 locations which ranged from the lower northern and northeastern (ca. 16° 30´ N) to the southernmost part (ca. 6° 30´ N) of Thailand. The distribution of long-tailed macaques at present is similar to that reported 30 years ago, but their habitats have changed from natural forests to temples or recreation parks. On average, 200 monkeys per location were counted and some populations had more than 1,000 individuals. In some locations they were regarded as pests. Local authorities took short-term management measures such as translocation and contraception. Although many troops of Thai long- tailed macaques have inflated population densities, some local troops exhibited morphological, genetic and behavioural uniqueness that may be important to conserve. -
A Decade of Theory of Mind Research on Cayo Santiago: Insights Into Rhesus Macaque Social Cognition
American Journal of Primatology REVIEW ARTICLE A Decade of Theory of Mind Research on Cayo Santiago: Insights Into Rhesus Macaque Social Cognition LINDSEY A. DRAYTON* AND LAURIE R. SANTOS Psychology Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut Over the past several decades, researchers have become increasingly interested in understanding how primates understand the behavior of others. One open question concerns whether nonhuman primates think about others’ behavior in psychological terms, that is, whether they have a theory of mind. Over the last ten years, experiments conducted on the free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) living on Cayo Santiago have provided important insights into this question. In this review, we highlight what we think are some of the most exciting results of this body of work. Specifically we describe experiments suggesting that rhesus monkeys may understand some psychological states, such as what others see, hear, and know, but that they fail to demonstrate an understanding of others’ beliefs. Thus, while some aspects of theory of mind may be shared between humans and other primates, others capacities are likely to be uniquely human. We also discuss some of the broader debates surrounding comparative theory of mind research, as well as what we think may be productive lines for future research with the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. Am. J. Primatol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Key words: theory of mind; social cognition; rhesus macaques INTRODUCTION following a discussion of some of our own work, we Few people can observe nonhuman primates for examine some of the broader debates that surround any length of time without being struck by the this area of study and suggest what we believe will be richness of their social lives. -
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Phylogeny and History of the Lost SIV from Crab-Eating Macaques: SIVmfa The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation McCarthy, Kevin R., Welkin E. Johnson, and Andrea Kirmaier. 2016. “Phylogeny and History of the Lost SIV from Crab- Eating Macaques: SIVmfa.” PLoS ONE 11 (7): e0159281. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0159281. Published Version doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159281 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29002415 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA RESEARCH ARTICLE Phylogeny and History of the Lost SIV from Crab-Eating Macaques: SIVmfa Kevin R. McCarthy1,2☯¤, Welkin E. Johnson2, Andrea Kirmaier2☯* 1 Program in Virology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America, 2 Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. ¤ Current address: Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America * [email protected] a11111 Abstract In the 20th century, thirteen distinct human immunodeficiency viruses emerged following independent cross-species transmission events involving simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) from African primates. In the late 1900s, pathogenic SIV strains also emerged in the United Sates among captive Asian macaque species following their unintentional infection OPEN ACCESS with SIV from African sooty mangabeys (SIVsmm). -
Rhesus Macaque Eradication to Restore the Ecological Integrity of Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico
C.C. Hanson, T.J. Hall, A.J. DeNicola, S. Silander, B.S. Keitt and K.J. Campbell Hanson, C.C.; T.J. Hall, A.J. DeNicola, S. Silander, B.S. Keitt and K.J. Campbell. Rhesus macaque eradication to restore the ecological integrity of Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico Rhesus macaque eradication to restore the ecological integrity of Desecheo National Wildlife Refuge, Puerto Rico C.C. Hanson¹, T.J. Hall¹, A.J. DeNicola², S. Silander³, B.S. Keitt¹ and K.J. Campbell1,4 ¹Island Conservation, 2100 Delaware Ave. Suite 1, Santa Cruz, California, 95060, USA. <chad.hanson@ islandconservation.org>. ²White Buff alo Inc., Connecticut, USA. ³U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Caribbean Islands› NWR, P.O. Box 510 Boquerón, 00622, Puerto Rico. 4School of Geography, Planning & Environmental Management, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia. Abstract A non-native introduced population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was targeted for removal from Desecheo Island (117 ha), Puerto Rico. Macaques were introduced in 1966 and contributed to several plant and animal extirpations. Since their release, three eradication campaigns were unsuccessful at removing the population; a fourth campaign that addressed potential causes for previous failures was declared successful in 2017. Key attributes that led to the success of this campaign included a robust partnership, adequate funding, and skilled fi eld staff with a strong eradication ethic that followed a plan based on eradication theory. Furthermore, the incorporation of modern technology including strategic use of remote camera traps, monitoring of radio-collared Judas animals, night hunting with night vision and thermal rifl e scopes, and the use of high-power semi-automatic fi rearms made eradication feasible due to an increase in the probability of detection and likelihood of removal.